Question 1.

Which of the following has more inertia :

(a) a rubber ball and a stone of the same size?
(b) a bicycle and a train?
(c) a five rupees coin and a one-rupee coin?
Solution :
(a) a stone of the same size will have more inertia than a rubber ball.
(b) A train will have more inertia than a bicycle.
(c) A five rupees coin will have more inertia than a one-rupee coin.

Question 2. In the following example, try to identify the number of times the
velocity of the ball changes:
“A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the
football towards the goal. The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the
football and kicks it towards a player of his own team”.
Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case.
Solution :
In the given example the velocity of football changes four times. As described below:
(i) when the football player is supplying the force when he kicks the football to
another player.
(ii) when the other player kicks football towards the goal.
(iii) When the goalkeeper of other team stops the ball.
(iv) When the goalkeeper kicks the football towards player of his team.

Question 3. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we
vigorously shake its branch.
Solution : Some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake
its branch because the some of the leaves due to property of inertia remain at rest
while we vigorously shake branch of the tree as a result those leaves detach and fall
off.

Question 4. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes
to a stop and fall backwards when it accelerates from rest?
Solution : when a moving bus brakes to a stop we fall in the forward direction
because we are also moving with the speed of bus due to the inertia of motion and
when suddenly it puts brakes i.e. comes to rest the lower half of our body also
comes to rest but the upper half of our body not being in close contact with bus is still
in the phase of motion so we fall in the forward direction.
When the bus accelerates from rest, we are also at rest being on the resting seat as
the engine applies force in forward direction we fall backwards due to the inertia
now.

Question 5. If action is always equal to the reaction, explain how a horse can
pull a cart.
Solution : With a balance force the overall impact is absence of movement but with
unbalanced forces, the resultant or the bigger force causes the motion. Same is true
in the case where a horse pulls a cart. Horse exerts more force on the cart than the
cart exerts to resist its movement hence this is an unbalanced force and the cart
moves in the direction of horse’s pull.
Question 6. Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects
large amounts of water at a high velocity.
Solution : It is difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amounts of
water at a high velocity because of the third law of newton when the hose ejects
large amounts of water at a high velocity in forward direction the water coming out
pushes the hose pipe in backward direction and it becomes difficult to hold it.

Question 7. From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50 g is fired with an

initial velocity of 35 m s-1. Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.
Solution :

Mass of the rifle,

m1 = 4 kg
Mass of the bullet,
Recoil velocity of the rifle
=v1
Bullet is fired with an initial velocity,

v2 =35 m/s
Initially, the rifle is at rest.
Thus, its initial velocity,
v=0
Total initial momentum of the rifle and bullet system

= (m1 + m2)v
Total momentum of the rifle and bullet system after firing:

=m1v1 + m2v2 = 4(v1) + 0.05 x 35 = 4v1 + 1.75

According to the law of conservation of momentum:

Total momentum after the firing = Total momentum before the firing

4v1 + 1.75 = 0

v1 = -1.75 / 4 = -0.4375 m/s

The negative sign indicates that the rifle recoils backwards with a velocity of 0.4375
m/s.

Question 8. Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same
line and direction with velocities of 2 m s−1 and 1 m s−1, respectively. They
collide and after the collision, the first object moves at a velocity of 1.67 m s −1.
Determine the velocity of the second object.
Solution :
Mass of one of the objects, m1 = 100 g = 0.1 kg
Mass of the other object, m2 = 200 g = 0.2 kg
Velocity of m1 before collision, v1 = 2 m/s
Velocity of m2 before collision, v2 =1 m/s
Velocity of m1 after collision,v3 = 1.67 m/s
Velocity of m2 after collision =V4
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v3 + m2v4

= (0.1)2 + (0.2)1 = (0.1)1.67 + (0.2)v4

= 0.4 = 0.167 + 0.2 v4

so, v4 = 1.165 m/s

Hence, the velocity of the second object becomes 1.165 m/s after the collision.

Question 9. An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it

possible for the object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state
the conditions that must be placed on the magnitude and direction of the
velocity. If no, provide a reason.
Solution : No, it is not possible for the object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity
if an object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force since unbalanced
forces cannot be equal to zero.

Question 10. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it.
Explain.
Solution : When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it because carpet
fibres vibrate in forward and backward direction as carpet is beaten but the loosely
bound dust particles due to inertia remain at rest and so they come out.

Question 11. Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with
a rope?
Solution : It is advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope
because when bus moves the luggage also gets moving with the velocity same as
that of the bus and in the same direction but when bus changes direction or
deaccelerates, due to inertia of motion luggage moves in the same direction and
may get thrown away from roof of buses.

Question 12. A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on a level ground.
After covering a short distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball slows to a stop
because
(a) the batsman did not hit the ball hard enough.
(b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball.
(c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion.
(d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball, so the ball would want to come to rest.

Solution : (c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion.

Question 13. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant
acceleration. It travels a distance of 400 m in 20 s. Find its acceleration. Find
the force acting on it if its mass is 7 metric tonnes (Hint: 1 metric tonne = 1000
kg.)
Solution :
According to the Question,
initial velocity of truck (u) = 0
distance = s= 400 m and time = 20 s
mass of truck = 7metric tones = 7000kg

400 =0 + 200a
400 = 200a
a = 400/200
therefore, F = m x a = 7000 x 2

= 14000 N

Question 14. A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20m s -1 across the

frozen surface of a lake and comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50 m.
What is the force of friction between the stone and the ice?
Solution :
since, v2 = u2 + 2as

0 = 202 + 2 x a x 50(object comes to rest so v=0)

-100a = 400

a = 400/-100 = -4 mm/ s2

therefore, the force of friction between the stone and the ice

= -4 N

Question 15. A 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg,
along a horizontal track. If the engine exerts a force of 40000 N and the track
offers a friction force of 5000 N, then calculate:

(a) the net accelerating force;

(b) the acceleration of the train; and

(c) the force of wagon 1 on wagon 2.

Solution :
(a) The net accelerating force = Force exerted by engine – frictional force of track =
40000 – 5000 = 35000 N

(b) the acceleration of the train = a = F/m = 35000 / (5 x 2000)= 35000/10000 = 3.5
m/s2

(c) the force of wagon 1 on wagon 2

Wagon 1 will have to exert force on all 4 wagons next to it

so mass of other 4 wagons = 2000 x 4= 8000 kg

F = ma = 8000 kg x 3.5 m/s2= 28000 N

Question 16. An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the
force between the vehicle and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a
negative acceleration of 1.7 m S-2?
Solution :

since, F=m x a =1500 x -1.7= -2550 N (negative sign symbolises acceleration in

opposite direction)

Question 17. What is the momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a

velocity v?

(a) (mv)2

(b) mv2

(c) 1/2 mv2

(d) mv

Solution : (d) mv

Question 18. Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden

cabinet across a floor at a constant velocity. What is the friction force that will
be exerted on the cabinet?
Solution : 200 N

Question 19. Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same
straight line but in opposite directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 m s -1
before the collision during which they stick together. What will be the velocity
of the combined object after collision?
Solution :
Momentum before collision took place

= m1v1 + m2v2

= 1.5 x 2.5 + 1.5 x(-2.5)

=0

Since the objects stick together after collision hence

momentum after collision

= (m1 + m2) x v

= (1.5 +1.5) x v

= 3v

momentum before collision = momentum after collision

0 = 3v, v= 0/3 = 0

the velocity of the combined object after collision (v)= 0

Question 20. According to the third law of motion when we push on an object,
the object pushes back on us with an equal and opposite force. If the object is
a massive truck parked along the roadside, it will probably not move. A
student justifies this by answering that the two opposite and equal forces
cancel each other. Comment on this logic and explain why the truck does not
move.
Solution : According to the third law of motion when we push on an object, the
object pushes back on us with an equal and opposite force result is the two opposite
and equal forces cancel each other but when one of these forces is bigger than
inertia so the object moves in the direction of force applied. As this student explains
the truck is massive so the force applied cannot overcome force caused by inertia.
Therefore, the truck does not move.

Question 21. A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 m s -1 is struck by a

hockey stick so as to return it along its original path with a velocity at 5 m s -1 .
Calculate the change of momentum occurred in the motion of the hockey ball
by the force applied by the hockey stick.
Solution :
mass of hockey ball = 200g = 0.2 kg

v1 = 10 m/s , v2 = -5 m/s (return velocity)

initial momentum of hockey ball = 0.2 kg x 10 m/s= 2 kg m/s

final momentum of hockey ball = 0.2 kg x -5 m/s = -1 kg m/s

change in momentum of hockey ball = 2 – (-1) = 2 + 1 = 3 kg m/s

Question 22. A bullet of mass 10 g travelling horizontally with a velocity of 150

m s-1 strikes a stationary wooden block and comes to rest in 0.03 s. Calculate
the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block. Also calculate the
magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet.
Solution :
v =u + at

0 = 150 + a x 0.03 s

a = -150/0.03 = -5000 m/s2

the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block

= 4.5 – 2.25

= 2.25 m

the magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet

m = 10g = 0.01kg

F = m x a = 0.01 kg x -5000 m/s2= -50 N

Question 23. An object of mass 1 kg travelling in a straight line with a velocity

of 10 m s-1 collides with, and sticks to, a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg.
Then they both move off together in the same straight line. Calculate the total
momentum just before the impact and just after the impact. Also, calculate the
velocity of the combined object.
Solution :

Wooden block is stationery (at rest) so its velocity (u2) = 0

mass of combined object is = 1 kg + 5 kg = 6 kg

total momentum before the impact = 1 x 10 + 5 x 0= 10 kg m/s

law of conservation of momentum:

total momentum just before the impact = total momentum after the impact= 10 kg
m/s

therefore, the velocity of the combined object: 10 = 6 x v = 6v

v = 10/6 = 1.67 m/s

Question 24. An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity

of 5 m s-1 to 8 m s-1 in 6 s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the
object. Also, find the magnitude of the force exerted on the object.
Solution :

Initial momentum of the object =100 x 5 = 500 kg m/s

Final momentum of the object = 100 x 8 = 800 kg m/s

since v = u + at

8=5+ax6
a = 3 / 6 = 0.5 m/s2

since F = m x a = 100 x 0.5 = 50 N

Question 25. Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was
moving with a high velocity on an expressway when an insect hit the
windshield and got stuck on the windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started
pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a
greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of the
motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more
than that of the motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving
with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result the
insect died. Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the
motorcar and the insect experienced the same force and a change in their
momentum. Comment on these suggestions.
Solution : Since the mass of insect is negligible in comparison to the mass of
motorcar therefore there will be no any change in the momentum of motorcar.

Question 26. How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer to

the floor if it falls from a height of 80 cm?
Take its downward acceleration to be 10 m s-2 .
Solution :
height from which dumb bell falls

= 80 cm = 0.8 m

since we know

v2 = u2 + 2gh

v2 = 0 + 2 x 10 x 0.8 = 16

v = √16

v = 4 m/s

momentum = mv = 10 x 4 = 40 kg m/s

Question 1.
Name the scientist who proved for the first time that objects move with constant speed when
no force acts on them.
Answer:
Galileo.

Question 2.
Why do bicycles begin to slow down when we stop pedalling?
Answer:
This is because of the frictional forces acting opposite to the direction of motion.

Question 3.
Which law of motion gives the measure of force?
Answer:
Newton’s second law of motion.

Question 4.
Write the C.G.S unit of force.
Answer:
Dyne.

Question 5.
Can every force produce motion in every object?
Answer:
No.

Question 6.
When a force is applied to a body, what are the two essential effects it can produce?
Answer:

 It can bring about the change in the state of motion of a body or

 It can deform a body, i.e., it can change its shape.

Question 7.
Define 1 newton force.
Answer:
1 newton is the magnitude of force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body of
mass 1 kg.

Question 8.
What do you mean by an impact force?
Answer:
The force produced by the impact of a fast moving object on another is called impact force.

Question 9.
Define force of friction.
Answer:
The force acting between any two surfaces in contact and tending to oppose motion is called
force of friction.

Question 10.
Define electrostatic force.
Answer:
The force exerted by an electrically charged body is called electrostatic force.
Question 11.
If the body is found to be accelerated, is the force acting on it balanced or unbalanced?
Answer:
Unbalanced.

Question 12.
What do balanced forces usually do to a body?
Answer:
Balanced forces usually produce a change in the shape of the body.

Question 13.
When a body moves on flat surface, will its speed change?
Answer:
No.

Question 14.
What did Galileo conclude on the basis of his experiments on the motion of objects?
Answer:
A body continues to move with the same velocity if no unbalanced force acts on it.

Question 15.
What do you mean by a resultant force?
Answer:
When two or more forces act on a body simultaneously, then the single force which produces
the same effect as produced by all the forces acting together is known as the resultant force.

Question 16.
Do action and reaction act on the same body?
Answer:
No, action and reaction act on different bodies.

Question 17.
Plot a graph between force applied on a body and the acceleration produced in the given
mass, assuming that the magnitude of force is constantly changing.
Answer:

Question 18.
Write the SI unit of impulse.
Answer:
Ns.

Question 19.
What is the total momentum of a bullet and a gun before firing?
Answer:
Zero.

Question 20.
Name the principle on which a rocket works.
Answer:
Newton’s third law of motion

Question 21.
Body A is heavier than body Question Which has more inertia?
Answer:
A has more inertia.

Question 22.
A body is moving with uniform acceleration. Is its momentum constant?
Answer:
No.

Question 23.
Name the physical quantity that corresponds to the rate of change of momentum.
Answer:
Force.

Question 24.
Which principle is involved in the working of a jet plane?
Answer:
Newton’s third law of motion.

Question 25.
Why mass is sometimes called coefficient of linear inertia?
Answer:
It is easier to pull a lighter body than a heavier body. Therefore, more the mass more will be
the inertia. That is why mass is sometimes termed as coefficient of linear inertia.

Question 26.
When a force acting on a body has equal and opposite reaction, then why should the body
move at all?
Answer:
The action and reaction act on different bodies. Therefore, the body moves under the action
of the acting force.

Question 27.
Does Newton’s third law apply to a system where bodies do not actually touch each other?
Answer:
Yes, whenever the bodies are in actual contact or even if there is an interaction between the
bodies (e.g., attraction or repulsion between two magnets charges, etc.), Newton’s third law is
applicable.

Question 28.
Suppose a ball of mass m is thrown vertically upwards with an initial speed v, its speed
decreases continuously till it becomes zero. Therefore, the ball begins to fall downward and
attains the speed v again before striking the ground. It implies that the magnitude of initial
and final momenta of the ball are same. Yet, it is not an example of conservation of
momentum. Explain why.
Answer:
Law of conservation of momentum is applicable to isolated system (no external force is
applied). In this case, the change in velocity is due to the gravitational force of earth.

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Short

Answer Questions-I
Question 1.
What is the ratio of SI units to CGS units of momentum? How do you measure the effect of
an impulsive force on the body?
Answer:
A ratio of SI units to CGS units of momentum is (kg m/s)/(g cm/s) i.e., 10s.
The effect of an impulse force on the body is measured only in terms of impulse.

Question 2.
On which factors does friction depend?
Answer:
The force of friction is directly proportional to the weight of the body sliding over the
surface. The force of friction also depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact.

Question 3.
A bullet fired against a glass window pane makes a hole in it, and the glass pane is not
cracked. But on the other hand, when a stone strikes the same glass pane, it gets smashed.
Why is it so?
Answer:
When the bullet strikes the glass pane, the part of the glass pane which comes in contact with
the bullet immediately shares the large velocity of bullet and makes a hole, while the
remaining part of the glass remains at rest and is therefore not smashed due to inertia of rest.

But when a slow moving stone strikes the same glass pane, the various parts of the glass pane
gets enough time to share the velocity of the stone, and the glass is smashed.

Question 4.
Why can a small mass such as a bullet kill a person when fired from a gun?
Answer:
It is so because even if the mass of the bullet is small, it moves out of the gun with a very
high velocity, due to which the momentum produced is high (p = mv). This high momentum
of the bullet kills a person.

Question 5.
Why does a boat tend to leave the shore, when passengers are alighting from it?
Answer:
When the passengers alight from the boat, they push the boat in backward direction. As a
result, the boat has a tendency to slip back into water. This difficulty is usually overcome by
the boatman by tying the boat to some rigid support.

Question 6.
Describe our walking in terms of Newton’s third law of motion.
Answer:
When we walk on the ground or road, our foot pushes the ground backward (action) and the
ground pushes our foot forward (reaction). Thus, the forward reaction exerted by the ground
on our foot makes us walk forward.

Question 7.
There are three solids made up of aluminium, steel and wood, of the same shape and same
volume. Which of them would have highest inertia? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Steel has the highest inertia. As the mass is a measure of inertia, the ball of same shape and
size, having more mass than other balls will have highest inertia. Since steel has greatest
density and greatest mass, therefore, it has highest inertia.

Question 8.
Why does a cricket player moves his hand backward while catching the ball?
Answer:
A fast moving cricket ball has a large momentum. In stopping or catching this ball, its
momentum has reduced to be zero. Now, when a cricket player moves back his hands on
catching the fast ball, then the time taken to reduce the momentum of ball to zero is
increased. Due to more time taken to stop the ball, the rate of change of momentum of ball is
decreased and hence a small force is exerted on the hands of player. So, the hands of player
do not get hurt.

Question 9.
Two identical bullets are fired one by a light rifle and the other by a heavy rifle with the same
force. Which rifle will hurt the shoulder more and why? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
According to conservation of momentum, the rifle recoils with same momentum as that of
bullet. As momentum = mass X velocity; so light rifle will recoil with larger velocity and
hence, will hurt the shoulder more.

Question 10.
Water sprinkler used for grass lawns begins to rotate as soon as as the water is supplied.
Explain the principle on which it works. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
The working of the rotation of sprinkler is based on third law of motion. As the water comes
out of the nozzle of the sprinkler, an equal and opposite reaction force comes into play. So
the sprinkler starts rotating.

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Short

Answer Questions—II
Question 1.
Deduce Newton’s first law from the second law.
Answer:
According to second law, F = ma
If F = 0, a =0 since m ≠ 0,
But a = v−ut
or, v – u =0 so, v = u for whatever time t is taken.
This means that the object will continue moving with uniform velocity, u throughout the
time, t. If u is zero then v will also be zero. That is, the object will remain at rest.
Question 2.
When small boy is trying to push a heavy stone, mention various forces acting on the stone.
Answer:
The various forces acting on the stone are:

 The gravitational force exerted by the earth which pulls the stone downwards.
 The force of reaction exerted by the ground on the stone vertically upwards.
 The force of pushing exerted by the boy.
 The force of friction exerted by the stone.

When a small boy tries to push a heavy stone, then all these forces are balanced, and
therefore the stone does not move.
Question 3.
Describe in brief an activity to illustrate the property of inertia of rest.
Answer:

 Make a pile of similar carom coins on a table, as shown in figure.

 Attempt a sharp horizontal hit at the bottom of the pile using another carom
coin or the striker. If the hit is strong enough, the bottom coin moves out
quickly. Once the lowest coin is removed, the inertia of the other coins makes
them ‘fall’ vertically on the table.
 The inertia of coins tries to maintain its state of rest even when one of the coin
moves out.

Question 4.
Give few examples of Newton’s third law of motion.
Answer:

 Jet aeroplanes and rockets work on the principle of third law of motion.
In this case, the hot gases come out of a nozzle with great force, i.e., action and
the rocket moves ‘ with high speed upwards as a reaction.
 If we fill a balloon with air and hold it with its mouth downwards, then when
release the balloon, the air rushes out vertically downwards (action). The
balloon moves vertically upwards (reaction).

Question 5.
Two friends on roller-skates are standing 5 m apart facing each other. One of them throws a
ball of 2 kg towards the other, who catches it. How will this activity affect the position of the
two? Explain your answer. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Separation between them will increase. Initially the momentum of both of them are zero as
they are at rest. In order to conserve the momentum the one who throws the ball would move
backward. The second will experience a net force after catching the ball and therefore will
move backwards that is in the direction of the force.

Question 6.
Why does an athlete puts some sands or cushion on the ground while high jumping?
Answer:
When a high jumper falls on a soft landing site(such as cushion or a heap of sand), then the
jumper takes a longer time to come to stop. The rate of change of momentum of athlete is less
due to which a smaller stopping force acts on the athlete. And the athlete does not get hurt.
Thus, the cushion or sand, being soft, reduces the athlete’s momentum more gently. If
however, a high jumping athlete falls from a height on to hard ground, then his momentum
will be reduced to zero in a very short time. The rate of change of momentum will be large
due to which a large opposing force will act on the athlete. This can cause serious injuries to
the athlete.

Question 7.
Describe balanced forces with the help of two examples.
Answer:
If the resultant of various forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are said to be ‘balanced
forces’. These forces do not change the speed but usually change the shape of an object.
Examples:
(a) Consider a wooden block lying on a table, the strings tied to its two opposite faces, as
shown in the figure.
If we pull at point P, it begins to move towards left. If we pull at point Q, it begins to move .
towards right. But if we pull from both the sides with equal force, the block does not move.
The two forces have now balanced each other.

(b) In a tug-of-war, the two teams pull the rope with equal effort; the rope is not moved in
any direction. This is clearly because the forces exerted by the two teams are equal and
opposite and thus get balanced.

Question 8.
Why do the driver and the person seated in front seat need a seat belt?
Answer:
In a car accident, a fast running car stops suddenly. Due to this the car’s large momentum is
reduced to zero in a very short time. The stretchable seat belts tightened by the passengers of
the car increases time taken by the passengers to fall forward. Due to longer time, the rate
change of momentum of passengers is reduced and hence less stopping force acts on them.
So, the passengers may either not get injured at all or may get less injuries. It is obvious that
seat belts reduce the passengers’ momentum more gently and hence prevent injuries.

Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions Long

Answer Questions
Question 1.
Describe Newton’s first law of motion in detail, giving examples.
Answer:
According to Newton’s first law of motion, a body at rest or in uniform motion will remain at
rest or in uniform motion unless an unbalanced force acts upon it. This law consists of three
parts:

 The first part says that a body at rest continues in its state of rest. For instance, a
boy standing in a train falls backward when the train suddenly starts moving
forward. This is because when the bus moves, the lower part of his body begins
to move along with the train while the upper part of his body continues to
remain at rest due to inertia.
 The second part says that a body in uniform motion continues to move in
straight line path with a uniform speed, e.g., when a moving train stops
suddenly a person sitting in it falls forward. This is because as the train stops,
the lower part of the person’s body comes to rest along with the bus while
upper part of his body continues to remain in ^notion due to inertia of motion
and thus he falls forward.
 Third part says that a body moving with a uniform speed in a straight line
cannot change its direction of motion by itself. For example, when a bus takes a
sharp turn, a person sitting in the bus gets force acting away from the centre of
the curved path due to his tendency to move in the original direction.

Question 2.
Derive the mathematical relation of Newton’s second law of motion.
Answer:
Consider an object of mass m moving along a straight line with an initial velocity u (say). It
is uniformly accelerated to velocity u in time t by the application of a constant force F in time
t.
Then, initial momentum of the object = mu
p1 =mu
Final momentum of the object = mv
p2 = mv
∴ Change in momentum = mv – mu = m(v – u)
The rate of change in momentum = m×(v−u)t
According to Newton’s second law of motion, we have
F ∝ m(v−u)t
F = km(v−u)t
F = kma ……….(1)
Here, a = v−ut = the rate of change of velocity.
= acceleration
k = a constant of proportionality
Putting m = 1kg, a = 1 ms-2
F becomes 1 N.
So, 1 N = 4 × 1kg × 1 ms-2
∴k=1
From equation (1), we have
F = ma
This represents the second law of motion.
Thus, the second law of motion gives a method to measure the force acting on an object as a
product of its mass and acceleration.
Question 3.
Derive the mathematical formula of conservation of momentum.
Answer:
To explain conservation of momentum, let us take the following example. Consider two balls
A and B having masses ml andm, respectively. Let the initial velocity of ball A be u 1, and that
of ball B be u2 (u1 > u2). Their collision takes place for a very short interval of time t and after
that A and B start moving with velocities v1 and v2 (now v1 < v2) respectively as shown in
Figure.

The momentum of ball A before and after the collision is miul and mlvl respectively. If there
are no external forces acting on the body, then the rate of change of momentum of ball A,
during the collision will be
= m1(v1−u1)t
and, similarly the rate of change in momentum of ball B
= m2(v2−u2)t
Let F12 be the force exerted by hall A on B F21 be the force exerted by hall B on A. Then,
according to Newton’s second law of motion
F12 = m1(v1−u1)t and F21 = m2(v2−u2)t
According to Newton’s third law of motion, we have
F12 = -F21
or m1(v1−u1)t=−m2(v2−u2)t
or m1v1 – m1u1 = -m2v2 + m2u2 or m1u1 + m2u2 =m1v1 + m2v2
i.e..Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
Thus, we find that in a collision between the two balls the total momentum before and after
the collision remains unchanged or conserved provided no net force acts on the system. This
result is law of conservation of momentum.
Question 4.
What is the relationship between mass and inertia? Explain with the help of examples.
Answer:
The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. It means larger the mass of a body, larger will
be the inertia offered by the body to change its state of motion. The following examples will
clarify the concept:
  When we kick a football, it flies a long way but at the same time if we kick a
stone of the same size, it hardly moves, as the stone resists a change in its
motion better than the football because of its more mass.
 We can increase the velocity of our bicycle by pedaling harder, i.e., on applying
more force. But the same force will produce a negligible change in the motion
of a bus, because in comparison to the bicycle, a bus has more tendency to
oppose any change in its state of motion because of its larger mass i.e., the bus
has more inertia than the bicycle.
The SI unit of mass and inertia is kilogram (kg).

Question 5.
Describe Newton’s third law of motion.
Answer:
According to this law, to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
When an object, say A, exert a force (action) on another object, say B, then B also exerts a
force (reaction) on the A. These two forces are always equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.

As shown in the above figure, if F→AB be the force exerted by body A on B and F→BA is
the force exerted by B on A, then according to Newton’s third law,
F→BA = – F→AB
or Force on A by B = – Force on B by A
or Reaction = – Action
This law clarifies that a single force can never exist and that the forces always exist in pairs.
The two opposing forces are known as action and reaction. The forces of action and reaction
always act on two different bodies.
Numericals
Question 1.
A bullet of 10 g strikes a sand bag at a speed of 103 ms-1 and gets embedded after travelling 5
cm. Calculate
(i) the resistive force exerted by the sand on the bullet.
(ii) the time taken by the bullet to come to rest. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(i) m = 10 g = 10100 kg, u = 103 m / s, v = 0, s = 5100 m
v2 – u2 = 2as
0 – (103)2 = 2.a.5100
a = −1000×10002×5 × 100
= -107 ms-2
F = m . a = -105 N
(ii) v = u + at
0 = 103 – 107t
107t = 103
t = 103107 = 10-4 s
Question 2.
A body of mass 300 g kept at rest breaks into two parts due to internal forces. One part of
mass 200 g is found to move at a speed of 12 m/s towards the east. What will be the velocity
of the other part?
Answer:
Initially the body was at rest. The linear momentum of the body is thus p = mu = 0. The body
breaks due to internal forces. As the external force acting on it is zero, its linear momentum
will remain constant, that is, zero.
p1 = m1v1 = (200 g) × (12 m/s), towards the east.
The linear momentum of the other part must have the same magnitude and should be opposite
in direction. It therefore moves towards the west. If its speed is v2, its linear momentum is
p2 = m2v2 = (100 g) × v2.
Now, m1v1 = m2v2.
Thus, (200 g) × (12 m/s) = (100 g) × v2 or, v2 = 24m/s.
The velocity of the other part is 24 m/s towards the west.

Question 3.
A force of 5 N produces an acceleration of 8 ms-2 on a mass m1 and an acceleration of 24 ms-
2
on a mass m2. What acceleration would the same force provide if both the masses are tied
together? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
We know, T=m a = 5 N or 5kg ms-2

Question 4.
The velocity-time graph of a ball moving on the surface of floor is shown in the figure.
Calculate the force acting on the ball, if mass of the ball is 100 g.
Answer:
The velocity-time graph shows that the velocity of the ball at t = 0 is zero. Initial velocity of
ball, u = 0
Velocity of ball at t = 4 s is 20 ms-1
That is, final velocity, v = 20 ms-1
Time, t = 4 s
∴ Acceleration of the ball, a = v−ut

Question 5.
A bullet of mass 4 g when fired with a velocity of 50 ms-1, can enter a wall up to a depth of 10
cm. How much will be the average resistances offered by the wall?
Answer:
The hindrance offered by the wall to the motion of bullet is called the resistance offered by
wall.
Mass of the bullet, m = 4 × 1-3 kg
Initial velocity, Depth, u = 50 ms-1
Depth, s = 10cm = 110 m
Final velocity, v = 0,
Force, F = ?
We know
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 – u2 = 2as
0 – (50)2 = 2a × 110
or, -2500 = a5
⇒ a = -12500ms-1
Force, F = ma = 4 × 10-3 × (-12500)
= -50N
Thus, the average resistance offered = 50 N
Negative sign indicates that the force is acting opposite to the motion.
Question 6.
What is the acceleration produced by a force of 12 newton exerted on an object of mass 3 kg?
Answer:
In this problem, force, F = 12 N
Mass, m = 3 kg
We know that F = m × a,
Putting the given values, we have
12 = 3 × a
a = 123 m/ s2
or, Acceleration, a = 4 m/s2.
Question 7.
A cracker of mass 100 g explodes into two pieces of equal mass. Show that these two pieces
of the cracker fly in opposite direction.
Answer:
Mass of a cracker, m = 100 g = 1001000 kg = 0·1 kg.
Initially, cracker is at rest, i.e. ,u = 0
Therefore, initial momentum of the cracker = mu = 0
After explosion, mass of each piece = 0⋅12 kg = 0·05 kg
∴ m1 = 0·05 kg and m2 = 0·05 kg
Let, v1 = velocity of first piece
v2 = velocity of second piece Momentum of cracker after explosion = m1v1 + m2v2
= 0·05 v1 + 0·05 v2
Applying law of conservation of momentum
0·05 v1 + 0·05 v2 = 0 or v1 = -v2
The negative sign shows that v1 and v2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Thus, two pieces of the cracker fly in opposite directions with same speed.
Question 8.
An iron sphere of mass 1 kg is dropped from a height of 10 m. If the acceleration of sphere is
9.8 ms-2, calculate the momentum transferred to the ground by the ball.
Answer:
Here, initial velocity of sphere, u = 0
Distance travelled, s = 10 m
Acceleration of sphere, a = 9.8 ms-2
Final velocity of sphere when it just reaches the ground can be calculated using
v2 – u2 = 2as
or, v2 – 0 = 2 × 9·8 ms-2 × 10 m = 196 m2s-2
or, v = 196m2s−2−−−−−−−−√ = 14 ms-1
Momentum of the sphere just before it touches the ground = mv
= 1 kg × 14 ms– 1 = 14 kg ms-1
On reaching the ground, the iron sphere comes to rest, so its final momentum is equal to zero
according to the law of conservation of momentum.
Momentum transferred to the ground = Momentum of the sphere just before it comes to rest
= 14 kg ms-1
Question 9.
A bullet of mass 0.02 kg is fired from a gun weighing 7.5 kg. If the initial velocity of the
bullet is 200 m/s, calculate the speed with which the gun recoils.
Answer:
Here, the mass of the bullet, m1 = 0.02 kg
Mass of gun, m2 = 7.5 kg
Velocity of bullet, v1 = 200 m / s
and the speed of gun, v2 = ?
According to law of conservation of momentum, we have
Total momentum of system after firing = Total momentum of system before firing
i.e., m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
(since initial velocities of gun and bullet before firing is zero.)
or, 0.02 × 200 + 7.5 × v2 = 0
or,7.5 × v2 =- 0.02 × 200
or, v2 = −47⋅5 = – 0.533
or v2 = – 0.53 m/s
Question 10.
The velocity-time graph of a ball moving on the surface of a floor is shown in the figure. Find
the force acting on the ball if the mass of the ball is 50 g.
Answer:
The velocity-time graph shows that velocity of the ball at t = 0 is 30 ms-1. That is, initial
velocity of the ball, w = 30 ms-1
The velocity of the ball at t = 6 s is zero.
That is, final velocity of the ball, v = 0
Time, t = 6 s
Acceleration of the ball,
a = v−ut=0−30ms−16s
= – 5 ms -2
Negative sign shows that the ball is retarded or decelerated.
Also, mass of ball, m = 50 g = 501000=120 kg
∴ Force acting on the ball, F =ma
= (120kg)(−5ms−2)
= – 0.25 kg ms-2
= – 0.25 N [∵ 1 kg ms-2 = 1 N]
Here -ve sign indicates that the force is retarding or stopping force.
Question 11.
A man throws a ball of mass 0.4 kg vertically upwards with a velocity of 10 m/s. What will
be its initial momentum? What would be its momentum at the highest point of its reach?
Answer:
Here, m = 0.4 kg, u = 10 m/s
Initial momentum of the ball = mu = 0.4 × 10 = 4 kg m/s At the highest point, velocity of ball
is zero,
So momentum of the ball = 0 × 4 × 0 = 0

Question 12.
Which would require a greater force—accelerating a 2 kg mass at 5 ms-2 or a 4 kg mass at 2
ms-2 ?
Answer:
Here, m1 = 2 kg , a1 = 5 ms-2, m2 = 4 kg, a2 = 2 ms-2
F1 = m1a1 = 2 × 5 = 10N
F2 = m2a2 = 4 × 2 = 8 N
F1 > F2
Thus, accelerating a 2 kg mass at 5 ms-2 acceleration would require a greater force.
Question 13.
A bullet of mass 20 g is horizontally fired with a horizontal velocity 150 ms-1 from a pistol of
mass 2 kg. What is the recoil velocity of the pistol?

Answer:
For bullet: m1 = 20g = 0.02 kg,
u1 = 0 ms-1, v1 = + 150 ms-1
[By convention, the direction of bullet is taken from left to right (positive)]
For pistol: m2 = 2kg, u2 = 0 ms-1,
Total momenta of the pistol and bullet before the fire
= m1u1 + m2u2
= 0.02 kg × 0 ms-1 + 2kg × 0 ms-1
= 0 kg ms-1
Total momenta of the pistol and bullet after the fire
= m1v1 + m2v2
= 0.02 kg × (+ 150 ms-1) + 2kg + v2 ms-1
= (3+ 2v2) kg ms-1
According to the law of conservation of momentum,
Total momenta after the fire = Total momenta before the fire
3 + 2v2 = 0
⇒ 2v2 = – 3
⇒ v2 = —1.5 ms-1
Negative sign indicates that the direction in which the pistol would recoil is opposite to that
of bullet (right to left).
Total momenta of the pistol and bullet before the fire
= m1u1 + m2u2
= 0.02 kg × 0 ms-1 + 2 kg × 0 ms-1
= 0 kg ms-1
Total momenta of the pistol and bullet after the fire = m1v1 + m2v2
= 0.02kg × (+150ms-1) + 2kg + v2 ms-1
= (3 + 2v2)kg ms-1
According to the law of conservation of momentum, we have
Total momenta after the fire = Total momenta before the fire
3 + 2v2 = 0
⇒ 2v2 = – 3
⇒ v2 = – 1.5 ms-1
Negative sign indicates that the direction in which the pistol would recoil is opposite to that
of bullet (right to left).

Question 14.
A boy of mass 40 kg jumps with a horizontal velocity of 5 ms-1 onto a stationary cart with
frictionless wheels. The mass of the cart is 3 kg. What is his velocity as the cart starts
moving? Assume that there is no external unbalanced force working in horizontal direction.
Answer:
Suppose the velocity of the boy on the cart, as the cart starts moving is v.
∴ The total momenta of the boy and cart before the interaction
= 40 kg × 5 ms-1 + 3 kg × 0 ms-1
= 200 kg ms-1
Also, the total momenta after the interaction
= (40 + 3) kg × v ms-1
= 43v kg ms-1

As per the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum is conserved during the
interaction.
In other words,
43 v = 200
or, v = 20043 = 4.65 ms-1
Thus, the boy on cart would move with a velocity of 4.65 ms-1 in the direction in which the
boy jumped onto the cart.
Force and Laws of Motion Class 9 Extra Questions HOTS
(Higher Order Thinking Skills)
Question 1.
Why does an athlete run a certain distance before taking a leap?
Answer:
An athlete runs a certain distance before taking a leap so that the inertia of motion of his body
at the time of leaping may help him in his muscular efforts.

Question 2.
Two balls of the same size of different materials, rubber and iron are kept on the smooth floor
of a moving train. The brakes are applied suddenly to stop the train. Will the balls start
rolling? If so, in which direction? Will they move with the same speed? Give reasons for your
answer. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
Yes, the balls will start rolling in the direction in which the train was moving. Due to the
application of the brakes, the train comes to rest but due to inertia the balls try to remain in
motion, therefore, they begin to roll. Since the masses of the balls are not the same, therefore,
the inertial forces are not same on both the balls. Thus, the balls will move with different
speeds.

Question 3.
The velocity-time graph of an object of mass m = 50 g is shown in figure. Observe the graph
carefully and answer the following questions.
(a) Calculate the force on the object in time interval 0 to 3 s.
(b) Calculate the force on the object in the time interval 6 to 10 s.
(c) Is there any time interval in which no force acts on the object? Justify your answer.

Answer:
(a) Acceleration during interval 0 to 3 s

Force, F2 = ma2 = 50∘1000×(−30) = – 1.5 N

(c) During time interval 3 to 6 s, the velocity of object is constant, so in this time interval,
acceleration is zero and hence force, F (= ma) is zero.]
Question 4.
If an object is not moving, does it mean that no force is acting on it?
Answer:
No, it implies that all the forces acting on the body are balanced.

Question 5.
A horse continues to apply a force in order to move a cart with a constant speed. Explain
why? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
A horse exerts a continuous force to move the cart with a constant velocity to overcome the
force of friction between ground and cart.

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