Introduction Of

Boron
 Group 7 members
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Boron Discovery
In 1808, Louis-Josef Gay-Lussac and
Louis-Jacques Thénard working in Paris,
and Sir Humphry Davy in London,
independently extracted boron by

Jens Martensson
heating borax with potassium metal. In
fact, neither had produced the pure
element which is almost impossible to
obtain. A purer type of boron was
isolated in 1892 by Henri Moissan.
Eventually, E. Weintraub in the USA
produced totally pure boron by sparking
a mixture of boron chloride, BCl3 vapor,
and hydrogen. The material so obtained
boron was found to have very different
properties to those previously reported.
The Element Boron
• Atomic Number: 5
• Atomic Weight: 10.811

Jens Martensson
• Melting Point: 2348 K (2075°C or 3767°F)
• Boiling Point: 4273 K (4000°C or 7232°F)
• Density: 2.37 grams per cubic centimeter
• Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
• Element Classification: Semi-metal
• Period Number: 2
• Group Number: 13
• Group Name: none
 ABOUT BORON
• Boron is the lightest of the elements in its group. It is a non-metal. Surprisingly,
the others in the group are brilliant white Metals. These elements have likewise
been alluded to as icosagens and triads.
• Boron is solid
• Boron exists as a dark brown to black powder or as an extremely hard
Jet black to silver – gray, brittle lustrous metal –like element.
• It is never found free in nature .
• It is extracted chiefly from kesnite and borax.
• Pure boron can form as a result of chemical reaction.
• Boron does not generally make ionic bonds, it forms stable covalent bonds
• Boron is a metalloid, intermediate between metals and non-metals. It exists in
many polymorphs (different crystal lattice structures), some more metallic than
others. Metallic boron is extremely hard and has a very high melting point
5
 BORON CHEMISTRY
• The most important of boron compounds is sodium borate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ),
used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass, glass fibre insulation, and
textile glass fibre.
• Boron also forms important compounds with two other elements, Carbon
and nitrogen. Boron carbide (B 4 C) and boron nitride (BN) are important
compounds because of their hardness.

Boron carbide and boron nitride are used in high-speed tools, military
aircraft and spacecraft, heat shields, and specialized heat-resistant fibres.
• Small amounts of boron compounds are also used to control the growth of
weeds in agriculture, and as insecticides, fertilizers, and flame retardants. A
flame retardant is a material that prevents another material from catching
fire and burning with an open flame.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BORON
1. Covalent Radius: 80 pm
2. :Ionic Radii: 27pm
3. :M.P =2300°C MP is high due to Non metallic Nature of Boron
4. B.P = 3930°C B .P is very high due to Non Metallic Nature
5. :Ionization Potential: 799kj/mol(1st)
6. I.P :2427 kj/mol(2nd)
7. I.P :3660kj/mol (3rd)
8. Electron Affinity : 36.7kj/mol Electron Affinity is low because of boron
nature, boron is electron donor not accepter.
9. Electronegativity :2.0
10.E°Cell = -- 0.89
7
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BORON
BORON HALIDE:
1) Boron halides can be prepared by the action of B2O3 on CaF2
in the presence of H2SO4
B2O3+3CaF2 +6H2SO4---》2BF3+3[H3O][HSO4]+ CaSO4
2) All boron Halides form simple Lewis Complexes with Bases.
BF3+ :NH3----》F3B-----NH3
3) Hydrolysis of Boron Halides produce Boric Acid.
BX3 + 3H2O-----》B(OH)3+ HX
BORATE EASTER:
Boric acid react with alcohol in the presence of Sulfuric acid form
Borate Easter.
B2O3+CH3OH-----》B(OR)+3 H2O

BORON OXIDES:
All The boron Hydrides are highly Flammable and can react
spontaneously with air .
B2H6+ 3O2-----》B(OH)3 (s)
BORON HYDRIDES:
Boron react with hydrogen Metals and carbons and make
different structural compounds.
1. Nido = Nest like structures B5H9
2. Arachno = Spider web like Structure B5H11
3. Closo = cage like structure [B5H5]-2
METAL BORIDES:
Boron can react with highly electro positive metal by apply
high temp produce MB(n) compounds of different structures.
Ca +B6--------》CaB6
Exp of M2B is Al2B
 Boron Trihalide
Boron undergoes halogenation to form trihalides with the molecular
structure BX3,
In its most familiar compounds, boron has the formal oxidation state III, or
+3. These include oxides, sulfides, nitrides, and halides. The trihalides form
planar trigonal structures and are Lewis acids because they readily form
adducts with electron-pair donors, which are called Lewis bases. For
example, fluoride (F–) and boron trifluoride (BF3) combine to give the
tetrafluoroborate anion, BF4–. Boron trifluoride is used in the
petrochemical industry as a catalyst.
The halides react with water to form boric acid.
All three lighter boron trihalides (BF3, BCl3, and BBr3) form stable adducts
with common Lewis bases.
The sequence for the Lewis acidity is BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3,where BBr3 is the
strongest Lewis acid. This trend is commonly attributed to the degree of
[latex]\pi[/latex] -bonding in the planar boron trihalid that would be lost
upon pyramidization of the the BX3molecule.
Boron tribromide (BBr3) is a colorless, fuming liquid that is an excellent
demethylating or dealkylating agent.
Boron trichloride (BCl3) is a colorless, dangerously reactive gas that is a
valuable reagent in organic synthesis.
Boron trifluoride (BF3) is a pungent, colorless, corrosive, toxic gas that
forms white fumes in moist air.
 Cyclic Compounds of Boron & Oxygen
• Boron is strong oxo philes and It’s oxides is very important
like
1) Boron sesquioxides ,B2 O3:
Preparation :-
• By heating the element of boron in oxygen
4B+3O2 2B2O3-

• By dehydrating the boric acid:-

2H3BO3 2HBO2 B2O3
Structure :
(BO3 -3) in boron sesquioxides ( Boric acid B2O3 )
Each boron atom is bonded to three oxygen arranged at the corners of an
equilateral triangle .

Ortho Borates: contains discrete BO3 ions like Mg3(BO3)2

Meta Borates : contains simple unites of BO3 but join in chain or ring (means
has a polymeric structure )
2)Boric Acid:
All borates can be considered derivatives of boric acid, B(OH)3. Boric acid is a
weak proton donor (pKa ~ 9) in the sense of Brønsted acid, but is a Lewis acid, i.e.,
it can accept an electron pair.
B(OH)3 is acidic because of its reaction with OH− from water, forming
the tetrahydroxyborate complex [B(OH)4]− and releasing the corresponding proton
left by the water autoprotolysis.
B(OH)3 + 2 H2O ⇌ [B(OH)4]− + [H3O]+ (pKa = 8.98).

3)Polymeric ions
At neutral pH boric acid undergoes condensation reactions to form polymeric oxyanions
with lose of H2O . Well-known polyborate anions included.
3B(OH)3 ⇌ [B3O3(OH)4]2− + H+ + 2H2O.
4)Borate esters
Borate esters are organic compounds which are conveniently prepared by the stoichiometric
condensation reaction of boric acid with alcohols. There are two main classes of borate esters:
orthoborates, B(OR)3 and metaborates, B3O3(OR)3. Metaborates contain 6-
membered boroxine rings.
B(OH)3 + 3 ROH → B(OR)3 + 3 H2O
3 B(OH)3 + 3 ROH → B3O3(OR)3 + 6 H2O
A dehydrating agent, such as concentrated sulfuric acid is typically added. Borate esters are
volatile and can be purified by distillation. This procedure is used for analysis of trace amounts of
borate and for analysis of boron in steel.
Like all boron compounds, alkyl borates burn with a characteristic green flame. This property is
used to determine the presence of boron in qualitative analysis.
Borate esters form spontaneously when treated with diols such as sugars and the reaction with mannitol
forms the basis of a titrimetric analytical method for boric acid
Unsymmetrical borate esters are prepared from alkylation of trimethyl borate:
ArMgBr + B(OCH3)3 → MgBrOCH3 + ArB(OCH3)2
ArB(OCH3)2 + 2H2O → ArB(OH)2 + 2HOCH3.
For example:
B(OH)3 + HO-CH2CH2-OH +HO2.

5)Boro-silicates:
As with silicates and aluminates, there are many polynuclear borates, and both cyclic and chain
species are known.

Borosilicate glass, also known as pyrex, can be viewed as a silicate in which some [SiO4]4− units
are replaced by [BO4]5− centers, together with additional cations to compensate for the difference
in valence states of Si(IV) and B(III). Because this substitution leads to imperfections, the
material is slow to crystallise and forms a glass with low coefficient of thermal expansion, thus
resistant to cracking when heated, unlike soda glass.
 Compounds of Boron and Nitrogen
They are classified as
Saturated And Unsaturated amine boranes.
Amine Boranes:
Amine boranes are complexes of Lewis acid boranes
eg;BH3,BH2CN,BH2COOH,BH2COOCH3,BH2CONHNH2CH3 and an
amine (eg;R,R’,R”N) where the lone pair on the nitrogen atom forms a
coordinate covalent bond by donating both of its electron into the vacant
orbital of borane
 Dehydrogenation Of Amine boranes
Dehydrogenation of amine boranes is a chemical process in
main group and organometallic chemistry wherein
dehydrogen is releasedby the couplingof two or more amine
boranes adducts. This process gained some interest due to the
potential of using amine boranes for hydrogen storage
 References:
1. Book : Inorganic by Purcel and Kotz.
2. Pauling and R. Hayward,The
Architecture of Molecules (San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1964).
Illustrations 32-36.
3. W. N. Jones, Inorganic
Chemistry (Philadelphia: Blakiston,

Thank
1949). pp. [Link] of atomic
radii, p. 83.
4. T. Wartik, ed., From Borax to

You
Boranes (Washington, DC: American
Chemical Society, 1961).
5. Atkin and shriver
6. Wikipedia
7. .[Link]