MINERALS AND ROCKS

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ROCKS

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The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. A rock is an aggregate of one or

F
more minerals. Rock may be hard or soft and in varied colours.

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ET
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FA
 Igneous Rocks
As igneous rocks form out of magma and lava from the

C
interior of the earth, they are known as primary rocks.

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The igneous rocks (Ignis in Latin means ‘Fire’) are

U
formed when magma cools and solidifies.

F
O
When magma in its upward movement cools and turns

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ET
into solid form it is called igneous rock.
C
Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt, volcanic breccia
FA
and tuff are some of the examples of igneous rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks
The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word sedimentum, which means
settling. Rocks of the earth’s surface are exposed to denudational agents, and are
broken up into various sizes of fragments. Such fragments are transported by

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different exogenous agencies and deposited. These deposits through compaction

PS
turn into rocks. This process is called lithification. We see a number of layers of

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varying thickness in sedimentary rocks like sandstone, shale etc.

F
Depending upon the mode of formation,

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sedimentary rocks are classified into three major groups:

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ET
(i) mechanically formed — sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc.
are examples;
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FA
(ii) organically formed— geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc. are some examples;
(iii) chemically formed — chert, limestone, halite, potash etc. are some examples.
Metamorphic Rocks
The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’. These

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rocks form under the action of pressure, volume and

PS
temperature (PVT) changes. Metamorphism occurs when

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F
rocks are forced down to lower levels by tectonic

O
S
processes or when molten magma rising through the crust

ET
comes in contact with the crustal rocks or the underlying
C
FA
rocks are subjected to great amounts of pressure by
overlying rocks. Metamorphism is a process by which
already consolidated rocks undergo recrystallisation and
reorganisation of materials within original rocks.
In the process of metamorphism in some rocks grains or
minerals get arranged in layers or lines. Such an
arrangement of minerals or grains in metamorphic rocks is

C
PS
called foliation or lineation. Sometimes minerals or

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materials of different groups are arranged into alternating

F
O
thin to thick layers appearing in light and dark shades.

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ET
Such a structure in metamorphic rocks is called banding
C
and rocks displaying banding are called banded rocks.
FA
Metamorphic rocks are classified into two major groups —
foliated rocks and non-foliated rocks. Gneissoid, granite,
syenite, slate, schist, marble, quartzite etc. are some

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PS
examples of metamorphic rocks.

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ET
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FA
FA
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ET
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C
Consider the following statements about rock structures.

[UPSC CAPF 2023]

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PS
1. Conglomerates are clastic sedimentary rocks.
2. Slate is a non-clastic sedimentary rock.

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3. Granite is plutonic igneous rock.

F
O
4. Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock.

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ET
Which of the statements given above are correct?

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FA
(a) 1 , 2 and 3 only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only
Ans : d

Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous,

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PS
metamorphic rock. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

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F
O
All other statements are correct.

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ET
C
Source : G.C. Leong, Chapter 2 – Earth’s Crust
FA
Which one of the following is not an igneous rock?

[NDA I 2023]

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(A) Granite

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O
(B) Slate

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ET
(C) Basalt
(D) Gabbro C
FA
 Ans : b

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ET
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F
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PS
C
FA
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ET
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F
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C
which one of the following is a permeable rock that allows
water to pass through it ?

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PS
[UPSC CAPF 2023]

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F
O
(a) Granite

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ET
(b) Limestone
(c) Quartzite C
FA
(d) Sill
Ans : b
Limestone is nothing but calcium carbonate and it rapidly reacts with

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the carbonic acid present in the water to disassociate into Ca²+ and 2

PS
bicarbonate anions. It is an example of carbonation weathering.

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FA
Which one among the following is not an igneous rock?

[CDS I 2013]

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U
A) Granite

F
O
B) Basalt

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ET
C) Gabbro
D) Gneiss C
FA
Ans : d

Granite - acid igneous rock(silica % higher)

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PS
Gabbro- basic igneous rock(alkali% higher)
Basalt- volcanic equivalent of gabbro(also alkali

U
composition)

F
O
Gneiss- high grade metamorphic rock.

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ET
C
FA
Which of the following is not an example of Rocks with
Phaneritic texture?

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PS
[HCS 2023]

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F
O
(A) Granite

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ET
(B) Diorite
(C) Ryolite C
FA
(D) Gabbro
Ans : c

Phaneritic texture refers to a type of rock

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PS
This texture typically forms in

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slow-cooling intrusive igneous rocks

F
O
beneath the Earth's surface, allowing the

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minerals to grow larger. Examples of

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rocks with a phaneritic texture include

C
granite and diorite. FA
Consider the following statements :

[CDS I 2014]
1. Weathered rock with change of volume is called saprolite.

C
PS
2. The process of landscape formation by deep weathering followed by stripping of
the saprolite is called etching.

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F
O
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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ET
(A) 1 only

C
(B) 2 only FA
(C) Both 1 and 2
(D) Neither 1 nor 2
 Ans : c

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ET
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F
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PS
C
Which one of the following statements about metamorphic rocks is not correct?

[NDA II 2022]

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PS
(a) Due to segregation of minerals into wavy bands or platy surfaces, some
metamorphic rocks develop foliations.

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F
O
(b) Where the foliations develop into broad mineral bands, the metamorphic rock

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is extremely hard.

ET
C
(c) Where the foliations are moderately thin, the metamorphic rock tends to flake
FA
apart.

(d) Rocks that originally were composed of one dominant mineral are often foliated
by metamorphism.
 Ans : d

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ET
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F
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PS
C
Foliated means the parallel
arrangement of certain mineral
grains that gives the rock a

C
PS
striped appearance.)

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F
O
Foliated rocks are composed of

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ET
more than one mineral while
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non-foliated are generally
FA
composed of one mineral
Which one of the following sedimentary rocks has not
been formed mechanically?

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PS
[CDS II 2022]

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F
O
S
(a) Sandstone

ET
(b) Conglomerate
C
FA
(c) Loess
(d) Geyserites
 Ans : d

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C
ET
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O
F
U
PS
C
Which one of the following processes leads to expansion
of certain minerals as they take up water, causing
additional stress in the rock?

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PS
U
[CDS II 2022] [NDA 1 2021]

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O
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ET
(a) Hydrolysis
(b) Hydration C
FA
(c) Oxidation
(d) Carbonation
 Ans : b

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ET
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PS
C
Which of the following is not an example of Metamorphic
rock?

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PS
[UKPCS Pre 2022]

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F
O
A) Quartzite

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ET
B) Marble
C
C) Gneiss FA
D) Dolomite
 Ans : d

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ET
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PS
C
Which one of the following is an igneous type of rock?

(CDS 1 2021)

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U
A) Marble

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O
B) Halite

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ET
C) Granite
D) Shale C
FA
 Ans : c

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C
ET
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F
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PS
C
Consider the following statements made about sedimentary rocks:

[CSE 2001]

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1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at earth's surface by the hydrological system

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2. Formation of sedimentary rocks involves the weathering of preexisting rocks

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3. Sedimentary rocks contain fossils

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O
4. Sedimentary rocks typically occur in layers

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ET
Which of these statements are correct?

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FA
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
 Ans : d

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 GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES
The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical

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stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and

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bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface

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of the earth are known as geomorphic processes.

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FA
 Diastrophism
All processes that move, elevate or build up portions

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of the earth’s crust come under diastrophism. They

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include: (i) orogenic processes involving mountain

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F
building through severe folding and affecting long

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and narrow belts of the earth’s crust; (ii) epeirogenic

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processes involving uplift or warping of large parts of
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FA
the earth’s crust; (iii) earthquakes involving local
relatively minor movements; (iv) plate tectonics
involving horizontal movements of crustal plates.
 ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
The energy emanating from within the earth is the main

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force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This

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energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational

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F
and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of

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S
the earth. This energy due to geothermal gradients and

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heat flow from within induces diastrophism and
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FA
volcanism in the lithosphere.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
The exogenic processes derive their energy from
atmosphere determined by the ultimate energy from the

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PS
sun and also the gradients created by tectonic factors

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F
O
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DENUDATION : All the exogenic geomorphic processes are covered

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under a general term, denudation. The word ‘denude’ means to strip off or
FA
to uncover. Weathering, mass wasting/movements, erosion and
transportation are included in denudation.
FA
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ET
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C
 C
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F
O
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ET
Exfoliation
C
It is the weathering processes of unloading, thermal contraction
FA
and expansion and salt weathering. Exfoliation is a result but not a
process. Flaking off of more or less curved sheets of shells from
over rocks or bedrock results in smooth and rounded surfaces
 Soil-forming Factors
Five basic factors control the formation of soils:

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(i) parent material;

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(ii) topography;

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(iii) climate;

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O
(iv) biological activity;

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(v) time.
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FA
Weathering, mass wasting, erosion and transportation are
indicators of which one of the following processes?

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PS
[NDA I 2022]

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(a) Denudation

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(b) Endogenetic process
(c) Diastrophism C
FA
(d) Mountain building
 Ans : a

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ET
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C
(NDA-I/2014)
Statement I: Chemical weathering processes are found more active in hot and
humid environment.

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Statement II: High temperature and rainfall help in the process of decomposition of

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rocks.

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F
A) Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct

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explanation of Statement I

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ET
B) Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct

C
explanation of Statement I
FA
C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false

D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

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ET
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F
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PS
C
(NDA-II/2013)
Statement I: The process of decay and disintegration of rocks in situ is called
weathering.

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PS
Statement I: Weathering takes place both mechanically and chemically.

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F
a) Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct

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explanation of Statement I

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ET
b) Both the Statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct
explanation of Statement I
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FA
c) Statement I in true but Statement II in false
d) Statement I is false but Statement II in true
 Ans B

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NDA-I/2014

Statement I: Chemical weathering processes are found more active in

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hot and humid environment.

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Statement II: High temperature and rainfall help in the process of

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decomposition of rocks.

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O
S
a) Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the

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correct explanation of Statement |
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FA
b) Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the
correct explanation of Statement I
c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
 Ans A

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F
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PS
C
(NDA-I/2011)
Statement I: Decay and disintegration of rocks in situ is called weathering

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PS
Statement II: Mechanical weathering is mainly caused by temperature variation

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A) Both the statements are individually true and statement II is the correct

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O
explanation of statement I

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B) Both the statements are individually true but statement II is not the correct

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explanation of statement I

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C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
FA
D) Statement I is false but statement II is true
 Ans B

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ET
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O
F
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PS
C
(NDA-II/2013)
Statement I: The process of decay and disintegration of rocks in situ is called

C
weathering.

PS
U
Statement II: Weathering takes place both mechanically and chemically.

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O
S
a) Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct

ET
explanation of Statement I

C
b) Both the Statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct
FA
explanation of Statement I
c) Statement I in true but Statement II in false
d) Statement I is false but Statement II in true
 Ans B

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C
ET
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O
F
U
PS
C
NDA-I/2014
Statement I: Chemical weathering processes are found more active in hot and
humid environment.

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PS
Statement II: High temperature and rainfall help in the process of decomposition of
rocks.

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F
O
a) Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct

S
explanation of Statement I

ET
b) Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct

C
explanation of Statement I
FA
c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
 Ans A

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ET
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F
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C
FA
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ET
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F
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PS
C
NDA-I/2012
While travelling to a hilly region, you notice a massive boulder, which was
loosened by heavy rains and moved downhill. This has resulted due to
which of the following processes?

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PS
U
1. Mass wasting

F
2. Erosion

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3. Weathering

S
ET
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
C
FA
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
 Ans D

FA
C
ET
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O
F
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PS
C
NDA-I/2022

C
Which one of the following is likely to be the most

PS
prevalent form of weathering in hot- tropical desert areas?

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F
O
a) Mechanical

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ET
b) Chemical
c) Biological C
FA
d) Leaching
 Ans A

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C
ET
S
O
F
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PS
C
CDS-I/2015 || NDA-II/2018

Which one among the following processes is not part of a

C
chemical weathering ?

PS
U
F
a) Hydration

O
S
b) Exfoliation

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c) Oxidation
C
FA
d) Solution
 Ans B

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C
ET
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O
F
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PS
C
NDA-I/2014
Consider the following statements :

C
1. Crystallization is a form of mechanical weathering.

PS
2. Hydration causes granular, disintegration.

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3. Frost action is synonymous with freezethaw action.

F
O
Which of the statements given above are correct?

S
ET
C
A) 1 and 2 only FA
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
 Ans D

FA
C
ET
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O
F
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PS
C
(NDA-II/2011)

C
Which one of the following processes of weathering

PS
belongs to both mechanical and chemical weathering?

U
F
O
S
A) Crystallization

ET
B) Exfoliation
C
FA
C) Hydration
D) Carbonation
 Ans C

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
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PS
C
 LANDFORMS
A landform is a feature on the Earth's surface that is part of the terrain.
Each landform has its own physical shape, size, materials and is a result

C
of the action of certain geomorphic processes and agent(s).

PS
Actions of most of the geomorphic processes and agents are slow, and

U
hence the results take a long time to take shape.

F
O
S
ET
C
FA
 Erosional Landforms by Running Water:

Valleys:

C
Valleys start as small and narrow rills and the rills will gradually develop into

PS
long and wide gullies; the gullies will further deepen, widen and lengthen to

U
give rise to valleys

F
O
S
Types of Valleys:

ET
Gorge:
C
FA
A gorge is a deep valley with very steep to
straight sides.
A gorge is almost equal in width at its top
as well as its bottom.
Gorges form in hard rocks.
Canyon:
A steep step-like side slopes and

C
may be as deep as a gorge.

PS
A canyon is wider at its top than

U
at its bottom. In fact, a canyon is

F
O
a variant of a gorge.

S
ET
C
FA
Potholes and Plunge Pools:
Potholes are circular depressions formed because of
stream erosion aided by the abrasion of rock fragments.

C
PS
Once a small and shallow depression forms, pebbles and

U
boulders get collected in those depressions and get

F
O
rotated by flowing water and consequently the depressions

S
ET
grow in dimensions.

C
Plunge pools are large potholes, quite deep and wide,
FA
formed because of the sheer impact of water and rotation
of boulders.
These pools also help in the deepening of valleys.
FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Incised or Entrenched Meanders:
Incised or Entrenched Meanders are very deep and
wide meanders that can be found cut in hard rocks.
Entrenched meander normally occurs where there is a

C
PS
rapid cutting of the river bed such that the river does

U
not erode the lateral sides.

F
O
S
ET
C
FA
Depositional Landforms by Running Water
Alluvial Fans:

C
Alluvial fans are formed when streams flowing from higher

PS
levels break into foot slope plains of low gradient.

U
Normally a very coarse load is carried by streams flowing

F
O
over mountain slopes.

S
ET
This load becomes too heavy for the streams to be carried
C
over gentler gradients and gets dumped and spread as a
FA
broad low to high cone shaped deposit called alluvial fan.
FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Deltas:
Deltas are like alluvial fans but

C
develop at a different location.

PS
The load carried by the rivers is

U
dumped and spread into the sea.

F
If this load is not carried away far

O
into the sea or distributed along the

S
coast, it spreads and accumulates

ET
as a low cone.

C
Unlike in alluvial fans, the deposits
FA
making up deltas are very well
sorted with clear stratification.
Floodplains:
A floodplain (or floodplain) is

C
a generally flat area of land

PS
next to a river or stream.

U
It stretches from the banks

F
O
of the river to the outer

S
ET
edges of the valley.
C
FA
Meanders:
Meander is not a landform but is only a type of channel

C
pattern. This is because of:

PS
Propensity of water flowing over very gentle gradients to

U
F
work laterally on the banks.

O
S
Unconsolidated nature of alluvial deposits making up the

ET
banks with many irregularities which can be used by water
C
FA
exerting pressure laterally
An oxbow lake is a meander that
is no longer attached to the river.

C
The water has to find a straighter

PS
route downstream during the

U
F
floods, so the water flows over

O
the ends of the meander.

S
ET
As the flood starts to go down,
C
FA
the water deposits sediment and
covers up the ends of the
meander making an oxbow lake
Erosional Landforms by Groundwater:
Swallow Holes:

C
PS
Small to medium sized round to sub-rounded shallow depressions

U
called swallow holes form on the surface of limestones through

F
solution.

O
S
ET
Sinkholes:
C
They are very common in limestone/karst areas.
FA
A sinkhole is an opening more or less circular at the top and
funnel-shaped towards the bottom with sizes varying in area from a
few sq. m to a hectare and with depth from a less than half a meter to
thirty meters or more
FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Lapies:
Lapies are uneven grooves

C
and ridges that form when

PS
the majority of the

U
F
limestone's surface is

O
S
removed by the solution

ET
process
C
FA
Depositional Landforms
by Groundwater
Stalactites:

C
PS
Stalactites hang as icicles.

U
Stalagmites:

F
O
Stalagmites rise up from the floor

S
of the caves.

ET
They form due to dripping water
C
FA
from the surface or through the
thin pipe of the stalactite,
immediately below it.
 Landforms made by Winds

C
Deflation Hollows :

PS
Formed by the

U
F
removal of particles

O
S
by wind ; also called

ET
blowouts.
C
FA
Yardangs:
Parallel troughs cut into softer rock
running in the direction of the wind,

C
separated by ridges.

PS
U
Zeugen:

F
O
A zeugen is a tabular mass of

S
resistant rock, standing prominently

ET
in the desert.
C
FA
Playas

C
Flat-bottom depression found in

PS
interior desert basins and

U
F
adjacent to coasts in arid and

O
S
semiarid regions, periodically

ET
covered by water.
C
FA
Depositional Landforms formed by Wind
Ripples:
They are regular, wavelike undulations lying at

C
right-angles to the prevailing wind direction

PS
U
F
O
S
Loess:

ET
Loess is terrestrial sediment composed largely of
C
FA
windblown silt particles made of quartz. Loess
requires three things:
A source of silt
Wind to transport the silt
A suitable site for deposition and accumulation
Dunes:
Dunes are collections of loose sand built piecemeal by the
wind.

C
PS
It is usually composed of quartz, which is extremely hard

U
and doesn’t easily decay.

F
O
S
ET
Barchans:
Barchans have crescent-shaped points or
C
FA
wings that face away from the wind, or
downwind, and where sand is moving over
an almost uniform surface from where the
wind is constant.
Seif:
It is also called linear
dunesis similar to barchans

C
PS
with a small difference as it

U
has only one wing or point.

F
O
S
ET
C
FA
Erosional Coastal Landforms
Cliffs:
A sea cliff is a vertical precipice created by waves crashing directly on a steeply inclined slope.

Sea Caves:

C
Sea caves form along lines of weakness in cohesive but well-jointed bedrock.

PS
Sea Stacks:

U
A sea arch forms when sea caves merge from opposite sides of a headland. If the arch collapses, a
pillar of rock remains behind as a sea stacks.

F
O
Sea Terraces:

S
It is a rock terrace formed where a sea cliff, with a wave-cut platform before it, is raised above sea level.

ET
C
FA
 Depositional Coastal Landforms

Beaches : Deposits of loose sediment

C
adjacent to a body of water.

PS
U
Spits : Linear accumulation of sediment

F
that is attached to land at one end.

O
S
ET
Bars : It is a ridge built by waves

C
offshore from the beach, usually
FA
submerged or partially exposed
Erosional Landforms formed by Glaciers
Glacial Valleys/Troughs : Trough-like and U-shaped with broad

C
PS
floors and relatively smooth, and steep sides

U
Cirques : They are deep, long and wide troughs or basins with

F
O
very steep concave to vertically dropping high walls.

S
ET
Horns and Serrated : Ridges Horns form through headward

C
erosion of the cirque walls.
FA
If three or more radiating glaciers cut headward until their
cirques meet, high, sharp pointed and steep sided peaks called
horns form.
FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Depositional Landforms formed by Glaciers

Glacial Till : Formed when unassorted coarse and

C
fine debris dropped by the melting glaciers

PS
U
F
Moraines : They are long ridges of deposits of

O
glacial till.

S
ET
C
FA
Eskers : These are ridges made of sands and
gravels, deposited by glacial meltwater flowing
through tunnels within and underneath glaciers.
FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Which one of the following landforms is/are formed by
wind erosion?

C
PS
[UPSC CDS II 2023]

U
F
O
(a) Stack

S
ET
(b) Cirque
(c) Zeugen C
FA
(d) Stack and Zeugen both
STACK = Marine Erosional Landform
CIRQUE = Glacial Erosional Landform
ZEUGEN = Wind Erosional Landform

C
PS
U
Ans : c

F
O
S
ET
C
FA
Consider the following statements about Barchans.

[UPSC CAPF 2023]

C
PS
1. These landforms are found in Thar Desert in India.

U
2. The windward side has concave slope with maximum height at the

F
center.

O
3. Two ends of the barchan are called horns.

S
ET
C
(a) 1 and 2 only FA
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
 Ans : c

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Which one of the following is depositional landform?

C
[CDS I 2014]

PS
U
F
A) Stalagmite

O
S
B) Lapis

ET
C) Sinkhole
C
FA
D) Cave
 Ans : a

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Stalactite, stalagmite and pillars are the depositional
landforms of :

C
PS
[NDA II 2019]

U
F
O
S
(a) running water

ET
(b) wind
C
FA
(c) glacier
(d) underground water.
 Ans : d

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Which one of the following is not a fluvial landform?

C
(CDS 2 2020)

PS
U
F
A) Cirque

O
S
B) Gorge

ET
C) Braids
C
FA
D) Canyon
Ans : a

Cirque is glacial landform

C
PS
U
F
O
S
ET
C
FA
Which of the following karst landforms is the largest in
size?

C
PS
(CAPF 2020)

U
F
O
S
A) Polje

ET
B) Uvala
C
FA
C) Swallow hole
D) Sink hole
Ans : a
A polje is a large, flat-floored depression within karst limestone, whose

C
long axis develops in parallel with major structural trends and can

PS
become several miles long. Superficial deposits tend to accumulate

U
along the floor

F
O
S
ET
C
FA
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code
given below the Lists : [NDA 2010]
List-II (Agent of erosion/ deposition)

C
List-I (landform)

PS
A. Inselbergs 1. River

U
B. Stalagmite 2. Glacier

F
C. Delta 3. Undergroundwater

O
S
D. Moraines 4. Wind

ET
C
ABCD FA
A) 4213
B) 3124
C) 1234
D) 4312
 ANS : D

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
Match List I with List-II and select the correct answer
using the code given below the Lists: (CDS 2010)
List I (Landform) List II (Agent)

C
PS
U
A. Loess 1. Wind deposited

F
O
B. Tombolo 2. Glacial deposited

S
ET
C. Point bars 3. River deposited
C
D. Moraines FA 4. Sea deposited
A) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
B) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
C) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
D) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
 ANS : A

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
 (CDS 2010)
List-I (Weathering type) List-II (Landform/ Process)

C
A. Chemical weathering 1. Till

PS
B. Mechanical weathering 2. Oxidation

U
C. Glacial deposits

F
3. Plant roots

O
D. Deposition by ground 4. Stalactite

S
ET
C
FA
ABCD:2314
ABCD:2134
ABCD:4132
ABCD:4312
 ANS : A

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
(NDA-II/2014)
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below

C
the Lists:

PS
U
1. Erosional feature of wind A. Cirque

F
2. Depositional feature of glacier B. Yardang

O
3. Depositional feature of wind C. Barkhan

S
D. Drumlin

ET
4. Erosional feature of glacier

C
A) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
FA
B) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
C) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
D) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
 ANS : A

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C
 C
PS
U
F
O
(CDS 2010)

S
ET
A) 1, 2 and 3
C
B) 1 and 2
FA
C) 2 and 3
D) 1 and 3
 ANS : A

FA
C
ET
S
O
F
U
PS
C