IC APPLICATIONS LAB III B.

Tech I
SEM

Exp. No: 1 Date:

STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER
AIM: To study and design the following amplifiers using TL082 OP-AMP
a) A Unity gain amplifier
b) An inverting amplifier
c) A non-inverting amplifier
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Equipment/Component
S. No. Specifications/Value Quantity
name
1 IC TL082 1
1kΩ 2
2 Resistors
10kΩ 1
3 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
4 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
5 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
6 Digital Multimeter 3 ½ digit display 1
7 Connecting wires -
8 Bread board trainer 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Unity –Gain Amplifier

Figure: 1

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Inverting Amplifier

Figure: 2

Non-Inverting Amplifier

Figure: 3
PROCEDURE:
Unity – Gain Amplifier
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure: 1.
2. Apply a Sine wave of 5VP-P at 1 KHz frequency at the non-inverting terminal.
3. Study the effect of slew rate.
4. Observe the output waveform
5. Plot the waveform on a graph.

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Inverting Amplifier
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure: 2.
2. Apply a Sine wave of 5VP-P at 1 KHz frequency at the inverting terminal.
3. Study the effect of slew rate.
4. Observe the output waveform
5. Plot the waveform on a graph.
Non-Inverting Amplifier
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure: 3.
2. Apply a Sine wave of 5VP-P at 1 KHz frequency at the non-inverting terminal.
3. Study the effect of slew rate.
4. Observe the output waveform
5. Plot the waveform on a graph.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Unit- Gain Amplifier:
S. No Waveform Amplitude Time period

Inverting Amplifier:
S. No Waveform Amplitude Time period

Non-Inverting Amplifier:
S. No Waveform Amplitude Time period

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MODEL WAVEFORMS:

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RESULT:

Exp. No: 2 Date:

DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To design Instrumentation Amplifier of a differential mode gain ‘A’ using three amplifiers.
APPARATUS:
S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity
1 Analog Signal Lab Kit Pro 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

J2

J1
4

2
- R1 2k R6 1k
1

3
+
V3 10 +
U1 TL082
+

R3 1k

VG1 J1
j2
VF1
4

2
-
R5 10k

3
+
V4 10 +
U3 TL082
8

J2 J1
R4 1k

J2
4

2
- R2 2k R7 1k
1

3
+
+
+

J1 U2 TL082
VG2

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Figure: 1
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure:1
2. Apply the power supplies as VCC = +10V and VEE = -10V.
Apply the Inputs of sine wave with 1KHz frequency and amplitudes of 10Vp-p , 2Vp-p at
1. VG1 and VG2 respectively.
2. Observe the output waveform at terminal VF1.
3. Plot the input and output waveforms.
CALCULATIONS:
Theoretical Gain:

Practical Gain:

Gain = Vout / (V2-V1)

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

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RESULT:

Exp. No: 3 Date:

STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF REGENERATIVE
FEEDBACK SYSTEM WITH EXTENSION TO DESIGN AN
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM: To design and study the characteristics of Astable multivibrator (Regenerative circuit)
using 741 OP-AMP
APPARATUS:
S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity
1 IC 741 1
2 Resistors 10kΩ 3
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 1
4 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
5 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
6 Connecting wires -
7 Bread board trainer 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Figure: 1
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure:1
2. Apply the power supplies as VCC = +12V and VEE = -12V.
3. Observe the output at terminal Vo .
4. Measure the frequency of the oscillations.
5. Compare the Theoretical and Practical frequency values.
6. Plot the output waveform.
CALCULATIONS:

Where ‘T’ is the time period

T= where R=Rf

where β =

TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No. Theoretical Practical

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Time period Frequency Time period Frequency output voltage

T (ms) F (KHz) T (ms) F (KHz) V0 (V)

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

Exp. No: 4 Date:

STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT

AIM: To design and study the characteristics of integrator circuit using 741 OP-AMP
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity
1 IC 741 1
2.2kΩ 2
2 Resistors
10kΩ 1
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 1
4 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
5 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
7 Connecting wires -
8 Bread board trainer 1

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure: 1
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure:1
2. Apply the power supplies as VCC = +12V and VEE = -12V.
3. Apply square wave input at 1KHz and 2Vp-p amplitude, choose the time period of the

signal T RF CF

4. Observe integrator output at terminal Vo.

5. Plot the input and output waveforms.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be made properly.
2. Avoid loose connections.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

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RESULT:

Exp. No: 5 Date:

DESIGN OF ANALOG FILTERS-I

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AIM: To design and study the frequency response of active Low Pass Filter and High Pass
Filters by using op-amps.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Equipment/Component
S. No. Specifications/Value Quantity
name
1 ASLK PRO Kit - 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

J1
C1 1u C2 1u
R1 10k HPF
j2 j2
BPF
j2
LPF
R8 1k R9 1k V1 10
4

2 2
- - R5 1k
4

1 1 2
+ + -
3 3 1
+ +
+
U1 TL082 U2 TL082
8

3
+
U3 TL082
8

J1
J1
J1

BSF V2 10

R3 3k R2 1k R4 1k

j2
j2

R10 10k
4

2
-
1
VG1 3
+
+

+
U4 TL082
8

J1

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Apply the power supplies as VDD = +10V and VSS = -10V.
3. Apply a Sine wave of 2VP-P at 1 KHz frequency at VG1 inverting input terminal.
4. Vary the frequency of input signal from 100Hz to 50kHz and note down the output
voltages of LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF.
5. Plot the output voltage vs frequency of LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF on semi log
graphs.

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MODEL WAVEFORMS:

Frequency response of LPF Frequency response of HPF

Frequency response of BPF Frequency response of BSF

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Input voltage Vin =

a) LPF b) HPF

Sl. Freq. i/p voltage o/p voltage Gain

Sl. Freq. i/p voltage o/p voltage Gain
No. (Hz) Vi(V) Vo (V) (dB)
No. (Hz) Vi(V) Vo (V) (dB)

c) BPF d) BSF

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CALCULATIONS:
Sl. Freq. i/p voltage o/p voltage Gain Sl. Freq. i/p voltage o/p voltage Gain
No. (Hz) Vi(V) Vo (V) (dB) No. (Hz) Vi(V) Vo (V) (dB)

RESULT:

Exp. No: 6 Date:

DESIGN OF ANALOG FILTERS-II

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AIM:
To design and study the frequency response of Notch filter by using op-amps..
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Equipment/Component
S. No. Specifications/Value Quantity
name
1 ASLK PRO Kit - 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Apply the power supplies as VDD = +10V and VSS = -10V.
3. Apply a Sine wave of 2VP-P at 1 KHz frequency at VG1 inverting input terminal.
4. Vary the frequency of input signal from 100Hz to 50kHz and note down the output
voltages of notch filter.
5. Plot the output voltage vs frequency of notch filter on semi log graphs.

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

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TABULAR COLUMNS:

Input voltage Vin =

Notch filter:

Sl. Freq. i/p voltage o/p voltage Gain

No. (Hz) Vi(V) Vo (V) (dB)

RESULT:

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Exp. No: 7 Date:

DESIGN OF A SELF-TUNED FILTER
AIM:
Design and test a high-Q band pass self-tuned filter for a given center frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Equipment/Component
S. No. Specifications/Value Quantity
name
1. Op-amp IC TL082 1
2 Universal active filters UAFA2 1
3 Resistors 1KΏ 10
4 Capacitors 1µf 1
5 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
6 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
7 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
8 Connecting wires -
9 IC bread board - 1
10 CRO probes - As per required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

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2. Apply a Square wave of fixed amplitude as a input signal

3. Obtain the output for 1KHz input frequency.
4. Measure the output amplitude at varying input frequency at fixed input amplitude.
5. Output amplitude should remain constant for varying input frequency with the lock
range of system.
6. Plot the input and output waveforms on graph.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

TABULAR COLUMN:

RESULT:

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Exp. No: 8 Date:

DESIGN OF FUNCTION GENERATOR

AIM:
To generate square wave and triangular wave form by using 741 OPAMPs.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity

1 IC 741 2

Resistors 10kΩ 4
2
2.2kΩ 2
3 0.01µF 1
Capacitor
0.1µF 1
4 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
5 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
6 Connecting wires -
7 Bread board trainer 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Square wave generator:

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Figure 1

Triangular wave generator:

Figure 2
PROCEDURE:
Square wave generator:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure:1
2. Apply the power supplies as VCC = +12V and VEE = -12V.
3. Observe the square waveform at the output terminal VO1.
4. Measure the frequency of the oscillations.
5. Compare the Theoretical and Practical frequency values.
6. Plot the output waveform.
Triangular wave generator:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure:2
2. Apply the power supplies VCC = +12V and VEE = -12V.
3. Observe the square waveform at the output terminal VO2.
4. Measure the frequency of the oscillations.
5. Compare the Theoretical and Practical frequency values.
6. Plot the output waveform.
CALCULATIONS:

Where T is the time period

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T= where R=Rf

Where, β =

MODEL WAVE FORMS:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Practical
Theoretical
S. Square wave Triangular wave
No. Time Time output Time output
Frequency Frequency Frequency
period period voltage period voltage
F (KHz) F (KHz) F (KHz)
T (ms) T (ms) V0 (V) T (ms) V0 (V)

RESULT:

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Exp. No: 9 Date:

DESIGN OF A VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To design a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) circuit by using op-amps.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity

1 ASLK PRO Kit - 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Apply the power supplies as VDD = +10V and VSS = -10V.
3. By varying control voltage, VC , note down the variations in frequency.
4. Observe the output waveforms at terminals Vo1 and Vo2.
5. Plot the output waveforms.

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MODEL WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

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Exp. No: 10 Date:

DESIGN OF A PHASE LOCKED LOOP

AIM:
Design and test PLL to get locked to a given frequency f. Measure the locking range of
the system and also measure the change in phase of the output signal as input frequency is
varied with in the lock range.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity

1 ASLK PRO Kit - 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Apply the power supplies as VCC = +10V.
3. By varying input voltage, note down the variations in frequency.
4. Observe the output waveforms.
5. Plot the output waveforms.

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MODEL WAVEFORMS:

TABULAR COLUMN:

RESULT:

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Exp. No: 11 Date:

AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (AGC)/AUTOMATIC VOLUME
CONTROL (AVC)

AIM: To design and study the characteristics of AGC/AVC circuit by using Op-Amp.
APPARATUS:
S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity
1 ASLK PRO Kit - 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
4 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL WAVEFORM:

input-output characteristics of AGC/AVC

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Apply the power supplies as VDD = +10V and VSS = -10V.
3. Apply a Sine wave of 2VP-P at 1 KHz frequency to the multiplier 1.
4. Observe the output at terminal Vo and note down the values of input and output voltages.
5. Calculate Vpi by using formula

6. Plot the transfer characteristics on graph.

TABULAR COLUMN:

input voltage output voltage

Sl. No.
Vi (V) V0 (V)

RESULT:

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Exp. No:12 Date:

LOW DROP OUT REGULATOR

AIM: Design and test a Low Dropout regulator using op-amps for a given voltage regulation
characteristic and compare the characteristics with TPS7250 IC.
APPARATUS:

S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity

1 ASLK PRO Kit - 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
4 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Apply the power supplies as VDD = +10V and VSS = -10V.
3. Apply reference voltage as Vref = 5V to the inverting input terminal of op-amp.
4. Observe the dc output at terminal Vo .
5. Calculate Vo by using formula

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6. Plot the waveforms on graph

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

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Exp. No: 13 Date:

DC-DC CONVERTER

AIM: To design and study the characteristics of AGC/AVC circuit by using Op-Amp.
APPARATUS:
S. No. Equipment/Component name Specifications/Value Quantity
1 ASLK PRO Kit - 1
2 Regulated Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1
4 Function Generator (0 – 3MHz), 20V p-p 1
5 Connecting wires -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Apply the power supplies as VDD = +10V.
3. Apply a triangular wave of 6VP-P at 1 KHz frequency to the non-inverting input terminal
of op-amp.
4. Apply reference voltage as Vref = 5V to the inverting input terminal of op-amp.
5. Observe the dc output at terminal Vo .
6. Calculate Vo by using formula

7. Plot the waveforms on graph.

CALCULATIONS:

Theoretical output voltage, Vo

Practical output voltage, V0 =

RESULT:

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Exp. No: Date:

1. DESIGN OF A SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

AIM: To plot the frequency response of Butterworth LPF (Second order) and find the high
cut-off frequency.
APPARATUS: Bread Board Function Generator CRO Probes Connecting Wires 741 Op-
amp, Resistors, Capacitors
THEORY: Filters are classified as follows: Based on components used in the circuit
 Active filters – Use active elements like transistor or op-amp(provides gain) in
addition to passive elements
 Passive filters – Use only passive elements like resistors, capacitors and inductors,
hence no gain here. Based on frequency range
 Low pass filter(LPF) – Allows low frequencies
 High pass filter(HPF) – Allows high frequencies
 Band pass filter(BPF) – Allows band of frequencies
 Band reject filter(BRF) – Rejects band of frequencies

All pass filter – Allows all frequencies but with a phase shift Active Filter is often a frequency
– selective circuit that passes a specified band of frequencies and blocks or attenuates signals
of frequencies outside this band. These Active Filters are most extensively used in the field of
communications and signal processing. They are employed in one form or another in almost
all sophisticated electronic systems such as Radio, Television, Telephone, Radar, Space

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Satellites, and Bio-Medical Equipment. Active Filters employ transistors or Op – Amps in

addition to that of resistors and capacitors. Active filters have the following advantages over
passive filters. (1) Flexible gain and frequency adjustment. (2) No loading problem (because
of high input impedance and low output impedance) and (3) Active filters are more
economical than passive filters. A Second – Order Low – Pass Butterworth filter uses RC
networks for filtering. Note that the op-amp is used in the non-inverting configuration; hence
it does not load down the RC network. Resistors R1 and RF determine the gain of the filter.

The gain magnitude equation of the Low – Pass filter can be obtained by converting equation
into its equivalent polar form, as follows.

The operation of the low – pass filter can be verified from the gain magnitude equation.

Thus the Low – Pass filter has a constant gain AF from 0 Hz to the almost high cut-off
frequency, fH, it has the gain 0.707AF at exactly fH, and after fH it decreases at a constant
rate with an increase in frequency. The gain decreases 40 dB (= 20 log 102) each time the
frequency is increased by 10. Hence the rate at which the gain rolls off after fH is 40
dB/decade. The frequency f = fH is called the cut-off frequency because the gain of the filter
at this frequency is down by 3 dB (=20log 0.707) from 0 Hz. Other equivalent terms for cut-
off frequency are -3dB frequency, break frequency, or corner frequency. DESIGN:
1. Choose a value for the high cut-off frequency, fH(1 KHz)
2. To simplify the design calculations, set R2=R3=R and C2=C3=C. Then choose a value of
C≤1μF(0.0047 μF)
3. Calculate the value of R using the equation

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4. Finally, because of the equal resistor (R2=R3) and capacitor (C2=C3) values, the pass band

voltage gain of the second-order low-pass filter has to be equal to 1.586.

That is, Rf = 0.586R1. This gain is necessary to generate Butterworth response. Hence choose
a value of R1≤100KΩ (33 KΩ) and calculate the value of Rf.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components/equipment as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Connect channel -1 of CRO to input terminals (Vin) and channel -2 to output terminals
(Vo).
4. Set Vin = 1V & fin=10Hz using function generator.

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5. By varying the input frequency in regular intervals, note down the output voltage.
6. Calculate the gain (Vo/Vin) and Gain in dB = 20 log (Vo/Vin) at every frequency.
7. Plot the frequency response curve (taking frequency on X-axis & Gain in dB on Y-axis)
using Semi log Graph.
8. Find out the high cut-off frequency, fH (at Gain= Constant Gain, Af – 3 dB) from the
frequency response plotted.
9. Verify the practical (fH from graph) and the calculated theoretical cut-off frequency (fH =
1/2πRC ).

THEORETICAL Cut-off frequency:

fH = 1 / (2πRC) = high cut-off frequency of the Low pass filter.
=
PRACTICAL Cut-off frequency (from Graph) :
fH = high cut-off frequency of the Low pass filter = 3dB cut-off frequency
=

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RESULT:

2. DESIGN OF A SECOND ORDER ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM: To plot the frequency response of Butterworth HPF (Second order) and find the low
cut-off frequency.
APPARATUS: Bread Board Function Generator CRO Probes Connecting Wires 741 Op-
amp, Resistors, Capacitors
THEORY: Second Order High Pass Filter consists of RC networks for filtering. Second
Order High Pass filter can be constructed from a Second Order Low Pass filter simply by
interchanging frequency determining components R & C . Op-Amp is used in the non –
inverting configuration. Resistor R1 and RF determine the gain of the Filter. The voltage gain
magnitude equation of the second order High-pass filter is

where f = Operating (input) frequency.

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This is the frequency at which the magnitude of the gain is 0.707 times its pass band value.
Obviously, all frequencies higher than fL are Pass Band frequencies, with the highest
frequency determined by the closed-loop bandwidth of the OP-Amp. The operation of the
high–pass filter can be verified from the gain magnitude equation.

For example, in the first order High – Pass filter the gain rolls – off or increases at the rate of
20dB/decade in stop band, that is for input signal frequency lesser than Low cut-off frequency
(fL ) ; For Second – Order High Pass filter the roll–off rate is 40dB / decade. High Pass filter
has constant gain AF, after the Low cut-off frequency onwards (fL).
DESIGN: Follow the same procedure as given for low-pass filter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components/equipment as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Connect channel -1 of CRO to input terminals (Vin) and channel -2 to output terminals
(Vo).
4. Set Vin = 1V & fin=10Hz using function generator.
5. By varying the input frequency in regular intervals, note down the output voltage.
6. Calculate the gain (Vo/Vin) and Gain in dB = 20 log(Vo/Vin) at every frequency.
7. Plot the frequency response curve (taking frequency on X-axis & Gain in dB on Y-axis)
using Semi log Graph.
8. Find out the low cut-off frequency, fL (at Gain= Constant Gain, Af – 3 dB) from the
frequency response plotted.
9. Verify the practical (fL from graph) and the calculated theoretical cut-off frequency (fL =
1/2πRC).

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IC APPLICATIONS LAB III [Link] I
SEM

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page 39

IC APPLICATIONS LAB III [Link] I
SEM

RESULT:

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page 40