MATRICES

3
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
1. Matrix:A matrix is an ordered rectangular arrangement of numbers orfunctions arranged into a fixed
number of rows and columns. The numbers (real or complex) or functions are called the elements or
the entries ofthe matrix. It is represented by the symbol[] or () or|||.A matrix is denoted by a single
capital letter such as A, B, C, etc. and its elements are denoted by small letters.
2. Order of Matrix: If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then its order (dimension) is written as
mxn and read as m by n. If a matrix has order mx n, then it has mn elements.
Ingeneral, m xn matrix has the following rectangular array:

11 a12 13 1n
a21 a22 U23 2n
A =

4m1 m2 am3 Amn

or A = laij Imxn where 1siam, 1sjsn; i, jeN

In general, a is an element of matrix A lying in the i-th row and j-th column, and is also called
ij) element of matrix A.
3. Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row and any number of columns is called a row matrix. eg,
[1 7 9] is a row matrix of order 1 x 3.
In general, A = [ajl1 xn is a row matrix of order 1 xn.

4. Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column and any number ofrows is called a column matrix.
6
eg-9 is a column matrix of order 3 x1.
5
In general, A = la,lmx1is a column matrix of order m x 1.

5. Zero or Null Matrix: An mxn matrix whose all elements are zero is called a zero or null matrix of
order m x n. A matrix is said to be a zero or null matrix if each of its element is zero.

of order 2 x 3 and written O2x3:

example.0o is a zero matrix as

6. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number ofrows is equal to the number of columns is called a
square matrix. If a square matrix has m rows, then it is called a square matrix of order m.

38 16 9
e87 77 -19 is a square matrix of order 3
6 -8
Ihe elements a of a square matrix A = [az]m x m for which i = j, 1e., the elements a11, a22 3 3 , mm are
called the diagonal elements and the line along which the diagonal elements lie, is called the principal
diagonal or leading diagonal of the square matrix of order m.

Matrices 39
 Matrix : A square matrix in non-diagonal elements are o tis
which all the zoro
7. Diagonal
matrix. Thus, the square matrix A = l4jlm xm1S a diagonal matrix if a;= 0 for all i g ; called a diag

e.g, 70 0 0 are diagonal matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.

0 07
8. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is caled
called ascala
matrix.
Thus, a square matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are
zero nd
diagonal elements are equal. Thus, the square matriIx A = l4jlm Xm 1S a scalar matrix if a , = 0 for

and a = k for i = j, for some constant k.

6 0 0
eg.0 6 o is a scalar matrix of order 3.
0 0 6
9. Unit Matrix or ldentity Matrix:A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are 1, is call
alled
a unit or identity matrix and it is denoted by I.
Thus, a square matrix is said to be a unit or identity matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero and
all diagonal elements are equal to 1. Thus, the square matrix A xmis a unit or =
[ayl identitymatrik,
ifa =0 for all i *j and a=1 for i =j.
[1 0 0
eg,0 1 0is a unit or identity matrix of order 3 and it is denoted by I or I.
0 0 1
10. Triangular Matrix: A matrix in which all elements below above the
or
principal diagonal are zero, is
called a
triangular matrix. They
are of two
types
(a) Upper-Triangular Matrix : A matrix in which all elements below the principal diagonal are zero,
is called an upper-triangular matrix.

8-6 9
For example, -7 | is an upper-triangular matrix.
0 91
(b) Lower-Triangular Matrix:A matrix in which all elements above the
is called a lower-triangular matrix.
principal diagonal are zerd

For
|30 0
example, |-8 53 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
|92 10 7|
11. Comparable Matrices: Two matrices A
[a,)mxn and B
they are of the same order i.e., m =p and n =q.
=
=
[b]xg are said to be comparable onuy* when

For -5 54
example, A = 1 and and B | =
are comparable they of the sane
order 2x3.
9 3 66 as are

12. Equality of Matrices Two matrices A as

A B if
=
[am Xn and B =[blnxa are said to be equal and
v*
(i) they are of the same order i.e., m
p and =
n
q; and
=

i) corresponding elements of the matrices

A and B are
equal i.e., a =
b; for all i and j.

Forexample, 2 i f a=8,b = -1 and c =6.

43 Basic Operations on Matrices: We shall define and discuss some basic operations on matricesand
certain properties rela ted to these operations.
(a) Addition of Matrices: If two matrices A = [al and B = [b,]l are of the same order,say mxn, then
their sum is denotedby A + B and is the matrix of the same order mxn obtained by adding the
corresponding elements of A and B.
If A = lajlmx and B - [ ;J then A+ B = a +b

(If A and B are not of the same order, then their sum A + B is not defined)
Properties of Addition of Matrices
) Commutative Law: Matrix addition is commutative i.e., if A and B are matrices of the
same order, then A + B =B+ A.
(i) Associative Law : Matrix addition is associative i.e., if A, B and C are matrices of the same
order, then A + (B + C) = (A + B) +C.
(i) Existence of Additive Identity : For any matrix A = laphm x, of order m x n, there exists a
null matrix Omxn=[0]m xn ofthe same order such that A + 0=O+A =A. Thezero matrix
"O" is called additive identity.
(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse : For any matrix A = lalm x, of order mxn, there exists a
unique matrix -A = [-ailm xn of the same order suchthat A + (-A)= (-A) +A =O. The matrix
-
A is called additive inverse of the matrix A.
(b) Negative of a Matrix: The negative of a matrix A = l4;]mxn is denoted by - A and is defined as
-A =
-ajmxr
(c)Subtraction of Matrices: If two matrices A = [a,] and B = [blare ofsame order, say mxn, then the
subtraction of B from A is denoted by A - B and is the matrix of the same order mxn defined as
A -B =
laj- bilm xn
(d) Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar: If A = lajdm xn is a matrix and k is a scalar, then the
multiplication of A by scalar k is denoted by kA and is another matrix of the same order m x n
obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k. Thus, kA = [(ka,)llm xn

10
umple, s l- 25
5 15 20
Properties of Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix : If A = [a,] and B = [b,] are two matrices of the
same order, say m x n, then
(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB, where k is a scalar.

(i) (k + 1)A =kA + lA, where k and l arescalars

(iit) k(1A) = (kl)A = I{kA), where k and I are scalars.
(iv) 1.A =A.
(o)-1)A =-A.
e) Multiplication of Matrices: If A and Bare two matrices, then the product AB in this very order
is defined if and only if the number of columns in the matrix A is equal to the number of rows
in the matrix B.
IfA =
[alm xn
and B =
[bkln xp then AB =
[Clm xp
where Cip=24bx = a ' +4,2bak + b k [1 Siam, 1 sksp]
j=1
i) The product AB is defined if number of columns in pre-factor A = number of rows in post-

factor B.
i) If product AB is defined, then the product AB has as many rows as the rows of the pre-
factor A and as many columns as the columns of the post-factor B.

Matrices 41
 and kth column of the prodot
uct .
Occurring in the ith row
is dotained
The element c
(iit)
elements of the
ith row of A by the corresponding elemente of the
multiplying the kth
of B and adding
the resulting product. cohu
Matrices:
Properties Multiplication of
of is not necessarily commutative i.e., ,f AB
(i) Non-commutativity : Matrix multiplication
that AB = B/A 1.e., AB * BA, in general and y
are both defined, then it is not necessary
matrices of the same order is always commutative
(Multiplication of diagonal B and
(i) Associative Law multiplication is associative i.e., if A,
Matrix
C are
are matrice
sides of the equality are defined with matricee
suitable rices A,Band
A(BC)= (AB)C, wherever both
Distributive Law: Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition.
(ii)
wherever both sides of the equality are defined, known
(1) A(B + C) = AB + AC, as righ
.

distributive law.

BA CA, wherever both sides of the equality are defined, known.

(2) (B + C)A = +
as lelt
distributive law.
(io) If A is any m xn matrix, IA = A =Al

(o) If A is any m xn matrix, Am xnOnxp

=
Omxp and OpxmAm xn=Opx
null matrix even it neither of them is a null matrix.
(oi) The product of two matrices can be a

For example,let A =
a and B= T neither ofwhich is a null matrix,buttheirprodu

1ox8+0x0 0x0+7X0=
ox8+7x0 0x0+0x00 o =o
.tAn-1 X+4 bea polynomialand
Matrix Polynomial : Let f{x) =a0x" + a1x+a"+. ...

A be a square matrix, thenf{A) = 40A" +a1A + a2A"+.+an-1 A + anl,is called amatit

polynomial, where Iis the identity matrix of the same order as of A.

14. Transpose of a Matrix: If A is a matrix ofthe order m xn, then the matrix of the order n xm obtainel

by interchanging its rows and columns is called the transpose of the matrix A and is denoted byA
r

AT
I fA = [4lm xn then A (or A") = lb)n xm Where bj= aj

Forexample,let A=9 3, thenthe transpose of A =AT= | 1

7 15

15. Properties of Transpose of Matrices:

() (A'=A
() (A tB)=A"+B';A and B being conformable for addition
(ii) (kA)"=kAT
(io) (-A)=- AT
(o) (AB) = B'A"; A and B conformable for multiplication.
Note: (A")= (A'", where n is a positive integer.
16. Symmetric Matrix: A matrix A is said to be a said

symmetric matrix if AT A i.e., a square matrix 15 =

to be a symmetric matrix if all elements

and

equidistant from main diagonal are equal in magniruae

sign. In other words, a square matrix A = l4lm xm is called a symmetric matrix, if a = 4; V ,1:

42 U-LIKE Mathematics-Xll (TERM-1)

 For example,

25-3
-3 8 11
8 is a symmetric matrix as transpose of A A' = =

-3
78 -311]8=A
17, Skew-symmetric Matrix : A matrixA is said to be a skew-symmetric matrix if A' =-A i.e., a square
matrix is said to be a skew-symmetric matrix if all elements equidistant from main diagonal are equal
in magnitude but opposite in sign and all diagonal elements are zero. In other words, a square matrix
A =lamxm is called symmetric matrix, ifa, =-a, Vi,j.

0 3 7
For example, A = | - 3 0 -8 is a skew-symmetric matrix as transpose of A = A ' = |3

-7 8 0
[o 3 --A

Note:
() Diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zero.
matrix.
(i) A matrix which is a symmetric matrix as well as skew-symmetric is always zero square
(ii) For every square matrix A, A symmetric matrix and A-A' is a skew-symmetric matrix.
+ A' is a

sum of a symmetric and a skew-

(iv) Every square matrix can be expressed in one and only one way as
symmetric matrices. If A be a square matrix, then it can be written
as

A=(A+A") +(A-A'); where(A +A") is symmetricmatrix and (A -A')

is a a skew

symmetric matrix.
18. Inverse of a Matrix : If A be any n-rowed square matrix and if there exists another n-rowed square

matrix B such that AB = BA =I, then B is called inverse of matrix A and is denoted by A. A is also
known as invertible matrix.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

and two different matrices of order 3

x n and n x
p, then the order of the matrix
1.
Suppose P Q are CBSE 2019-201
PxQis (d) 3x3
(c) n xn
(a) 3 xp (6) px3

t h e value of x + y is

(c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 1 (6) 2
order 3 4 and 4 x 3 respectively, then the order of matrix
dItPand Q are two different matrices of
x

QP is
(c) 3x4 (d) 4 x3
(a) 3 x 3 (b) 4x4
P is of order 3 x 4 and PQ is of order 3 x 3, then the
ItPand Q are two different matrices such that
order of matrix Q is
(c) 3 x 4 (d) 4 x 3
(a) 3x3 (b) 4 x4
have
possible orders it can
are
I f a matrix has 5 elements, write all
(b) 5x1 only.
(a) 1x5 only.
(d) None of these.
c) 1x5 and 5 x 1 both.
Matrices 43
 6. The order of the product matrix is

2 3 4

(a) 1x1 (b) 1x3 (c) 3 x1 (d) 3x3

7. I - the value of xis

(a) 9 (6) 11 () 13 (d) None of these.
2k+3 4
8. If the matrix|-4 is skew-symmetric, then the value of k is
-5 6 -2k-3

) (b)- 2
(c) 1 (d) None of these.
9. If Ais a matrix of order 3 x 3 such that A2 44-31, then A
=
is

(a)(4-A) (b) 3(41-A)

41-A) (d)(4-A)
10. For a
square matrix A, A +A' is
(a) Symmetric matrix. (b) SkeW-symmetric matrix.
() Identity matrix. (d) Void matrix.
11. IfA is a matrix of order 3 2, then the order of the matrix A' is
x

(a) 2x3
[CBSE 2020
(b) 2x2 )3 x3 (d) None of these
12. A square matrix A is said to be
skew-symmetric, if
[CBSE 2020]
(a) AT=A (b) AT= O (c) AAT=II (d) A=-A

13. Given
0 a 1
a
skew-symmetric matrix A =|-1 b 1|, the value of (a + b+ cis [CBSE 2020
-1 c 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2
14. (d) 3
Construct a 2 x 2
matrix A [ai;| =
whose elements are
given by a; =
|(i)-j| is [CBSE 2020

3
15. If A =
[2 -3 41, B =
| X= [1 2 3] and Y= |3, then AB + XY equals [CBSE 2020

(a) [28] (b) [24] (c) 28

(d) 24
16. I * then xy =
[CBSE 2020

(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) -3

(d) None of these

44 U-LIKE Mathematics-XIl (TERM-I)

17. IfA + and A-28--then A =
_
[CBSE 2020]

0 2b -2
18. If matrix A = | 3 3 i s a symmetric matrix, then the value of a is

3
(a) () (4)-
19. If A is a null matrix, then
A is a square matrix. b) A is not a square matrix.
(a)
(c) Both (a) and (b). (d) All entries are zero.
20. If A is a scalar matrix, then

(a) A=laylmxm Where aj kifi=j for keR 0 if i*j kifij

(b) A=[a; lm x m where 4; =10ifi=jforkeR

(c) A = lalmx m where a; =kV i,j (a) None of these

21. Let I be an identity matrix, then

0 ifi# j (b) A=[a; lm x m where 4;

1 if i#j
10 if i= j for k eR
(a) A =
la; mxmwhere 4j 1ifi=j
() A = lalmx m where a =kV i,j (d) None of these
22. Which is true about matrix multiplication?
It is associative. (c) Both (a) and (b). (d) None of these.
(a) It is commutative. (b)

23. If m
-25 25] and m <n, then (m, n) is equal to

(c) (4,3) d) None of these

() (2,3) (b) (3,4)
24. For any matrix A, AA' is a
(b) Symmetric matrix
(a) Unit matrix
(d) Diagonal matrix
c) Skew-symmetric matrix

then value of y is ICBSE 2019-20]

(d) None of these

a) 1 (b) 2 ()3

26. If 23 7 the valueof (x-y) is

() 10 d) 8
) 3 (b)1

27. The value of x for the following matrix equation [x 1 Ois

(d) None of these
(a) 1 2 c)3
(b)
28. If matrix A =
and A2= kA, then the value of kis
c) 3 (d) 5
(a) 1 (b) 2

Matrices | 45
29. For a 2x2 matrix, A = la;], whose elements are given by a= the value of an is

() ()
2
x +y+z =9|5| is
30. The values of x - y+ z from the following equation x+z
y +Z

(a)1 (b) -1 c) 3 (d) 2

31. If A is a matrix of order 2 x3 and B is a matrix of order 3 x 5, then the order of
ix (AR
(ABis
(a) 2 x2 (b) 5x2 (c) 2x5 (d) 5x5
and dB-| then (34 -B) is

-1 0
33. If [2 1 3-1 1 0=A, then the order of matrix A is

(a) 2x2 (6) 1x1 (c) 3 x3 (d) 5x5

34. If A and B are
symmetric matrices, such that AB and BA are both defined, then AB -

BA is
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) scalar matrix
(d) diagonal matrix
35. IfA
=lam xn is a
square matrix, then
(a) m < n (b) m>n (c) m = n (d) None of these
36. The square matrix
[a] in which a 0 for i =
j and aj = k for i
j is called a
=

(a) unit matrix (6) null matrix (c) scalar matrix (d) diagonal matrix
3
37. If U
=[2 -3
4],V=|2X =[o 2
3 and Y=|2|, then UV+ XYequals
(a) 20 (b) -20 (c) [20] (d) -20]
10 0
38. If A =|0 1 0|, then A° + 24 + 4A equals
0 0 1
(a) 7A b) 5A
(c) A (d) 3A
0 -5 9
39. The matrix A =| 5 0 -3| is a
-9 3
(a) symmetric matrix
(b) diagonal matrix
c)scalar matrix (d) skew-symmetric matrix
2 0 0
40. If A =0 2 0,then AS is equal to
t o o 2
(a) A (b) 2A (c) 4A
(d) 8A
46 U-LIKE Mathematics-XIl (TERM-I)
 2 5 9
A1. IE A = 6 2 8 then sum ofvalues on the main diagonal ofA is equal to
-5 1 3
6 (b) 7 ()16 (d) 3
(a)
42. If a matrix has 18 elements , then number of possible orders are
(a) 6 (b) 4 ()8 (d)7

43. 1fA= A+Aequals

3 (d) None of these

44. Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if

(b) AB = BA =O
(a) AB BA =
(c) AB= O, BA =I (d) AB =BA =1
0 5
45. The matrix-7 0 -3 is a
-5 3 0
(a) diagonal matrix. (b) symmetric matrix.

(c) skew symmetric matrix. (d) scalar matrix.

46. Thematrix 0
102 00 1s a
00 4
(a) identity matrix. (6) symmetric matrix.

(C) skew-symmetric matrix. (d) None of these.

47. If cos
Asin q
-sin g
sin.q|
then A=?
9 cos
coOs q
4
cos 2q sin 2g | (b)Sin2g cos 24
(a)
-sin 2q cos 29 cos 29 sin 2g|

Cos2q sin 2g| (a) sin 2g 0

-sin 2q cos 2g|

48. is a square matrix, then

e) O(A) =9x9 (d) None of these

() O(4) = 2x2 (6) O(A) =4 x4

49. Let A
= then
c) A=I (d) None of these
(a) A2=A (b) A2= O

s0. Let
A- then
(c) A=I (d) None of these
(a) A2= A (b) A= O

51. Let
A- then (d) None of these
(c) A2=I
(a) A2= A b) A2= Oo

Matrices 47
 Assuming that the sums
and products given below are
of shthe
defined, which af
52.
formatrices? followingi not te
(b) AB AC does not imply B =c
=

(a) A + B B +A =

d) (AB) =B'A
(c) AB =
Oimplies A * Oor B+O
53. Let A = h
b
(a) A"= A (b) A"=-A (c) AT=I d) None of these
ANSWERS

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (6) 4. (d) 5. )

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (6) 9. (a) 10.
11. («) 12. (4) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a)
16. () 17. (b) 18. (6) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (6) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. ()
26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. ()
36. () 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. 44. (d)
a) 45. ()
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (6) 50. ()
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (a)

HINTS/SOLUTIONS OF SELECTED MCQs

1. Number of columns in matrix P = n =
Number of rows in Q.
Therefore, the matrix PxQ is defined and is of order 3 x
p.

2.
Given:2x-y w 5
=4
X-y=-1, 2x-y =0, w =5
X-y-1, x+(x-y) =0, w = 5
x-y=-1, z=4 x+(-1) =0, w = 5
X-y=-1, z=4 x =1, w = 5

=1, Z 4, W= 5

and y=X+1y=1+1 =2
Thus, x +y =1 +2 =3.
3. Number
of columns in matrix Q=3= Number of rows in P.
Therefore, the matrix QP is defined and is of order 4 x 4.
4. PQ is defined Number of columns in matrix P 4 Number
of rows in Q.
= =

Since the matrix PQ is of order 3 x3, so number ofcolumns in Qis 3.

Hence, the matrix Q is of order 4 x3.
5. To find all possible orders of the matrix with 5 elements, we shall find all
ordered pairs whose product
is 5i.e. 5x 1 and 1 x 5.

48 U-LIKE Mathematics-Xll(TERM-I)
The pre-factor is oforder 3 xl and post-factor is of order 1 x 3, so that the product is defined and is of
order 3 x3.

Given
1

2-6 -6+12
2 5-1415 +28 x]

-
= 13
Hence, the value of x is 13.

2k+3 4
0-6
8. Let A=-4
6 -2k -3

A will be skew-symmetric matrix if

A--A'
2k+3 4 2k+3-4 [-2k-3 4
-4 0 -6 =-4 0 6 4 0 -6
-5 6-2k-3 5
-6 -2k-3 6 2k+3
Equating, we get
2k+3 =-2k-3
4k =-6

k=-
9. Given, A2=4A -31 3=44 -A A(41-A) =31

By definition, A*l = (4-A)

10. Let P=A +A

P = (A + A")' =A" + (A)' =A"+ A =A + A' =P
Hence, A +A' is a symmetric matrix.
11. We know that if A is a matrix of order m xn, then A' is of order n x m.
Hence, matrix A' is of order 2 x3 matrix of order 3 x 2.
as Ais a
12. A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric, if A' = -A.

13.
Given, A= 0
1 is a skew-symmetricmatrix.

n a skew-symmetric matrix, all elements equidistance from the diagonal are equal in magnitude but
opposite in signs and all diagonal elements are zero.
a = 1, b = 0 and c =-1
a +b+c 1+0 +(-1) =0 (a +b+c =0 =0
14. Given

111(1-1|=]1-1|=10|=0;@12 =|(0) -2|=|1-21=|-11=1

Matrices 49
 3 2
AB + XY =[2 -3 412+[1 2 33 =6-6+8]+2+6+12]=[8]+[201
15. = [28)
2

16. Given,

x+y =2 and r-y =F4

Adding and subtracting, we get
2r =6 and 2/ =-2 *=3 and y =- 1
xy = (3)(-1) = -3

17. Given,
AB- 2A+20-
and A-25

Adding (1) and (2), we get

18. We have,

0 2b-2
A=3 13
3a 3
0 3 3a
A' =2b 1 3
-2 3
A is symmetric » A =A

0 2b -2 0 3 3a
3 1 1
3a 3 -1|
1
On comparing, we get

2b 3 b=
and -2 3a a-

23. m n | =
[25] =
m+n°]=[25] m+n= 25
m = 3 and n = 4
[ m<n
24. (AATT = (A")"A' = AA' AA' is a symmetric matrix.

50 U-LIKE Mathematics-XIl (TERM-)

25. Given, iC]-
-
By definition of equality of matrices, we get
x+2y =5 (1)
and 2x+y =4 (2)
Multiplying (1) by 2, we get
2x+4y =10 .3)
Subtracting (2) from (3), we get
3y =6 y=2
26. We have

-
=[7
10 2x1 10 05
2xr+1 5 and 8+y =00
2x = 4 and y-8
X=2 and y=-8

Thus, x-y =2-(-8) =

10.
27. We have

x-2 0] = [0 0
x-2 = 0

X =2

28. Given A=|

..(1)
Itis given that: 42 =kA
[1+1 -1-1
- ]-1
k =2
Hence the value of k is 2.

29. Let A12

Let A= |41
A = then a2 = where i = 1 andj=2.
a21 22 Jax2
30.
We have,x+ z

x +y + Z =9, X+Z=5 and y +z =

7

Matrices 51
 X+Z=5 and y+Z 7
(x+z) +y =9,
X+Z=5 and y+z =7
5+y=9,
y 9-5, x+z=5 and y+z=7
y=4, X+Z=5 and 4+z =7

y4, X+Z=5 and Z 7-4=3

*+3=5 and z = 3
y=4,
r=2 and Z= 3
y=4,
Thus, x-y+z =2-4+3 =1
Hence, r-y+z=1.
31. Since A is a matrix of order 2x3 and B is a matrix of order 3 x 5, therefore, the prod.
oforder 2x5.
Then the order of matrix (AB) or (AB) is 5 x2.
32. We have,

3A-B |
-B
=9- 6- 2
-1 0 -1
33. Here [2 1 3] is matrix of order 1 x3
a
and-1 1 0 is a matrix of order 3 x 3. Since te
0 1 1

number of columns of [2 1 3] is -1 0-1

equal to number of rows of |-1 1 0, therefore, the product
0
1
-1 0 -1|
[2 1 3]|-1 1 o is defined, i.e., the product exit and it will be of order1x3.
0 1 1
Further, [2 1 3]|-1 1
-10 10is a matrixof order 1 x 3 and
is a matrix of order 3 x1. Sincet*
-1
-1 0 -1
number of columns of [2 1 3]-1 1 0 is equal to the number of rows of 10therefore, ur
01
1 -1
[-1 0 -1|| 1
product [2 1 3-1 1 o o will exist,Le., Aexist and is order 1x1.
0 1
-
Hence, the matrix A is of order 1x1.
34. Given, A and B are symmetric matrices.
A =A
and B =B
(AB BAY = (AB) - (BAY
[ (A-B)=A'-B1
B'A' -A'B' [ (AB)Y= BAT

52 U-LIKE Mathematics-XIl ¢ (TERM-1)

 = BA - AB using (1)]
= - (AB - BA)

(AB BA)
(AB BAY
-
=-

.
-

BA 1s a skew-symmetric matrix.
Hence, AB
-

48. A= AA =|

OA) =2 x2

49. A=AA = l a = + 0 0+01_o -

1+0 1+0]
s0. A AA=0 0+0 0+0
51. A= AA =|
-1olo+0 1+0o
52. Let
A - then

AB-0 O-l0 o= O,but A # 0, B * O

. A- bf=A
c
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTiONS

by a statement of Reason (R).

statement of Assertion (A) is followed
In the following questions, a choices.
Choose the correct a n s w e r out of the following
is the correct explanation of (A).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R)
and (R) are true and (R) is not
the correct explanation of (A).
(6) Both (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is also false.
Assertion (A): Ifmatrices A= and B=| are equal, then x= 5 and y
=- 2.
1
of same order m x n are equal, if a =
bi
Reason (R) I f two matrices A =l4|mxn and |bijImxn
.
forall i =1, 2, 3, . . n andj=1,2, .
3,
row matrix of
order 1 x3.
2. Assertion (A) : A matrix A [4 7 -9] is a =

of column is called a row matrix.

and any number
Reason (R) :A matrix having only one row is also a symmetric
symmetric matrices
of same order, thenAB -BA
Assertion (A) IfA and B are

matrix.
matrix A is called a symmetric matrix if A"= A.
Reason (RR) Any square
then product AB is
and B =
|bijIn xp are given,
4. *Sertion (A) : If two matrices A
=
|aj|m xn

defined and is ofm xp order. of a symmetric and skew-symmetric

as a sum
Reason (R) matrix can be expressed
:Everysquare
marix.
Matrices 53
 is a diagonal matrix.
5. Assertion (A):The matrix A=lo 5 7
if i j, then A is called diagonal mat ix.
Reason (R) If A =la, where a, =0 /

ANSWERS

1. Choice (a)is OTect.

2. Choice (a) is cOrect.
3. Choice (d)is cod
GiNen, A and Bare symmetric matrices - and =
A'B BA AB (AR BA)
(AR RAY' (AB) (13A) A
=
Therefore, AB BA is also a skew-sVmmetric matrix.

4. Choice (b) is corTect.

5. Choice (d) is correct.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1. Read the following and answer any four questions from () to (o)

A manufacture producesthree stationery products Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener which he sells n
markets. Annual sales are indicated bclow:
The Little
NEW DELHI STATIONERY
TATIOHERS RNTEs
MART Stationery
Gre ng Card An &Crat tams

Market Products (in numbers)

Pencil Eraser Sharpener
10,000 2,000 18,000
B 6,000 20,000 8,000
If the unit Sale price of Pencil, Fraserand Sharpener are 2.50, L.50 and ? 1.00 respectively and
cost of the above three commodities are ? 2.00, ? I.00 and 0.50 respectivelv, then,
BSE o
Based on the above information answer the following
(i) Total revenue of market A

(a) 64,000 (b) 60,400 () 46,000 (d)+0,o00

(i) Total revenue of market
(a)35,000 (b) 53,000 ()50,300 d)30,500
(iii) Cost incurred in market A
(a) 13,000 (b) 30,100 ()R10,300 (d) 31,000
(iv) Profit in market A and B respectively are
(a) 715,000,7 17,000 (b)17,000,7 15,000
(c)51,000,3 71,000 (d) 10,000, 7 20,000
54 U-LIKE Mathematics-XIl (TERM-1)
 (v) Gross profit in both market

(a) 23,000 (b) 20,300 (c) 7 32,000 (d) 7 30,200

Choice (c) is correct.
Sol. ()
Let P be the matrix representing the number of articles i.c., Pencil, Eraser and
to markets A and B. Sharpener supplied
Pencil Eraser Sharpener
10000 2000
6000
180001
20000 8000
Let S and C be the matrices representing the selling price and cost price in rupees per unit.

S
2.50
1.50
2.00
and C = | 1.00
1.00 0.50
Total revenue of market A and B are given by

PS = 10000 2000
18000 112.50P 25000 + 3000 + 18000 46000
6000 20000 8000
SO00 50
1.000
15000+ 30000 + 8000 53000|
Total revenue of market A = 46,000

(ii) Choice (b) is correct.

Total revenue of market B = 7 53,000
(ii) Choice (d) is correct.
Total cost incurred in market A and B are given by
pC-10000 2000 18000 2.00 20000+2000+90001[31000
PC 600o
PC=|10000
20000 1.00
8000 J0.50 12000+ 20000+ 4000 36000
Cost incurred in market A =7 31,000
(io) Choice (a) is correct.
Profit in market A and B are
given by
46000 31000 46000 31000[15000
PS-PC53000 36000|53000 3600017000
Profits in market A and B are 15,000 and 7 17,000
respectively.
(o) Choice (c) is correct.
Gross profit from both market = {(15,000+ 17,000) = F 32,000
Read the
following and answer any four questions from () to ()
Amit, Biraj and Chirag were given the task of creating a square matriN of order 2
Delow are the matrices created by them. A, B, C are the matrices created by Amit, Biraj and Chirag
respectively.

"u
and b 2, based
a-3-ei
= -

on the above information answer the following: [CBSE Question Bank]

Sum of the matrices A, B and C, i.e. A + (B+)1s

Matrices| 55
 (i) (A"is equal to

(i) (bA) is equal to

to
- 2
(iv) AC-BCis equal

(u) (a + b)B is equal to

2 10 8 0 (2 0
(a)08
10 2 2 10 (10
Sol. (i) Choice (c) is correct.

Given,
A38-1ndC-
A +(B+C)=
(i) Choice (a) is correct.
2
AT-A=
(iii) Choice (b) is correct.

(bA = bA = (- : (bAy=
(io) Choice (c) is correct.
+2 0-4 8+0 0+0]
AC-BC -2+3 0-6 2+5 0-10

(o) Choice (c) is correct.

(a +b)B 4 +(-2).
3. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (u):
Three schools DPS, CVC and KVS decided to organize a fair for collecting money for helping the flo
victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of R 25,< °100 an

750 each respectively. The numbers of articles sold are given as

TIT
KEDOUVCOL

56 U-LIKE Mathematics-XII (TERM-1)

 School/Article DPS CVC KVS
Handmade fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40
Based on the information given above, answerthe following questions:
[CBSE Question Bank]
What is the total money lin Rupees) collected bythe school DPs?
(a) 700 (b) 7,000 (c) 6,125 (d) 7,875
Gi) What is the total amount of money (in ) collected by schools CvC and KVS ?2
(a) 14,000 (6) 15,725 c) 21,000 (d) 13,125
(ii) What is the total amount of money collected by all three schools DPs, cvC and Kvs ?
(a) R 15,775 (6)14,000 c)21,000 (d)17,125
(iv) If the number of handmade fans and plates are interchanged for all the schools, then what is
the total money collected by all schools?
(a) R 18,000 (b) T6,750 (c) 5,000 d)21,250
()How many articles (in total) are sold by three schools 2
(a) 230 (b) 130 (c) 430 (d) 330
Sol. () Choice (b) is correct.
Let P be the matrix representing the number of articles i.e., handmade fans, mats and
plates
supplied by schools DPS, CVC and KVS.
Fans Mats Plates
40 50 20
P 25 40 30
35 50 40
Let S be the matrix representing the selling price in rupees per unit.

25
S= | 100
50
Total amount collected by the schools are given by
40 50 20|| 25 1000+5000+1000| 7000
PS 25 40 30| 100 = 625 +4000 +1500 =| 6125
35 50 40|| 50 875+5000+2000 |7875
Total money collected by DPS =T 7000
(i) Choice (a) is correct.
Total money collected by schools CVC and KVS = 7 (6,125 +7,875) = 14,000
(ii) Choice (c) is correct.
Total money collected by all three schools DPS, CVC and KVS =R(7,000 +6,125 +7,875) = R 21,000
(iv) Choice (d) is correct.
When number of handmade fans and plates are interchanged for all schools, total money collected
by all schools is given by
Fans Mats Plates
20 50 40 || 25 500+5000+ 2000 7500
30 40 25|| 100 750+4000+1250=|6000
40 50 35|| 50 1000+5000+1750 7750
1otalmoney collected by all schools = R(7,500 +6,000 +7,750)= R 21,250
() Choice (d) is correct.
otal number of articles sold by all schools (40+ 50+20) + (25 +40+ 30) + (35 + 50+ 40)
= 110+95+ 125 330
Matrices 57
 from (i) to (v):
and answer any four questions
4. Read the following
and Singh cultivate only three varietioe.
Gurucharan eties rice namely
Twofarmers Ramakishan e na
of these varieties of rice by both the
and Naura. The sale (in rupees)
Permal
the following matrices A and B.
given by
sin the ma
September and October
are

September sales (in Rupces)

10,000 20,000 30,000 Ramakishan
"50,000 30,000 10,000 Gurucharan
October sales (in Rupees)

B -5,000 6,000 Ramakishan

10,000
CBSE Qeston a
20,000 10,000 10,000 Gurucharan
) The total sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety can be represente

(a) A + B (b) A-B c)A>B (d) A<B

(i) What is the value of azy?
(a) 10,000 (b) 20,000 (c) 30,000 (d) 40,000
(ii) The decrease in sales from September to October is given by.
(a) A + B b) A -B (c) A>B (d) A<B
(i) If Ramkishan receives 2% profit on gross sales, compute his profit for each varietysold
October.
(a) T100, T200 and 120 (b) 100, 7 200 and F 130
(c) 100, 220 and 7 120 (d) 110, 7 200 and 7 120
() If Gurucharan receives 2% profit on gross sales, compute his profit for each varietysald
September.
(a) 100,7 200, 7 120 (b) T 1000,7600,7 200
(c)400, 7 200, 7 120 (d) 1200, 7 200, 7 120
Sol. (i) Choice (a) is correct.
September sales (in rupees) is given by

A =
10000 20000 30000|
50000 30000 10000
and October sales (in rupees) is given by

5000 10000 6000

20000 10000 10000|
Total sales in September and October tor each farmer in each variety is represented by A f B.

(i) Choice (a) is correct.

As value of az3= 10,000

58 U-LIKE Mathematics-Xll (TERM-I)

(it) Choice (b) is correct.
As the decrease in sales from September to October is given by A- B.

(io) Choice (a) is correct.

Profit on sales of Ramkishan for each variety sold in October is given by

0.021
5000 10000 6000|| 0.02 100 200 120
O.02
Profits for each variety sold in October by Ramkishan are7 100,7 200 and 120
respectively.
() Choice (b) is correct.
Profit on sales of Gurucharan for each variety sold in September is given by

0.02
50000 30000 10000 0.02= 1000 600 200
0.02
Profits for each variety sold in September by Gurucharan are7 1,000, 7 600 and 7 200
respectively.

Matrices | 59