Communication Engineering: Signal & Noise
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damiaahmadazlanCommunication Engineering: Signal & Noise
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Powered by AIIn a multi-stage system, each stage's gain contributes additively to the total gain in decibels. Attenuations are negative gains and must be subtracted. The overall dB gain is converted to a linear gain for output power calculation. This gain describes how much the signal is amplified or reduced through the system, directly affecting the final output power .
The thermal noise power can be calculated using the formula P = kTB, where k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38×10^-23 J/K), T is the temperature in Kelvin (290K for room temperature), and B is the bandwidth. The noise voltage can be calculated using V^2 = 4kTBR, where R is the resistance. For a 50 Ohm resistor and 1 MHz bandwidth, noise power is about 4×10^-15 W, and V = sqrt(4×1.38×10^-23×290×10^6×50) ≈ 0.9 μV .
When resistors are connected in series, the total thermal noise voltage is the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual noise voltages: V_total^2 = V1^2 + V2^2. In parallel, the noise voltage is reduced compared to series due to the equivalent resistance being less (for equal resistors): V_parallel = sqrt(4kTBR_eq), where R_eq is the equivalent resistance .
Noise temperature (T_noise) is related to noise figure (NF) through the equation T_noise = (NF-1) * 290, where 290 is the standard noise temperature at room temperature (in Kelvin). This relation provides another perspective on how much additional noise the amplifier is contributing compared to an ideal component .
To find the overall gain in a multi-stage amplifier, convert each stage's gain from decibels to linear form using 10^(dB/10), multiply these values to get the total gain, and then multiply this by the input power. For example, for gains of 12 dB, 4 dB, and 20 dB: linear gains are 15.85, 2.51, and 100, respectively. Overall gain = 15.85 * 2.51 * 100. Apply this overall gain to the input power to find the output power .
The overall noise figure for cascaded amplifiers can be found using Friis' formula: NF_total = NF1 + (NF2-1)/G1 + (NF3-1)/(G1G2), where NF1 is the noise figure of the first amplifier and G1, G2 are the linear gains of the first and second amplifiers. This impacts system performance by increasing the overall noise, decreasing output SNR .
A receiver can recover a transmitted signal if the received power is greater than or equal to the receiver's sensitivity. If a receiver's sensitivity is -45 dBm and the received power is 10 μW (10 μW = -20 dBm), the signal will not be recovered as -20 dBm is above -45 dBm, meaning sufficient signal strength .
The noise figure (NF) of a receiver indicates how much noise the receiver adds in comparison to an ideal noiseless device. It affects the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), as the output SNR is reduced by the noise figure relative to the input SNR, calculated as Output SNR = Input SNR - NF, where NF is in dB .
The linear SNR is calculated as the ratio of signal power to noise power: SNR = Signal Power / Noise Power = 6 W / 0.025 W = 240. To convert this to decibels, use 10 * log10(SNR), which results in 10 * log10(240) = 23.8 dB .
To convert a power gain into decibels, use the formula 10 * log10(gain). For example, a power gain of 100 converts to 10 * log10(100) = 20 dB .