Introduction to Electrical Machines

Chapter 5
Synchronous Machine

Dilla University

School of Electrical Engineering

6/9/2024 For Exit Exam 1

 Introduction

Synchronous Machine Structures

Principle of Operation
Contents

The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine

Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Machine

The Effect of Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

V-Curves

Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator

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 Introduction

 The mechanical power or energy is converted into electrical power or energy with the help of
an AC machine called alternator or synchronous generator.
 However, when the same machine can be used to convert electrical power or energy into
mechanical power or energy, then it is known as a synchronous motor.
 Thus, the same machine can be operated as a generator or as a motor and in general, it is
called as a synchronous machine.
 In fact, it is a machine which rotates only at synchronous speed (NS = 120 f/P) under all
conditions.
 Hence, synchronous machine (generator or motor) is a machine which only runs at
synchronous speed and maintains the relation; NS = 120 f /P rpm
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 Introduction

 A synchronous machine is an AC rotating machine whose speed under steady state condition is
proportional to the frequency of the current in its armature. The magnetic field created by the armature
currents rotates at the same speed as that created by the field current on the rotor, which is rotating at
the synchronous speed.
 Synchronous machines are commonly used as generators especially for large power systems, such as
turbine generators and hydroelectric generators in the grid power supply. Because the rotor
speed is proportional to the frequency of excitation.
 synchronous motors can be used in situations where constant speed drive is required.
 Unloaded synchronous machines (synchronous condensers) are often installed in power systems
solely for power factor correction or for control of reactive kVA flow. The reactive power generated by
a synchronous machine can be adjusted by controlling the magnitude of the rotor field current.
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 Synchronous Machine Structures
 Synchronous machines are AC machines that have a field circuit supplied by an external DC source.
 In a synchronous generator, a DC current is applied to the rotor winding producing a rotor magnetic
field. The rotor is then turned by external means producing a rotating magnetic field, which induces
a 3-phase voltage within the stator winding.
 In a synchronous motor, a 3-phase set of stator currents produces a rotating magnetic field causing the
rotor magnetic field to align with it. The rotor magnetic field is produced by a DC current applied to the
rotor winding.
 Field windings are the windings producing the main magnetic field (rotor windings for synchronous
machines). The field windings are on the rotor and excited by dc current, or permanent magnets
 Armature windings are the windings where the main voltage is induced (stator windings for
synchronous machines). And almost invariably on the stator and is usually a three phase winding.
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 Synchronous Machine Structures
► Because the rotor is subjected to changing magnetic fields, it is constructed of thin laminations to reduce eddy
current losses.
► A DC current must be supplied to the field circuit on the rotor if it is an electromagnet. Since the rotor is
rotating, a special arrangement is required to get the dc power to its field windings. There are two common
approaches to supplying this dc power:
1. Supply the DC power from an external DC source to the rotor by means of slip rings and brushes.
2. Supply the DC power from a special DC power source mounted directly on the shaft of the synchronous
generator.
Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of
a machine but insulated from it. One end of a DC rotor winding
is connected to each of the two slip rings on the machine’s shaft.
Graphite-like carbon brushes connected to DC terminals ride on
each slip ring supplying DC voltage to field windings regardless
the position or speed of the rotor

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 Synchronous Machine Structures
Slip rings

Brush

► Slip rings and brushes have certain disadvantages: increased friction and wear (therefore, needed maintenance), brush
voltage drop can introduce significant power losses. Still this approach is used in most small synchronous machines.
► On large generators and motors, brushless exciters are used. A brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose field
circuits are mounted on the stator and armature circuits are mounted on the rotor shaft. The exciter generator’s 3-phase
output is rectified to DC by a 3-phase rectifier (mounted on the shaft) and fed into the main DC field circuit. It is possible
to adjust the field current on the main machine by controlling the small DC field current of the exciter generator (located
on the stator).
► Since no mechanical contact occurs between the rotor and the stator, exciters of this type require much less maintenance.

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 Synchronous Machine Structures
 Since no mechanical contact occurs between the rotor and the stator, exciters of this type require much less
maintenance.

 There are two types of rotor structures: round or cylindrical rotor and salient pole rotor. round rotor
structure is used for high speed synchronous machines, such as steam turbine generators, while salient
pole structure is used for low speed applications, such as hydroelectric generators.

(a) round or cylindrical rotor and (b) salient rotor structures

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 Difference b/n salient pole rotor and cylindrical rotor

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 Multiple Choice Questions
Which part of the synchronous machine is responsible for producing the magnetic field?
A) Stator
B) Rotor
C) Air gap
D) Frame
Answer: B) Rotor
What is the purpose of the rotor in a synchronous machine?

A) To generate torque

B) To maintain magnetic field

C) To control current flow

D) To reduce energy consumption

Answer: A) To generate torque

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 Principle of Operation
1) From the external source, the field winding is supplied with a DC current (excitation current) that generates a DC
flux.

2) Rotor (field) windings are mechanically turned (rotated) at synchronous speed.

3) The rotating magnetic field produced by the field current induces voltages in the outer stator (armature)
windings. The frequency of these voltages is in synchronism with the rotor speed.

The rate of rotation of the magnetic fields in the machine is related to the
stator electrical frequency.

𝑵𝒔 𝒑
𝒇𝒔 =
𝟏𝟐𝟎
fs : electrical frequency, in Hz
Ns : mechanical speed of magnetic field,
in rpm (equals speed of rotor for
synchronous machines)
P : number of poles
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 The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine
The magnitude of the voltage induced in a given stator phase is
𝐸𝐴 = 4.44𝑁𝑠𝜙𝑓kw
The internal generated voltage EA is directly proportional to the flux and to the speed,
but the flux itself depends on the current flowing in the rotor field circuit. Since EA is
directly proportional to the flux, the internal generated voltage EA is related to the field
current.
The voltage EA is the internal generated voltage produced in one phase of a synchronous
machine. However, this voltage EA is not usually the voltage that appears at the
terminals of the generator.

Va : armature rms terminal Ia Ra jXal

voltage/phase.
Ia: armature current/phase. Esa jXm If
Ra: armature resistance.
Xal: armature leakage reactance. Va Er
Xm: armature magnetizing EA Rf Vf
reactance.
𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝑎𝑙 + 𝑋𝑚
The full equivalent circuit of
Xs: is the synchronous reactance. synchronous machine per phase 12
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 The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine
Ia Ra jXal
Esa=jX mIa : self armature rms induced
voltage/phase.
EA: armature rms induced voltage Esa jXm If
due to the excitation /phase. Er
Er: armature resultant emf. Va
EA Rf Vf
𝐸𝑟 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝑠𝑎
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓𝐼𝑓 The full equivalent circuit of
synchronous machine per phase
Rf : field excitation winding
resistance.
If: excitation current.
Vf: excitation voltage.
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝑙 + 𝐸𝑠𝑎 + 𝐸𝐴

𝐸𝑠𝑎 = 𝑗𝑋𝑚𝐼𝑎
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝑙 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚) + 𝐸𝐴

𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝑙 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 Zs : synchronous impedance.

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 The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝑙 + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑍𝑠 ∠𝛼 2 𝑋𝑠
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑎 2 + 𝑋𝑠 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅𝑎
𝛟a : power factor.
𝑽𝒂∠𝟎 = 𝑰𝒂∠𝝓𝒂 × 𝒁𝒔∠𝜶 + 𝑬𝑨∠𝜹
δ: load angle.

δ=positive: generator.
Ia=negative: generator.
δ=negative: motor.
Ia=positive: motor.
δ=zero: compensator.

For Synchronous Generator

𝑬𝑨∠𝜹 = 𝑽𝒂∠𝟎 + 𝑰𝒂∠𝝓𝒂 × 𝒁𝒔∠𝜶 Ia Ra jXal

Pg : air gap power/phase.

Esa jXm If
𝑃𝑔 = 𝐸𝐴𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 − 𝛿
Va Er
Pout : output power/phase.
EA AC
Rf Vf
3𝑉 𝐸
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 = 𝑎 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 Pout
𝑋𝑠 Pg
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 The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine
For Synchronous Generator
3𝑃𝑚
Tin : input torque. 𝑇𝑖𝑛 =
𝜔𝑠 Mechanical
Power (Pm)
3𝑃𝑔
Tg : air gap torque. 𝑇𝑔 =
𝜔𝑠
η: generator efficiency. Iron, Air Gap Power
Pm: mechanical Power Excitation and 𝑃𝑔 = 𝐸𝐴𝐼𝑎cos(𝜙𝑎 − 𝛿)
3𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 Friction Losses
𝜂= 100%
3𝑃𝑚 + 𝑉𝑓𝐼𝑓
𝑉𝑓𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓2𝑅𝑓 Armature Cu Output Power
Losses
VR : voltage regulation. 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑎𝐼𝑎cos 𝜙𝑎
Ia2Ra
Vnl: no load voltage.
Vfl: full load voltage. Ia Ra jXal

𝑉𝑛𝑙 − 𝑉𝑓𝑙 Esa jXm If

𝑉𝑅 = 100% Va Er
𝑉𝑓𝑙 EA Rf Vf
Pout
Pg 15
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 Power Flow of Synchronous Generator
The power-flow diagram for a synchronous generator is shown:

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 The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine
For Synchronous Motor
𝑬𝑨∠𝜹 = 𝑽𝒂∠𝟎 − 𝑰𝒂∠𝝓𝒂 × 𝒁𝒔∠𝜶
Ia Ra jXal
Pin : input power/phase.
3𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝐴
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 Esa jXm If
𝑋𝑠
Va Er
Pg : air gap power/phase.
𝑃𝑔 = 𝐸𝐴𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 − 𝛿 EA Rf Vf
3𝑃𝑔 Pin
Tg : air gap torque. 𝑇𝑔 = Pg
𝜔𝑠
3𝑃𝑚
Tload : load torque. 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝜔𝑠
η: generator efficiency.
Pm: mechanical Power
3𝑃𝑚
𝜂= 100%
3𝑃𝑖𝑛 + 𝑉𝑓𝐼𝑓

𝑉𝑓𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓2𝑅𝑓
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 The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine
For Synchronous Motor

SR : speed regulation.
Nnl: no load speed. Input Power
Nfl: full load speed. 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑎𝐼𝑎cos 𝜙𝑎

𝑁𝑛𝑙 − 𝑁𝑓𝑙
𝑆𝑅 = 100%
𝑁𝑓𝑙
Armature Cu Air Gap Power
Losses
𝜔𝑛𝑙 − 𝜔𝑓𝑙 𝑃𝑔 = 𝐸𝐴𝐼𝑎cos(𝜙𝑎 − 𝛿)
𝑆𝑅 = 100% Ia2Ra
𝜔𝑓𝑙

Ia Ra jXal Iron, Excitation Mechanical

and Friction Power (Pm)
Esa jXm Losses
If
Va Er
EA Rf Vf
Pin
Pg

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 Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Machine
When the voltages within a phase (EA, Va and IaZs) and the current JA in
the phase are plotted in such a fashion as to show the relationships among
them, the resulting plot is called a phasor diagram.

Synchronous Generator Synchronous Motor

Ia Va
EA jIaXs -𝛿
Resistive Load
jI a X s
(Unity power factor) EA
𝛿
Ia Va IaRa
IaRa

EA Va
𝛿 jIaXs Inductive Load -𝛿
Va (lagging power factor)
IaRa jI X
IaRa Ia a s
Ia EA
Ia
EA jIaXs
Ia
Capacitive Load -𝛿 jIaXs
Va
(leading power factor)
𝛿 IaRa
EA IaRa
Va
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 The Effect of Load Changes on Synchronous Motor
What happens when the load is changed on a synchronous motor?

If the load on the shaft of the motor is increased, the rotor will initially slow
down. The torque angle δ becomes larger, and the induced torque
increases. The increase in induced torque eventually speeds the rotor back
up, and the motor again turns at synchronous speed but with a larger
torque angle δ.

The internal generated voltage EA depends on only the field current in the
machine and the speed of the machine. The speed is constrained to be
constant by the input power supply, and since no one has touched the field
circuit, the field current is constant as well. Therefore, EA must be constant
as the load changes. The distances proportional to power will increase, but
the magnitude of EA must remain constant. As the load increases, EA
swings down. As EA swings down further and further, the quantity jXSIA
has to increase to reach from the tip of EA to Va and therefore the armature
current Ia also increases. The power-factor angle ( 𝝓𝒂 ) changes too,
becoming less and less leading and then more and more lagging.

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 The Effect of Load Changes on Synchronous Motor
Ia

Va
-𝛿 Phasor diagram of synchronous
motor operating at a leading
EA power factor.

Ia1 Ia2
Ia3 Va
Ia4
∝P1
∝P2
The effect of an
∝P3
E A1 ∝P4 increase in load
on the operation
EA2 of a synchronous
motor.
EA3
EA4
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 The Effect of Field Current Changes on a Synchronous Motor
What effect does a change in field current have on a synchronous motor?

An increase in field current increases the magnitude of EA but does not

affect the real power supplied by the motor. The power supplied by the
motor changes only when the shaft load torque changes. Since a change in
If does not affect the shaft speed Ns and since the load attached to the shaft
is unchanged, the real power is unchanged. Va is also constant, since it is
kept constant by the power source supplying the motor.
Va
𝛿
A synchronous motor operating
EA at a lagging power factor.
Ia

∝P=constant

Ia4
Ia3
Ia2 Va The effect of an
increase in field
∝P=constant current on the
Ia1 operation of the
EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4 motor.
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 V-Curves
V-Curves is a plot of Ia Synchronous Motor
versus If for a synchronous Unity pf
Field current
machine. There are several
V curves drawn,

Armature Current
corresponding to different
real power levels. For each
curve, the minimum
armature current occurs at
unity power factor, when
only real power is being
Unde r excitation Ove r excitation
supplied to the machine. At
Field Current
any other point on the
curve, some reactive power
is being supplied to or by
the machine as well.
By controlling the field
current of a synchronous
machine, the reactive power
supplied to or consumed by
the power system can be
controlled. Synchronous Generator
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 V-Curves
 When the projection of
the phasor EA onto Va
(EA cosδ) is shorter than EAcos𝛿<Va
Va itself, a synchronous
𝛿
motor has a lagging 𝜙a
current and consumes Q. Ia EA
Since the field current is
small in this situation, Underexcited synchronous motor
the motor is said to be
underexcited.

 When the projection of

EA onto Va is longer than
EAcos𝛿>Va
Va itself, a synchronous
motor has a leading Ia
current and supplies Q to 𝜙a Va
the power system. Since 𝛿
the field current is large
in this situation, the EA
motor is said to be
Overexcited synchronous motor
overexcited.
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 Power Factor Control
 The curve between armature current and field current gives V-curves of synchronous motor

 V-curves show that armature current is minimum at unity power factor

 At leading or lagging power factors, armature current is more than its value at unity power

factor

 Increasing the field current, above the level for minimum armature current, causes the motor

to operate at leading p.f

 The motor is now overexcited and delivers reactive power to the system

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 Examples
Example: A 480-V, 60-Hz, Δ-connected, four-pole synchronous generator. This
generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1Ω and an armature resistance of
0.015Ω, At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under
full-load conditions, the friction and windage losses are 40 kW, and the core
losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.
(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b) If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at
0.8 PF lagging, find armature rms induced voltage (EA)?
(c)How much power is the generator now supplying? How much power is
supplied to the generator by the prime mover? What is this machine's
overall efficiency?
(d)If the generator's load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what
would happen to its terminal voltage?
(e) Suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF
leading. find armature rms induced voltage (EA)?

120𝑓𝑠 120 × 60
(a) 𝑁𝑠 = = = 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑝 4

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 Examples
(b) 𝑍𝑠∠𝛼 = 0.015 + 𝑗0.1 = 0.101∠81.46
1200
𝐼𝑎 = = 692.8 𝐴
3
𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑍𝑠∠𝛼 = 480∠0 + 692.8∠ − 36.78 × 0.101∠81.46

𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 529.9 + 𝑗49.2 = 532∠5.3𝑜

(c) 𝑃 =
𝑜𝑢𝑡 3𝑉𝑎𝐿𝐼𝑎𝐿 cos 𝜙𝑎 = 3𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 = 3 × 480 × 692.8 cos −36.78 = 799 KW

3𝑃𝑔 = 3𝐸𝐴𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 − 𝛿 = 3 × 532 × 692.8 cos −36.78 − 5.3 = 820.6 KW

3𝑃𝑚 = 3𝑃𝑔 + 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
3𝑃𝑚 = 820.6𝑘 + 40𝑘 + 30𝑘 = 890.6kW
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 799
𝜂= 100% = 100% = 89.7%
3𝑃𝑚 + 𝑉𝑓𝐼𝑓 890.6 + 0

(d) The terminal voltage of the generator would rise to 532 V.

(e) 𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑍𝑠∠𝛼 = 480∠0 + 692.8∠36.78 × 0.101∠81.46

𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 446.7 + 𝑗61.7451.2∠7.8𝑜
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 Examples
Example: A 480-V, 50-Hz, Y-connected, six-pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous reactance of
1.0Ω. Its full-load armature current is 60A at 0.8 PF lagging. This generator has friction and windage losses of
1.5kW and core losses of 1.0kW at 60Hz at full load. Since the armature resistance is being ignored, assume that
the I2R losses are negligible. The field current has been adjusted so that the terminal voltage is 480V at no load.
(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b) What is the terminal voltage of this generator if the following are true?
1. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging.
2. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF.
3. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading.
(c) What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the unknown electrical losses) when it is operating at the rated
current and 0.8 PF lagging?
(d) How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at full load?
How large is the air gap torque?
(e) What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 PF lagging? At 1.0 PF? At 0.8 PF leading?

120𝑓𝑠 120 × 50
(a) 𝑁𝑠 = = = 1000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑝 6

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 Examples
(b.1) At no load, Since IA= 0, the internal generated voltage EA=Va=480/√3=277 V. The
internal generated voltage EA varies only when the field current changes. Since the
problem states that the field current is adjusted initially and then left alone, the
magnitude of the internal generated voltage is EA=277 V and will not change in
this example.
𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑋𝑠∠90
277∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 60∠ − 36.78 × 1∠90 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 60∠53.22

277𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 + 𝑗277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠53.22 + 𝑗60𝑠𝑖𝑛53.22

277𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠53.22 (1)
277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 60𝑠𝑖𝑛53.22 (2)

From equation (2)

277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 60𝑠𝑖𝑛53.22
60
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛53.22 = 0.173
277
𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−10.173 = 9.99𝑜
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 Examples
(b.1) From equation (1)
277𝑐𝑜𝑠9.99 = 𝑉𝑎 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠53.22
272.8 = 𝑉𝑎 + 35.9
𝑉𝑎 = 272.8 − 35.9 = 236.9 V

𝑉𝑎𝐿 = 3 × 236.9 = 410V

(b.2) 𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑋𝑠∠90

277∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 60∠0 × 1∠90 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 60∠90

277𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 + 𝑗277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠90 + 𝑗60𝑠𝑖𝑛90

277𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 (1)
277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 60 (2)
From equation (2)
277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 60
60
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = = 0.216 𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−10.216 = 12.5𝑜
277
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 Examples
(b.2) From equation (1)
277𝑐𝑜𝑠12.5 = 𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑎 = 270.4 𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝐿 = 3 × 270.4 = 468.4V

(b.3) 𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑋𝑠∠90

277∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 60∠36.78 × 1∠90 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 + 60∠126.78
277𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 + 𝑗277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠126.78 + 𝑗60𝑠𝑖𝑛126.78
277𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠126.78 (1)
277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 60𝑠𝑖𝑛126.78 (2)
From equation (2)
277𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 60𝑠𝑖𝑛126.78
60
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛126.78 = 0.173
277
𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−10.173 = 9.99𝑜

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 Examples
(b.3) From equation (1)
277𝑐𝑜𝑠9.99 = 𝑉𝑎 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠126.78
272.8 = 𝑉𝑎 − 35.9
𝑉𝑎 = 272.8 + 35.9 = 308.7V
𝑉𝑎𝐿 = 3 × 308.7 = 534.7V

(c) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑎𝐿𝐼𝑎𝐿 cos 𝜙𝑎 = 3𝑉𝑎 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 = 3 × 236.9 × 60 cos −36.78

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 34153.7W

3𝑃𝑔 = 3𝐸𝐴𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙𝑎 − 𝛿 = 3 × 277 × 60 cos −36.78 − 9.99 = 34150W

3𝑃𝑚 = 3𝑃𝑔 + 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
3𝑃𝑚 = 34150 + 1500 + 1000 = 36650W

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 34153.7
𝜂= 100% = 100% = 93.2%
3𝑃𝑚 + 𝑉𝑓𝐼𝑓 36650 + 0

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 Examples
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 2𝜋1000
(d) 𝜔𝑠 = = = 104.7𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60 60
3𝑃𝑚 36650
𝑇𝑖𝑛 = = = 350 Nm
𝜔𝑠 104.7
3𝑃𝑔 34150
𝑇𝑔 = = = 326 Nm
𝜔𝑠 104.7

(e) At 0.8 PF lagging 480 − 410

𝑉𝑅 = 100% = 17.1%
410

At 1.0 PF 480 − 468

𝑉𝑅 = 100% = 2.6%
468

480 − 535
At 0.8 PF leading 𝑉𝑅 = 100% = −10.3%
535

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 Examples
Example: A 208-V, 45-hp, 0.8-PF-leading, Δ-connected, 60-Hz synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance
of 2.5Ω and a negligible armature resistance. Its friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and its core losses are
1.0 kW. Initially, the shaft is supplying a 15-hp load, and the motor's power
factor is 0.80 leading?
(a) Sketch the phasor diagram of this motor, and find the values of IA, IL and EA.
(b) Assume that the shaft load is now increased to 30 hp. Sketch the behavior
of the phasor diagram in response to this change.
(c) Find IA, IL and EA after the load change. What is the new motor power factor?

(a) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 15hp × 746W = 11.19kW

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + Armature Cu Losses
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 11.19𝑘 + 1.5𝑘 + 1𝑘 + 0=13.69kW
𝑃𝑖𝑛 13.69𝑘
𝐼𝑎𝐿 = = = 47.5 A
3𝑉𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑎 3 × 208𝑐𝑜𝑠36.78
𝐼𝑎𝐿 47.5
𝐼𝑎 = = = 27.4 A
3 3
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 Examples
𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 − 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑋𝑠∠𝛼

𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 208∠0 − 27.4∠36.78 × 2.5∠90

𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 255∠ − 12.4𝑜 V

(b) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 30hp × 746W = 22.38kW
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + Armature Cu Losses

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 22.38𝑘 + 1.5𝑘 + 1𝑘 + 0=24.88kW

3𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝐴
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑋𝑠
3 × 208 × 255
24880 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
2.5
24880 = 63648𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝛿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−10.39 = 23𝑜

The internal generated voltage thus becomes EA=255∠-23° V.

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 Examples
(b) 𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 − 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑋𝑠∠90 Ia1
Ia2
Va=208∠0 V
255∠23 = 208∠0 − 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 2.5∠90

208∠0 − 255∠ − 23
𝐼𝑎 ∠𝜙𝑎 =
2.5∠90
𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 = 41.2∠15𝑜 A

𝐼𝑎𝐿∠𝜙𝑎 = 3𝐼𝑎𝐿∠𝜙𝑎 = 3 × 41.2∠15𝑜 A

𝐼𝑎𝐿∠𝜙𝑎 = 71.4∠15𝑜 A

The final power factor will be cos(15°) or 0.966 leading

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 Examples
Example: A 208-V, 45-hp, 0.8-PF-leading, Δ-connected, 60-Hz synchronous
machine has a synchronous reactance of 2.5Ω and a negligible armature
resistance. Its friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and its core losses are
1.0 kW. Initially, the shaft is supplying a 15-hp load with power factor of 0.85
lagging. The field current If at these conditions is 4.0 A.
(a) Sketch the phasor diagram of this motor, and find the values of IA and EA.
(b) If the motor's flux is increased by 25 percent, sketch the new phasor
diagram of the motor. What are IA, EA and the power factor of the motor
now?
(a) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 15hp × 746W = 11.19kW
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + Armature Cu Losses
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 11.19𝑘 + 1.5𝑘 + 1𝑘 + 0=13.69kW
𝑃𝑖𝑛 13.69𝑘
𝐼𝑎𝐿 = = = 44.75 A
3𝑉𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑎 3 × 208 × 0.85
Va=208∠0 V

𝐼𝑎𝐿 44.75
𝐼𝑎 = = = 25.8 A
3 3 Ia1
𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 − 𝐼𝑎∠𝜙𝑎 × 𝑋𝑠∠𝛼
𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 208∠0 − 25.8∠ − 31.8 × 2.5∠90
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 Examples
𝐸𝐴∠𝛿 = 182∠ − 17.5𝑜 V
(b) If the flux is increased by 25 percent, then EA will increase by 25 percent
𝐸𝐴2 = 𝐸𝐴1 + 0.25𝐸𝐴1 = 1.25𝐸𝐴1 = 1.25 × 182 = 227.5 V
The power supplied to the load must remain constant. so
3𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝐴
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑋𝑠 ∝P=constant
3𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝐴1 3𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝐴2
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 2
𝑋𝑠 𝑋𝑠 Ia2 Va=208∠0 V
𝐸𝐴1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿1 = 𝐸𝐴2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿2
Ia1 ∝P=constant
𝐸𝐴1
𝛿2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿1
𝐸𝐴2
182
𝛿2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 sin(−17.5) = −13.9𝑜
227.5
𝐸𝐴2∠𝛿2 = 𝑉𝑎 ∠0 − 𝐼𝑎2∠𝜙𝑎2 × 𝑋𝑠∠𝛼
227.5∠ − 17.5 = 208∠0 − 𝐼𝑎2∠𝜙𝑎2 × 2.5∠90
𝐼𝑎2∠𝜙𝑎2 = 22.5∠13.2𝑜 A The motor power factor is cos(13.2°) or 0.974 leading
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 Multiple Choice Questions
Which of the following is true about the operation of a synchronous machine?

A) The rotor rotates at a constant speed, but the stator does not

B) The stator rotates at a constant speed, but the rotor does not

C) Both the rotor and stator rotate at a constant speed

D) Neither the rotor nor stator rotates at a constant speed

Answer: C) Both the rotor and stator rotate at a constant speed

The power developed by a synchronous motor will be maximum when the load angle is
A) zero
B) 45°
C) 90°
D) 120°
Answer: C) 90°
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 Multiple Choice Questions
What happens to the speed of a synchronous motor when the load is increased?

A) The speed increases

B) The speed remains constant

C) The speed decreases

D) The speed becomes unstable

Answer: C) The speed decreases

When a synchronous motor is subjected to a sudden load change, what happens to its flux?

A) The flux increases

B) The flux remains constant

C) The flux decreases

D) The flux becomes unstable

Answer: C) The flux decreases
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 Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator

Advantages of synchronous generators

operation in parallel

• Several generators can supply a bigger load than one

machine by itself.
• Having many generators increases the reliability of the
power system, since the failure of anyone of them does not
cause a total power loss to the load.
• Having many generators operating in parallel allows one
or more of them to be removed for shutdown and
preventive maintenance
• If only one generator is used and it is not operating at
near full load, then it will be relatively inefficient. With
several smaller machines in parallel, it is
possible to operate only a fraction of them. The ones that
do operate are operating near full load and thus more
efficiently

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 Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator
The conditions required for paralleling
• The rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal.
This condition can be checked by using Voltmeter.
• The two generators must have the same phase sequence.
This condition can be checked by using small induction
Motor or using three-light-bulb method.
• The phase angles of the two a phases must be equal.
• The frequency of the new generator, called the oncoming
generator, must be slightly higher than the frequency of
the running system. This condition can be checked by
using frequency meter.

Generator1 Load

S1
Generator2

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 Synchronising Three-phase Alternators

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 Synchronising Three-phase Alternators
For synchronising of three-phase alternators, two methods are used i.e.,
(i) By using lamps,
(ii) By using synchroscope.
Usually, low voltage alternators are synchronised by using three lamps. Depending upon the
connections by which three lamps are connected across the terminals of the incoming alternator
and bus-bars, the incoming alternator is switched-ON to the bus-bars at a particular instant.
Accordingly, the lamp methods are named as
(i) Three dark lamps method and
(ii) Two bright and one dark lamp method.

Three Dark Lamps Method

In this case lamp L1 and L2 and L3 are connected across R–Rc, Y–Yc and B–Bc terminals of the synchronising
switch, respectively, where RYB are the bus-bar terminals and Rc Y c Bc are the terminals of incoming alternator B
The flickering of lamps can be minimised by adjusting the speed of the prime mover of the incoming alternator.

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 Two Bright and One Dark Lamp Method
In this case lamp L1 is connected across R – R¢, lamp L2 is connected across Y – B¢ and lamp
L3 across B – Y¢
Thus when the flickering frequency is minimised to zero, lamp L1 is totally dark and L2
and L 3 are equally bright the synchronising switch should be closed.

 The lamp methods are only suitable for small low voltage alternators.
 For large capacity, high voltage alternators, a sychroscope is almost invariably used for
synchronising.

Three Dark Lamps Method

Two Bright and One Dark Lamp Method
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 Synchronising Three-phase Alternators using Synchroscope
 High voltage alternators are generally synchronised with the help of synchroscope.
 A synchroscope is an instrument which has been devised, with a rotating pointer and a fixed
index.
 The pointer indicates whether the incoming machine is slow or fast.
 In fact, it shows the precise instant of synchronisation when the paralleling switch should be
closed.
 Synchroscopes are manufactured in a variety of designs such as polarised-vane type, moving
iron type and crossed-coil type.

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