Vectors 'J77
!.17 GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION
➔ ➔ ➔
The scalar triple product a . ( b )( r) represents the volume of the parallelopiped
having ;; , b , -; as its co-terminous edges. G
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ,.
a . ( b )( r ) = a . Area of II gm OBDC 11
= Area of II gm OBDC x pecpeooicular distance A
between the parallel faces OBDC and [Link]. i
= Volume of the parallelopiped
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔➔
Note. (1) If a . (b )( r) • 0, then 11, b, r c
coplanar.
1 ➔ ➔ ➔
(2) Volume of tfflahedron
6 (" b r) .
Example ,. Find tlU' volumt of paralltlopipc'd if
➔ ,. ,. ,. ➔ ,. ,. ,. ➔ ,. ,. ,.
n • - 3 i + 7 j + 5 k, b • - 3 i + 7 j - 3 k, and , • 7 i - 5 j - 3 k
art tht th,w ro-ttrminous tdgts of tht parallrlopiptd.
Solution.
➔ ➔ ➔
Volume= a. (b )( c)
-3 7 5
= -3 7 -3 = - 3 (-21 - 15) - 7 (9 + 21) + 5 (15 - 49)
7 -5 -3
= 108 - 210 - 170 = - 272
Volume = 272 cube units. Ans.
- - -
Example 9. Prow that :
A ➔ A A ➔ A A ➔ A ➔
i ,c ( o ,c i) + j ,c ( o ,c j) + k ,c ( o ,c k) • 2 11 ( Nagpur Univn'sity, Wintn 2003)
➔ A A A
Sol·u tion. Let a = o1 i + 112 j + 113 k
380 VecflDrl
A ➔ A A ➔ A A ➔ A
Now, LH.S. = i ,c (a ,c i) + j ,c (11 x j) + k x (11 x k)
= 1)( [<111 7+ a2 j + a3 t> )( 7] + j )( [<a. 1+ • 2 j + o3 t> )( j] +
t )( [ <111 7+ 112 j + 113 t> )( t]
= ix [ a1(i xi)+ a 2 (/ xi)+ "3(k xi)]+ j x [ a (i x /) + ai(J x j)+a (k x J)]
1 3
+ k ,c [ 111(i ,ck)+ a 2(j x k) + 113(k x k)]
= i x [ 0 - 112 k + 113 j] + j ,c [ 111 k + 0 - a3 i] + k x [ -a1 j + 112 i + 0]
AA AA AA AA AA AA
= - a2 (i ,ck)+ 113 (i ,c j) + 111(j x k) - a3 (j ,c i) - o1(k x j) + 112(k ,c i)
A A A A A A A " fa
= 112 j + o3 k + o, i + 113 k + a1 i + 112 j = 2'11 i + 211 2 J + 243 K
A A A ➔
= 2 (111 ; + 02 ; + d3 k) = 2 II Proved.
(q-l) =0 - ⇒ q =1
6
Example 8. Find m so that the vectors
I\ I\ I\ I\ I\ I\ I\ I\ I\
2 i - 4 j + 5 k; i - m J + k, and _3 i + 2 j - 5 k are coplanar.
-+ · I\ I\ I\
Solution. Let · a =2i- 4 }._+ 5 k
-+ I\. I\ I\
b = .;•; - m j + k
~~ ·
I ,
. --+·
· - _c -: 3i _+ 2j-5k
I\ I\ I\
,Jd J.
~ 7l -;, band-; are copl~a:r
.. .
if.- ~
....
; :.(bX -;) .
- .. . :- :
Q_
l
1 · -4 5
➔ ➔- -+
a·. ( b x :c) - I ~m 1 =0
3 2 ...:.5
'
0 = 2 (5 m - 2} + 4 (- 5 -3) + 5(2 + 3 m)
-
0 = l O m - 4 - 32 + 10 + 15 m·
0 = 25 m - 26
25 m = 26
26
m - 2s ·
F,yamnle 9. Shn w thnt f/,, p vPrt,wr:
S.11 VECTOR PRODUCT OR CRO~ PRODUCT
➔
L The vector, or nou product of two vecton •
➔
and I, la defined lo be a vector auch that
(1) Its magnitudt' is l;llblsin 8, wht're8 is the ~
➔ ➔
angle between a and b .
(ii) Its direction is perpendicular to both vecton
➔ ➔ i
aandb .
(iii) It forms with a right handed system.
A ➔ ➔
Let 11 be a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors a and b .
; x b = l;llbl sin ~ 9·
2. U1eful multi
A A A
Since i , j , k are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then
A A A A A A
ixi = jxj•kxk=O
A A A A A
A A A A
ixj = -jxi=k jxi•-ixj
A A A
A A A A
jxk = -kxj•i and kxj=-jxk
A AA AA AA
kxi • -ixk•j ixk ■ -kxi
5.12 VECTOR PRODUCT [Link] AS A DETERMINANT
➔ A A A
If a = a, i + a2 j + a3 k
➔ A A A
b = b1 i+b2 j+"3k
; x b= (o, i + o2 j + o3 k) x (bi i + b2 j + b3 k)
AA AA AA A A A A
= a1b1 (i xi)+ a1b2 (ix j) + a 1"3 (ix k) + a2b1 (j xi)+ a 2b2 (j x j)
A A A A A A A A
+ a2 b3 (j x k) + a3bi (k x i) + a3b2 (k x j) + a3 b3 (k x k)
A A A A A A
• o1"2 k - a,"3 j - o2bi k + a2b3 i + o3bi j - a3b2 i
A A A
= (o2 b:, - o3 b2 ) i - (o1b3 - o3b1 ) j + (o1bz - a2bi) k
A A A
I J k
• ti 1 "2 "s
hi ,,2 ,,,
[Link] AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM
Example 3. Find tlu- arta of a parallnogram whoSt adjaunt sidiis art i - 2j + 3 k and
2i + j - 4k.
A A A
; j k
Solution. Vector area of II gm = 1 -2 3
2 1 -4
371 Veoton
A A A A A A
= (8-3)i-(-4-6)j+(1+4)k = Si+lOj+Sk
Area of parallelogram • J<S) 2 + (10)2 + (5)2 • 5 Ji, Ana.
5.14 MOMENT OF A FORCE O!\
MOOERN'S ELECTRICITY AHO MAGNETISM-I B .Sc. I, SEMEST I
r ~olum• of_!h• p•r!tll•~_!>P-1~
V .,. me• of thc face OLMN x normal from H on the face OLMN
. "" .I;I IAI CO!! O a: I:~I I;I Ctlll 8 • IAI IB>< CI cos O = A · (Bx C)
lllU!'. tnplc !'calar product gives the volume of the parallelopipcd.
Problrm 0.02. lff•e that A. (A>< C) • O.
Solution. Since A .(ii x c) • c. (A>< e), (refer to remark (i) of section 0.06).
Therefore. - (-
A . A><C -) - (Ax A)
= c .
But -- -
AXA = 0
-.(Ax c)
Therefore, A = 0.
Problem 0.03. ShoW tbat the aec 11 ■ J'J aad ...mctent condldon for the vectors A. B. c
- --
-- -
be coplanar Is that A · BX C • 0.
-- -
Soludon. A • B x C represents lhe volume of the parallclopipcd bounded by the vect<
-- - ---
A , B and C . If A • B x C = 0, then volume of the parallclopiped is zero and hensc the vecti
-- -
A , B and C must be coplanar.
\'-4 . U Jc .
Example 12. Le t ; '= j + ) _ k, ➔ /\ /\ /\
➔ /\ /\
b :::: i - j + k, /\
p.· d . ➔ ➔ ➔ C= == i-J -k .
zn the vec tor a x ( b x c) .
So l · ti
➔ ➔ ➔
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ;
If on. a x ( b x c) '= ( a . c) b _ ( a . h)
/\ /\ /\ /\
/\
(i+ )- k) .(i -J +k )]( i-1 -k i
- [(i + j-k ). (i- j-k )] (i- J+ k) -[ .
/\ /\ /\
-k i1
- (l- I+ l)( i-j +k )- [( l-I -I )( i-J
/\ /\ /\
/\ /\ /\
/\ /\
- (i- J+ k) +( i-J -k )= 2i -2 J
Ex am ple 13. Pr ov e tha t :
➔
➔ ➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
x b)= O
a X( b x c) + b x( c x a) + c x( a (Nagpur University, Winter 2O0~
So lut ion . Here, we have
➔➔➔➔
➔➔➔➔➔
b)
ax (b x c) + bx (c x a) + c x (a x
➔ -➔ ➔ ➔
➔ ➔ ➔ - b]
➔ ➔ ➔ ( )
➔ ➔ ➔ -(? .c) al+ [(c .b) a-
- c. a
[(;.;) b -( a. b) c] +[ (b . a) c
➔➔➔ ➔➔➔ ➔➔➔
➔ ➔ ➔c -(;.b) ;]+ [(; .b)
.
;-( b.c ).a ]+ [(a .c) b -(c .a) b] ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
_ [(b .a ) ➔ ➔ ➔ +[(c.a)b-(c.a )
➔ ➔ b. b]
➔ .➔ ~ - (➔ b) ➔]
,,
+[(b.c)a-( c)a] Prm
_ [( a b) c a • c
- 0 + 0+ 0= 0
- " ➔
Example 14. Prove that :
➔ 2a
,, ➔ ., :l..J.. /r x (a xk ) =
A /\
' ,
Problem 0.04. Show that
Ax(ixC)+ix(CxAi+Cx(Axii) ■O.
Solutloa. ;Ax(iixC) = ii (A.C)-C(A .ii)
.. (....)
. ex CXA = C(ii.A)-A(ii.C)
.. (....)
C X AXB = A([Link])-ii(C .A)
.. .. .. ..
Adding the above expressiom and keeping in mind that
A.B = B.A, we get
.. (.. ..) . (.. ..) .. (.. ..) ..
AX BxC +Bx CxA +Cx AXB =0 .
-
Example 6. Find th, ooluw of tttmhtdron htn,ing vntict'S
AA A A A A A A ~ ~A
(-j-k), (4i+5j+qk), (3i+9j+4k) and 4(-t+J+k).
Also find thr valu, of q for which thr.s, four points arr coplanar.
(Nagpur Unronsity, Summrr 2004, 2003, 2002)
➔ AA_ A A A_ A A A_ A A A
Solution. Let A= -j-k, 8=4i+5j+qk, C=3i+9j+4k, D=4(-i+j+k)
_ ➔➔ A A A Aa A A A
AB= B - A=4i+5j+qk - (- j - k)=4i+6j+(q+1)k
_➔➔ A A A AA A A A
AC= C - A=(3i+9j+4k) - (- j - k)=3i+10j+Sk
➔➔ ,.,.,. ,.,. ,. ,. ,.
AD= D-A=4(-i+j+k)-(-j-k)=-4i+5j+5k
1 -----
Volume of the tetrahedron = - IAB AC ADJ
6
l 4 6 q+l
= - 3 10 5 = .!.l4(50-25)-6(15+20)+(q+t)(15+40)t
6 6
-4 5 5
1 1
= 1100-210+55(q+t)I = (-110+55+55q)
6 6
1 55
= =
6 (- 55 + 55 q) 6 (q - 1)
U four points A, B, C and D are roplanar, then (AB AC AD) = 0
i.t., Volume of the tetrahedron = 0
⇒ : (q-1) = 0 ⇒ q= 1 Ana.
tc ab )
[Link] 1.1 ·
t. Find the volume of the
~l ~e lo pi pe d with adjac
ent sides.
I\ , I\ I\
I\
OA = 3 i- j~- O B= A A
extending from the origi - -
j+ 2k , _and O C = i+ 5j + 4kA
n or ~Q-:ordµi~tes q. ..
'
2. Find the volu me of ·. · __ -~ .
the tetrahedron -wn~se Ans. 20
ve rti ce_s ~e the point
C (3, 2, -1 ) an d D (1, s A (2 , -1 , -3), B (4, 1, 3-)
4, 2). ·. --\ -- -~· · · _ <· ; · · ,
3& Ch oo se y in or de r ➔ ·: -::.C~·- ➔: -
Ans. 7.!_
tha t the vectors::;
-_A -_ ·'_ -;--
-- . ~ -- '
"-7 A A A
q =7 i +y,j +~~~; f ~~3 j' f _2 j + k,
A A
3
c = 5 i + 3 j + k ar e lin
early dependent~
4. Prott..,that
An s. v =