Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
Gentum resprestanted by about 40 species is confined to the tropical and
humid regions of the world. Nearly all species Expept [Link] occur below
an altitude of 1500 meters. Five species like are
•Gnetum contracting.
•Gnetum Genmon.
•Gnetum montanum.
•Gnetum Ula.
•Gnetum Latifolium.
Have been reported from India. Gentum Ula is the most commonly occurring
species of India.
Classification
Division : Gymnosperms
Class: Gentopsida
Order: Gentales
Family: Gnetaceae
Genus: Gnetum
Gnetum a typical tap root system profusely branched.
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
Morphology
•Gentum shows a majority of Indias [Link] climber and few Scandant shrabs
early Gentum in medium size ther.
Root:Tap root which does not deeply in soil.
Stem:Woody and [Link] branches are of two types.
1:Branches of limited Growth or Dwarf shoots:
Divided into nodes and [Link] foliage leaf in decummnate manner.
2:Branches of unlimited Growth or Long shoots:
Beras reduced cuplike pairs of scale [Link] are swollen.
3:Leaves:it is the two types
1:Scale leaves:present only of long shoots.
2: foliage leaves:present in Dwarf [Link] is similar to dicot leaf with
reticulate [Link] it's is [Link] peticulated large.
[Link] margin .active Apes.
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
Aanatomy of Gnetum
1:Root
The young roots has a server layer of starch filled parenchmyatous [Link] cell
of which large and polygonal in [Link] endodermal layers is
[Link] strips senn cell of [Link] endodermis fallow 4-6
layered [Link] are
Diarch and [Link] amount of primary [Link] Young's Root become
distinguish aftersecondary growth.
The secondary growth normal types continuous wood present old root
tracheids. vessels and xylem parenchyma.
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
2:Young stem
The young stem in transverse section is roughly circular in outline, and
resembles with a typical dicotyledonous stem. It remains surrounded by a single-
layered epidermis, which is thickly circularized and consists of rectangular cells.
Some of the epidermal cells show papillate outgrowths. Sunken stomata are
[Link] consists of tracheitis and vessels. Presence of vessels is an
angiospermic character. Protoxylem elements are spiral or annular while the
metaxylem shows bordered pits which are circular in outline. The phloem consists
of sieve cells and phloem [Link], parenchymatous cells.
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
3:Old stem
Old stems in Gnetum show secondary growth. In G. gnemon the secondary growth
is normal, as seen also in the dicotyledons. But in majority of the species (e.g., G.
ula, G. africanum, etc.) the anamolous secondary growth is present.
The primary cambium is ephemeral, i.e., short-lived. The secondary cambium in
different parts of cortex develops in the form of successive rings, one after the
other . The first cambium cuts off secondary xylem towards inside and secondary
phloem towards outside. This cambium ceases to function after some time.
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
4: Leaf
Internally, Gnetum leaves also resemble with a dicot leaf. It is bounded by a
layer of thickly circularized epidermis on both the surfaces. Stomata are distributed
all over the lower surface except on the veins. The mesophyll is differentiated
generally into a single-layered palisade and a well-developed spongy parenchyma.
The latter consists of many loosely-packed cells. Many stellately branched
sclereids are present near the lower epidermis in the spongy parenchyma. Many
stone cells and latex tubes are present in the midrib weregion of the leaf.
The xylem of each vascular bundle faces towards the upper surface while the
phloem faces towards the lower surface. The xylem consists of tracheids, vessels
and xylem parenchyma while the phloem consists of sieve cells and phloem
parenchyma.
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
CONCLUSIONS
Majority of the Gnetum species are climbers except a few shrubs and trees.
G. trinerve is apparently parasitic. Two types of branches are present on the main
stem of the plant, i.e. branches of limited growth and branches of unlimited
growth. Each branch contains nodes and intemodes Stem of several species of
Gnetum is articulatedIn climbing species the branches of limited growth or short
shoots are generally un-branched and bear the foliage leaves. The leaves (9-10) are
arranged in decussate pairs. They often lie in one plane giving the appearance of a
pinnate leaf to the branch. The leaves are large and oval with entire margin and
reticulate venation as also seen in dicotyledons. Some scaly leaves are also present.
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Morphology and anatomy in Gentum
REFERANCE
•evolution of gymnosperm
•NCRTC book
•[Link]
•Jeevith publication for 1st puc book
•gymnosperm of evolutionary book for maheshwari.
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