(IID Basic Pathology (3.1) Introduction to Pathology and its sub-divisions. ‘Pathology’ word is derived from two Greek words: - pathos (suf- fering) and logos (study) i.e. the study of suffering. Pathology is scien- tific study of structure and function of the body in diseased condition. Pathology deals mainly with the nature and evolution of disease starting with etiological factors till the full blown picture of disease. Thus pathology is“Complete Study of Disease”. Some common terminology in pathology Disease-It is a state of discomfort to body. Study of disease is done in Pathology. Illness— It is the manifestation in the form of sign and symp- toms of the disease in an individual. Syndrome-—Originated from two Greek words Sun (together) and dramein (to run) which means a group of symptoms which run together is Syndrome. Patient—The person affected by disease and who requires medi- cal care. Lesion-Structural changes produced by disease in an individual. Pathologic changes (Morphology)-Examination of diseased tissues, It can be gross through naked eyes or through microscopic examination.15g Fre we farpfa fart Etiology-It is the factors responsible for lesion. It refers to cat E 2 | origin or reason for disease. ies of alterations occuring in the body ag . thogenesis-Ser ’ . . Pathoge the mechanism by which the lesions are pro. disease progresses or ; duced is termed pathogenesis. Symptoms-It is a phenomenon experienced by an individual af. fected by disease. It manifests in the form of patient’s feelings e.g Headache, nausea, pain etc. It is an subjective evidence of disease, Signs-It is a phenomenon detected by physician on affected [Link]. abnormal heart sounds, lung sounds etc. It is an ob- jective evidence of disease. Prognosis-It is the probable outcome of the disease e.g. carci- nomas have bad prognosis while most of the infectious diseases have good prognosis. 4 Complication—It is the secondary change which develops in the course of disease. Treatment-It is the measures used to prevent the development of disease in future either through use of drugs or by performing surgery. Subdivision of Pathology There are various disciplines of Pathology like human pathol- ogy, animal pathology, plant pathology etc. Human pathology is broadly divided into— 1) G i i ais fa pathology — It deals with general principles of (2) Systemic to particulay n pathology — It includes study of diseases related ' ‘ans and systems. Following a ‘Owing are the subdivisions of pathology: — Q) Histopathoy ) ogy—It is morbid anatomy. It is the stu i so known as anatomic pathology oF ked eye iie--grosy dy of structural ch: Or mac : changes observed by na- cro-scopic changes or the changes detectedpy light and electron mi Basic Pathology, 159 4 microscopy with special staining methods. It includes Surgical removed from the livin, pathology (which is the study of tissues Forensic pathology and dy during biopsy or surgical procedures), tissues removed at the inter me mY Tat egoolesal Purpose) and Cytopathology (which is study of cells shed off from the lesions i.e exfoliative cytology and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of superficial and deep seated lesions). (2) Hematology-—tit deals with the study of disease of blood. It includes laboratory hematology (Hb,TLC, DLC, MCV, MCH. MCHC etc) and clinical hematology. Oe ' : : (3) Chemical Pathology or Clinical Biochemistry—It includes the analysis of biochemical constituents of blood, urine, semen, CSF etc. eg. Blood Sugar, KFT, LFT etc.” (4) Microbiology-tIt includes study of disease causing organ- isms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites etc. Depending upon the microorganism this branch can again be subdivided into bacteriol- ogy, parasitology etc. 3 (5) Immunology or immunopathology—includes detection of abnormalities in the immune system of the body. (6) Experimental Pathology—It includes study of diseases pro- duced in experimental animal. (7) Geogrophic Pathology-It is study of differences in distri- bution of frequency and type of diseases in population in different parts of the world. . (8) Medical Genetics—It is the study of the branch: of human genetics that deals with the relationship between heredity and disease. (9) Molecular Pathology—includes detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA of the cell. The main objective of Pathology isto find out the cause of disease, its development, course of disease and effects on different organs.