10.13 If Charlene Brewster has times of 8.4, 8.6, 8.3, 8.5, 8.7, and 8.

5 and a performance rating of 110%, what is the normal

time for this operation? Is she faster or slower than normal?

sol:Here’s how to calculate the normal time and determine if Charlene is faster or slower than normal:

1. Calculate the Average Time:

Add up all the observed times: 8.4 + 8.6 + 8.3 + 8.5 + 8.7 + 8.5 = 51

Divide the total by the number of observations: 51 / 6 = 8.5 minutes

2. Normal Time = Observed Time * Performance Rating

Observed Time: We’ll use her average observed time, which is 8.5 minutes.

Performance Rating: 110% or 1.10 (expressed as a decimal)

Normal Time = 8.5 minutes * 1.10 = 9.35 minutes

Therefore, Charlene’s normal time for this operation is 9.35 minutes.

3. Compare Charlene’s Time to the Normal Time:

Charlene’s average time (8.5 minutes) is slower than the normal time (9.35min)

Conclusion:

Charlene’s performance rating of 110% indicates she is expected to work at 110% of the normal pace. However, her average time is actually slower than the
calculated normal time. This suggests that she may be working at a slightly slower pace than expected.

10.14If Charlene, the worker in Problem 10.13, has a performance rating of 90%, what is the normal time for the operation? Is she faster or slower than normal?

sol:Using the same steps as in the previous problem:

1. Calculate the Average Time:

Average Time = 8.5 minutes (given in the problem)

2. Calculate the Normal Time:

Normal Time = Average Time *perfrmance Rating

Normal Time = 8.5 minutes *0.90

3. Compare Charlene’s Time to the Normal Time:

carlene’s average time (8.5 minutes) is faster than the normal time (7.65).

Conclusion:

With a performance rating of 90%, Charlene is expected to work at 90% of the normal pace. Her average time (8.5 minutes) is faster than the calculated normal
time (7.65). This suggests that she is working at a slightly faster pace than expected.

10.15If Charlene Brewster has times of 8.4, 8.6, 8.3, 8.5, 8.7, and 8.5 and a performance rating of 110%, what is the normal

time for this operation? Is she faster or slower than normal? a) If the allowance factor is 15%, what is the standard time for

this operation?

b) If the allowance factor is 18% and the performance rating is

now 90%, what is the standard time for this operation?

sol:a) Allowance Factor = 15%

1. Calculate Normal Time (same as previous calculation):

Normal Time = 8.5 minutes *1.10 = 9.35

2. Calculate Allowance Time:

Allowance Time = Normal Time * Allowance Factor

Allowance Time = 9.35*0.15=1.4minutes (rounded to two decimal places)

3. Calculate Standard Time:

Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowance Time

Standard Time = 9.35 + 1.4minutes

Standard Time = 10.75

b) Allowance Factor = 18%, Performance Rating = 90%

1. Calculate Normal Time:

Normal Time = 8.5 minutes *0.90 = 7.65

2. Calculate Allowance Time:

Allowance Time = Normal Time * Allowance Factor

Allowance Time = 7.65 * 0.18 = 1.37minutes (rounded to two decimal places)

3. Calculate Standard Time:

Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowance Time

Standard Time = 7.65 + 1.37

Standard Time = 9.02

1. Calculate the Average Time:

Add up all the recorded times in the [Link] the sum by the total number of observations (16 in this case).
2. Calculate the Normal Time:

Normal Time = Average Time / Performance [Link] performance rating is given as 95% (which is 0.95 as a decimal).

3. Calculate the Standard Time:

Standard Time = Normal Time /(1 -Allowance Factor)

The allowance factor is given as 8% (which is 0.08 as a decimal).

Here’s an example of how to calculate the average time:

Sum of times: 0.11 + 0.10 + 0.11 + 0.10 + 0.14 + 0.10 + 0.10 + 0.09 + 0.12 + 0.09 + 0.12 + 0.11 + 0.10 + 0.12 + 0.14 + 0.09 = 2.02

Average Time = 2.02 / 16 = 0.126 minutes (rounded to three decimal places)

10.16 A Northeast Airlines gate agent, Chip Gilliken, gives out seat assignments to ticketed passengers. He takes an average of 50 seconds per passenger and is
rated 110% in performance. How long should a typical agent be expected to take to make seat

assignments?

sol:Here’s how to calculate the expected time for a typical agent:

Calculate the Normal Time:

Normal Time = Average Time *Performance Rating

Normal Time = 50 seconds *1.10

Normal Time = 55sconds (rounded to two decimal places)

Conclusion:

A typical gate agent, working at a standard pace (100% performance), should be expected to take approximately 55 seconds to make seat assignments.

Explanation:

Chip Gilliken is working at a faster pace than the standard, as indicated by his 110% performance rating. This means he is completing the task in less time than a
typical agent would.

To find the expected time for a typical agent, we need to adjust Chip’s time to reflect a standard performance level (100%). This is done by dividing his average
time by his performance rating.

10.17 After being observed many times, Beverly Demarr, a hospital lab analyst, had an average observed time for blood tests of 12 minutes. Beverly’s
performance rating is 105%. The hospital has a personal, fatigue, and delay allowance of 16%.

a) Find the normal time for this process.

b) Find the standard time for this blood test

sol:a) Normal Time:

Normal Time = Average Observed Time *prformance Rating

Normal Time = 12 minutes *1.05

Normal Time = 12.6 (rounded to two decimal places)

b) Standard Time:

Standard Time = Normal Time /(1 -alwance Factor)

Standard Time = 12.6 minutes /(1 -0.16)

Standard Time = 12.6 minutes /0.84

Standard Time = 15inutes (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore:

The normal time for Beverly’s blood test process is12.6minutes.

The standard time for this blood test, including allowances, is 15 minutes.

• 10.19 Jell Lee Beans is famous for its boxed candies, which

are sold primarily to businesses. One operator had the following observed times for gift wrapping in minutes: 2.2, 2.6, 2.3, 2.5, 2.4.

The operator has a performance rating of 105% and an allowance factor of 10%. What is the standard time for gift wrapping?

sol:Here’s how to calculate the standard time for gift wrapping:

Calculate the Average Observed Time:

Add up all the observed times: 2.2 + 2.6 + 2.3 + 2.5 + 2.4 = 12

Divide the sum by the number of observations: 12 / 5 = 2.4 minutes

Calculate the Normal Time:

Normal Time = Average Observed Time *Performance Rating

Normal Time = 2.4 minutes *1.05

Normal Time = 2.52minutes (rounded to two decimal places)

Calculate the Allowance Time:

Allowance Time = Normal Time * Allowance Factor

Allowance Time = 2.52minutes * 0.10

Allowance Time = 0.25nutes (rounded to two decimal places)

Calculate the Standard Time:

Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowance Time

Standard Time = 2.52minutes +0.25minutes

Standard Time = 2.77minutes

10.26Each year, Lord & Taylor, Ltd., sets up a giftwrapping station to assist its customers with holiday shopping.

Preliminary observations of one worker at the station produced

the following sample time (in minutes per package): 3.5, 3.2, 4.1,

3.6, 3.9. Based on this small sample, what number of observations

would be necessary to determine the true cycle time with a 95%

confidence level and an accuracy of {5%?

sol:Here’s how to determine the number of observations needed for the gift wrapping time study:

1. Calculate the Sample Standard Deviation (s):

Find the mean of the sample: (3.5 + 3.2 + 4.1 + 3.6 + 3.9) / 5 = 3.66 minutes

Calculate the deviations from the mean for each observation:

3.5 - 3.66 = -0.16

3.2 - 3.66 = -0.46

4.1 - 3.66 = 0.44

3.6 - 3.66 = -0.06

3.9 - 3.66 = 0.24

Square each deviation:

(-0.16)^2 = 0.0256

(-0.46)^2 = 0.2116

(0.44)^2 = 0.1936

(-0.06)^2 = 0.0036

(0.24)^2 = 0.0576

Sum the squared deviations: 0.0256 + 0.2116 + 0.1936 + 0.0036 + 0.0576 = 0.492

Divide the sum by (n-1), where n is the sample size (5): 0.492 / (5-1) = 0.123

Take the square root of the result: √0.123 = 0.351 minutes (approximately)

2. Determine the z-value for 95% confidence:

For a 95% confidence level, the z-value is 1.96. You can find this value in a standard z-table or using a statistical calculator.

3. Calculate the Number of Observations (n):

n = (z * s / accuracy)^2

n = (1.96 * 0.351 / 0.05)^2

n = (13.72)^2

n = 188.24 (round up to the nearest whole number)

Therefore, approximately 189 observations would be needed to determine the true cycle time with a 95% confidence level and an accuracy of 5%.

10.27 A time study of a factory worker has revealed an average observed time of 3.20 minutes, with a standard deviation of

1.28 minutes. These figures were based on a sample of 45 observations. Is this sample adequate in size for the firm to be 99%

confident that the standard time is within {5% of the true value?

If not, what should be the proper number of observations?

sol:1. Calculate the z-value for 99% confidence:

For a 99% confidence level, the z-value is 2.576. You can find this value in a standard z-table or using a statistical calculator.

2. Calculate the Required Sample Size (n):

n = (z * s / accuracy)^2

n = (2.576 * 1.28 / 0.05)^2

n = (66.05)^2

n = 4360.64 (round up to the nearest whole number)

3. Determine if the Current Sample Size is Adequate:

The current sample size is 45, which is significantly smaller than the required sample size of 4361.

Conclusion:

The current sample size of 45 observations is not adequate for the firm to be 99% confident that the standard time is within 5% of the true value.

The firm should aim for a sample size of at least 4361 observations to achieve the desired confidence level and accuracy.

10.32 Supervisor Kenneth Peterson wants to determine

the percent of time a machine in his area is idle. He decides to

use work sampling, and his initial estimate is that the machine is

idle 20% of the time. How many observations should Peterson

take to be 98% confident that the results will be less than 5% from

the true results?

sol:1. Determine the z-value for 98% confidence:

A 98% confidence level corresponds to a z-value of 2.33. You can find this in a standard z-table or using a statistical calculator.

2. Calculate the Proportion (p) of Idle Time:

Peterson’s initial estimate is 20% idle time, so p = 0.20.

3. Calculate the Proportion (q) of Working Time:

q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.20 = 0.80

4. Calculate the Number of Observations (n):

n = (z^2 * p * q / accuracy^2)

n = (2.33^2 * 0.20 * 0.80 / 0.05^2)

n = (4.33 * 0.16 / 0.0025)

n = 277.12 (round up to the nearest whole number)

Therefore, Kenneth Peterson should take at least 278 observations to be 98% confident that his results will be less than 5% from the true result.

• 10.33 Tim Nelson’s job as an inspector for La-Z-Boy is to inspect 130 chairs per day.

a) If he works an 8-hour day, how many minutes is he allowed for each inspection (i.e., what is his “standard time”)?

b) If he is allowed a 6% fatigue allowance, a 6% delay allowance,

and 6% for personal time, what is the normal

sol:a) Standard Time:

Total Minutes in an 8-hour workday: 8 hours * 60 minutes/hour = 480 minutes standardtimeper Inspection: 480 minutes / 130 chairs = 3.69 minutes/chair
(rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, Tim is allowed 3.69 minutes to inspect each chair.

b) Normal Time:

Total Allowance: 6% + 6% + 6% = 18%

Allowance Factor: 18% = 0.18

Normal Time = Standard Time / (1 + Allowance Factor)

Normal Time = 3.69 minutes / (1 + 0.18)

Normal Time = 3.69 minutes / 1.18

Normal Time = 3.13 minutes/chair (rounded to two decimal places) herefore, the normal time for each inspection, excluding allowances, is 3.13 minutes.

assumed to take to perform each inspection?

••• 10.34 A random work sample of operators taken over a 160-hour work month at Tele-Marketing, Inc., has produced the following results. What is the
percentage of time spent working?

On phone with customer 858

Idle time 220

Personal time 85

sol:Here’s how to calculate the percentage of time spent working:

1. Calculate Total Time Observed:

Total time observed = On phone with customer + Idle time + Personal time

Total time observed = 858 + 220 + 85 = 1163 hours

2. Calculate Working Time:

Working time = Total time observed - Idle time - Personal time

Working time = 1163 - 220 - 85 = 858 hours

3. Calculate the Percentage of Time Working:

Percentage of time working = (Working time / Total time observed) * 100%

Percentage of time working = (858 / 1163) * 100%

Percentage of time working = 73.7% (rounded to one decimal place)

Therefore, the operators at Tele-Marketing, Inc., spend approximately 73.7% of their time working.

• 10.35 A total of 300 observations of Bob Ramos, an assembly-line worker, were made over a 40-hour workweek. The sample also showed that Bob was busy
working (assembling the parts) during 250 observations.a) Find the percentage of time Bob was working.

b) If you want a confidence level of 95%, and if {3% is an acceptable error, what size should the sample be?

c) Was the sample size adequate?

sol: a)Percentage of Time Working:

Percentage working = (Number of working observations / Total observations) * 100%

Percentage working = (250 / 300) * 100%

Percentage working = 83.33%

Therefore, Bob was working approximately 83.33% of the time.

b) Required Sample Size for 95% Confidence and 3% Error:

Confidence Level: 95% (z-value = 1.96)

Error: 3% (0.03)

Initial Estimate of Proportion Working (p): 83.33% (0.8333)

Initial Estimate of Proportion Not Working (q): 1 - p = 1 - 0.8333 = 0.1667

Sample Size Formula: n = (z^2 * p * q) / accuracy^2

n = (1.96^2 * 0.8333 * 0.1667) / 0.03^2

n = (0.6778 / 0.0009)

n = 753.11

Therefore, to achieve a 95% confidence level with a 3% error, the sample size should be at least 754 observations.

c) Was the Sample Size Adequate?

The initial sample size was 300 observations, while the required sample size for 95% confidence and 3% error is 754 observations.

Therefore, the initial sample size of 300 was NOT adequate to meet the desired confidence level and accuracy.

10.36 Sharpening your pencil is an operation that may be divided into eight small elemental motions. In MTM terms, each

element may be assigned a certain number of TMUs:

Reach 4 inches for the pencil 6 TMU

Grasp the pencil 2 TMU

Move the pencil 6 inches 10 TMU

Position the pencil 20 TMU

Insert the pencil into the sharpener 4 TMU

Sharpen the pencil 120 TMU

Disengage the pencil 10 TMU

Move the pencil 6 inches 10 TMU

What is the total normal time for sharpening one pencil? Convert your answer into minutes and seconds

sol:Sum the TMUs for each element: 6 + 2 + 10 + 20 + 4 + 120 + 10 + 10 = 182 TMUs

Convert TMUs to minutes:

1 TMU = 0.0006 minutes

182 TMUs = 182 * 0.0006 minutes = 0.1092 minutes

Convert the decimal portion to seconds:

0.1092 minutes * 60 seconds/minute = 6.55 seconds (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, the total normal time for sharpening one pencil is 0 minutes and 6.55 seconds.

10.37 Supervisor Tom Choi at Tempe Equipment Company is concerned that material is not arriving as promptly as needed at work cells. A new kanban system
has been installed, but there seems to be some delay in getting the material moved to the work cells so that the job can begin promptly. Choi is interested in
determining how much delay there is on the part of his highly paid machinists. Ideally, the delay would be close to zero. He has asked his assistant to determine
the delay factor among his 10 work cells. The assistant collects the data on a random basis over the next 2 weeks and determines that of the 1,200 observations,
105 were made while the operators were waiting for materials. Use a 95% confidence level and a {3% acceptable error. What report does he give to Choi?

sol:Subject: Analysis of Material Delay at Work Cells

Introduction:This report analyzes the delay factor associated with material arrival at the work cells, based on a random sample of observations taken over the
past two weeks. The objective is to determine the extent of delay experienced by machinists while waiting for materials, which impacts productivity and
efficiency.

Methodology:Work Sampling: A random work sampling method was employed to observe the status of machinists at each of the 10 work cells. Observations
were made at random intervals throughout the two-week period.

Observations: A total of 1,200 observations were recorded, and 105 of these observations showed that machinists were waiting for materials.

Results:Estimated Delay Proportion: The initial estimate of delay is 105/1200 = 0.0875, or 8.75% of the observed time.

Confidence Level: A 95% confidence level was selected for this analysis.

Acceptable Error: An acceptable error of 3% was specified.

Sample Size Calculation:

To achieve a 95% confidence level with a 3% error, the required sample size is:

n = (z^2 * p * q) / accuracy^2

n = (1.96^2 * 0.0875 * 0.9125) / 0.03^2

n = (0.3158 / 0.0009)

n = 350.89 (rounded up to 351)

Conclusion:The initial sample size of 1200 observations is sufficient to meet the desired confidence level and accuracy. Based on the collected data, the
estimated delay factor for material arrival at work cells is 8.75%, with a 95% confidence level and a 3% error.

10.38 The Miami Central Hotel has 400 rooms. Every day, the housekeepers clean any room that was occupied the night

before. If a guest is checking out of the hotel, the housekeepers give the room a thorough cleaning to get it ready for the next

guest. This takes 30 minutes. If a guest is staying another night, the housekeeper only “refreshes” the room, which takes 15 minutes. Each day, each
housekeeper reports for her 6-hour shift, then prepares her cart. She pushes the cart to her floor and begins work. She usually has to restock the cart once per
day; then she pushes it back to the storeroom at the end of the day and delivers dirty laundry, etc. Here is a timetable:

1) Arrive at work and stock cart (0.10 hrs).

2) Push cart to floor (0.10 hrs).

3) Take morning break (0.33 hrs).

4) Stop for lunch (0.50 hrs).

5) Restock cart (0.30 hrs).

6) Take afternoon break (0.33 hrs).

7) Push cart back to laundry and store items (0.33 hrs). Last night, the hotel was full (all 400 rooms were occupied).

People are checking out of 200 rooms. Their rooms will need to be thoroughly cleaned. The other 200 rooms will need to be refreshed.

a) How many minutes per day of actual room cleaning can each housekeeper do?

b) How many minutes of room cleaning will the Miami Central Hotel need today?

c) How many housekeepers will be needed to clean the hotel today?

d) If all the guests checked out this morning, how many housekeepers would be needed to clean the 400 rooms?

sol:Here’s the breakdown of the calculations for the Miami Central Hotel housekeeping:

a) Minutes of Actual Room Cleaning per Housekeeper:

Total Shift Time: 6 hours * 60 minutes/hour = 360 minutes

Non-Cleaning Time: 0.10 + 0.10 + 0.33 + 0.50 + 0.30 + 0.33 + 0.33 = 2.09 hours

Non-Cleaning Time in Minutes: 2.09 hours * 60 minutes/hour = 125.4 minutes

Minutes for Actual Room Cleaning: 360 minutes - 125.4 minutes = 234.6 minutes

Therefore, each housekeeper can spend approximately 234.6 minutes per day on actual room cleaning.

b) Total Minutes of Room Cleaning Needed Today:

Thorough Cleaning Time: 200 rooms * 30 minutes/room = 6000 minutes

Refreshing Cleaning Time: 200 rooms * 15 minutes/room = 3000 minutes

Total Cleaning Time: 6000 minutes + 3000 minutes = 9000 minutes

Therefore, the Miami Central Hotel will need 9000 minutes of room cleaning today.

c) Number of Housekeepers Needed Today:

Housekeepers Needed: 9000 minutes / 234.6 minutes/housekeeper = 38.36

Since you can’t have a fraction of a housekeeper, you’ll need to round up to 39 housekeepers to ensure all rooms are cleaned.

d) Housekeepers Needed if All Guests Check Out:

Total Cleaning Time: 400 rooms * 30 minutes/room = 12000 minutes

Housekeepers Needed: 12000 minutes / 234.6 minutes/housekeeper = 51.14

Again, round up to 52 housekeepers to ensure all rooms are cleaned if all guests check out.