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LokLF; lapkj: ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

12 views80 pages

LokLF; lapkj: ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk

Dfgg

Uploaded by

sachinkmrdp1999

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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101

5-0 izLrkouk
5-1 LokLF; lapkj esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
5-1-1 LokLF; lapkj [Link] D;ksa gS\
5-1-2 LokLF; lapkj dk n`f"Vdks.k
5-2 LokLF;-f'k{kk esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
5-2-1 LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj tulapkj ehfM;k
5-2-2 LokLF; f'k{kk [Link] D;ksa gS\
5-2-3 Hkkjr esa LokLF; f'k{kk
5-3 fu"dyadhdj.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
5-3-1 fu"dyadhdj.k D;k gS\
5-3-2 dyadhdj.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
5-3-3 fu"dyadhdj.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
5-4 dsl LVMh% ehfM;k vfHk;ku dh lwpuk izlkj esa Hkwfedk
5-5 lkjka'k
5-6 eq[; 'kCn
5-7 iqujkoyksdu iz'u
5-8 lanHkZ ,oa i<+us ds lq>ko
5-9 vfrfjDr vkWuykbu lalk/ku

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki l{ke gksax%s

• LokLF; lapkj esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk rFkk c<+rh LokLF; tkx:drk(
• LokLF; f'k{kk esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk( vkSj
• fu"dyadhdj.k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ij izdk'k Mky ldsaxsA

vc rd vki le> x;s gksaxs fd ehfM;k euksfoKku dh tfVyrk,a D;k gksrh gSa]
rFkk bldk euksfoKku esa] gekjs thou esa] vkSj blds v/;;u djus ds rjhdksa esa
rFkk vusd o"kksZa ls bl fo"k; esa tkjh vuqla/kku dk;ksZa esa bldk D;k egRo gSA
blds vykok] ehfM;k euksfoKku dks v/;;u ds {ks= esa viuh igpku cukus ds
fy, cgqr iz;kl djus iM+s gSaA ,d ckr vkSj Hkh Li"V gS fd ehfM;k ds ekuo
euksfoKku rFkk laKku ij iM+us okys udkjkRed izHkkoksa ij gh izk;% vf/kd /;ku
fn;k tkrk jgk gSA
;g vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gS ge lc tkurs gSa fd vusd o"kksZa ls euksfoKku dk
euq";ksa ds udkjkRed dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa iwNrkN djus ds fy;s gh vf/kd iz;ksx fd;k
∗
MkW- f'kokafrdk 'kjn] vuqiz;qDr euksfoKku foHkkx] foosdkuan dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyhA 103
tkrk jgk gSA tc rd ldkjkRed euksfoKku dk mn; ugha gqvk rc rd
euksfoKku dks izk;% udkjkRed {ks=ksa esa gh iz;ksx fd;k x;kA 1998 esa vesfjdk dh
euksoSKkfud lHkk ds v/;{ us ldkjkRed euksfoKku ds iz;ksx
ij tksj fn;kA tc rd os v/;{k in ij cus jgs rc rd mUgksaus ldkjkRed
euksfoKku dk izpkj fd;kA ekuo 'kfDr;ksa rFkk ekuoh; [Link] dks egRo nsus dh
fn'kk esa ;g tcnZLr iz;kl FkkA euq";ksa dh detksfj;ksa rFkk nqcZyrkvksa dks fn[kkrs
jguk gh ekuo euksfoKku dk mís'; D;ksa gksuk pkfg,\
vius vkils ;g iz'u iwfN, fd ehfM;k vDlj udkjkRed euksfoKku ij gh tksj
D;ksa nsrk gS] euksfoKku ds ldkjkRed i{k ij tksj D;ksa ugha fn;k tkrk\ bl ckr
ij Hkh fopkj dfj;s fd euksfoKkuh vFkok euksfoKku esa 'kks/k djus okys yksx euq";
ds thou ij ehfM;k ds izHkko dks gh lcls vf/kd egRo D;ksa nsrs gSaA D;ksafd
euksoSKkfud ;g ckr tkurs gSa fd ehfM;k euq";ksa ds O;ogkj rFkk muds Kkuo/kZu
dh izfØ;k ij D;k izHkko Mkyrk gSA fo}ku ;g ckr tkurs gSa fd tks dqN yksx
ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls lqurs gSa] i<+rs gSa rFkk ns[krs gSa] mldk mu ij Hkkjh izHkko
iM+rk gSA ,slh ekU;rkvksa o dYiukvksa ij ckj-ckj dM+kbZ ls fopkj fd;k x;k gS
vkSj mu ij vusd 'kks/k Hkh gq, gSa] bl ckr dks ysdj vusd v/;;u lkeus vk;s gSa
rFkk vusd fu"d"kZ fudys gSa fd ehfM;k yksxksa ds fopkjksa] mudh Hkkoukvksa rFkk
muds dk;ksZa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrk gSA
fQj Hkh tSlk fd ge igys dg pqds gSa fd nqfu;k Hkj ds yksxksa dks ;g vknr iM+
xbZ Fkh fd ehfM;k ds udkjkRed izHkkoksa ij gh T;knk /;ku fn;k tk;A dYiuk
dhft, ;fn bldk myVk lkspk x;k gksrk rks fLFkfr dSlh jgrh\ fu'p; gh rc
ge bl ckr ij fopkj djrs fd euq";ksa rFkk muds thou ij ehfM;k ds
ldkjkRed izHkko D;k gksrs gSaA ;g ckr le> esa vkrh gS fd ;fn yksx ehfM;k
}kjk fn[kk, tkus okys vkØked n`';ksa rFkk fgalkRed [Link] dks ns[kdj fgald
gks tkrs gSa] muesa fgalk dh Hkkouk c<+ tkrh gS rks ;fn ehfM;k ij ijfgr vkSj
ijksidkj ds n`'; fn[kk;s tk jgs gksrs rks mUgsa ns[kdj yksx ijksidkjh gks tkrsA
euq"; dh lksp esa ;g ,d [Link] eksM+ Fkk tks vuqla/kkudÙkkZvksa ds fnekx esa
igys dHkh ugha vk;kA blds lkFk gh dk {ks=
vfLrRo esa vk;k tks ehfM;k ds dsoy ldkjkRed laKkukRed] laosxksa rFkk
ldkjkRed O;ogkj laca/kh iz;ksxksa dks fn[kkrk gSA ldkjkRed ehfM;k ds LokLF;
lapkj] LokLF; f'k{kk rFkk fu{ksi.k vkfn ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dk [Link] bl bdkbZ
esa fd;k tk,xkA

LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;kas dks yksxksa rd igqapkus esa ehfM;k dh lcls cM+h Hkwfedk
gSA LokLF; lapkj dk {ks= bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e
ls yksxksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh fdl
izdkj nh tk,A mi;ksxh LokLF; lwpukvksa dks yksxksa rd igqapkus rFkk yksxksa esa
LokLF; ds izfr ltxrk iSnk djus esa ehfM;k dh cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk jgrh gS] blh
rjg LokLF; fojks/kh vknrksa rFkk thou 'kSyh viukus ls LokLF; ij fdruk cqjk
vlj iM+rk gS ;g tkudkjh Hkh ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls yksxksa rd igqapkbZ tk ldrh
gSA LokLF; ehfM;k LokLF; laca/kh vusd [Link] tkudkfj;ksa dks tu-tu rd
igqapkdj mudk fo'ks"k :i ls lg;ksx dj ldrk gSA cgq vk;keh ekl ehfM;k rFkk
vU; izkS|ksfxd uohuhdj.k ds lg;ksx ls tu-tu rd LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa
dks igqapkrs gq, yksxksa esa LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk mRiUu dh tk ldrh gS rFkk
104
mUgsa ;g crk;k tk ldrk gS fd O;fDrxr rFkk lkewfgd Lrj ij LokLF; laca/kh
tkudkfj;ksa ds vknku iznku ls yksx fdl izdkj vius LokLF; dks Bhd j[kus esa
leFkZ gks ldrs gSa ¼MCY;w- ,p- vks-] 1996½A
LokLF; lapkj dsoy fpfdRld vkSj jksxh ds chp ?kfVr gksus okyh izfØ;k ek=
ugha gSA blds ek/;e ls LokLF; laca/kh fofHkUu tkudkfj;ksa dks lk>k djus ls
lkoZtfud :i ls LokLF; dh lqj{kk dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn dHkh LokLF; dks
ysdj vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr mRiUu gks tk;s rks yksxksa dks LokLF; ds egRo dks rFkk
fdlh chekjh fo'ks"k ls cpko laca/kh tkudkjh dks ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls bl izdkj
izpkfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd gj fdlh dh le> esa vk tk;s vkSj chekjh ls cpus
ds fy, lko/kkfu;ka cjrh tk ldsaA bl lanHkZ esa dksjksuk dky esa] dksjksuk-19 ds
laØe.k ls tks egkekjh dh fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZ mlls cpko ds fy, vusd izdkj dh
tkudkfj;ka ehfM;k }kjk izlkfjr dh xbZA ftudks le> dj yksxksa us dksjksuk ds
cpko ds mik; djus lh[k fy;s vkSj os dkQh gn rd vius vkidks bl chekjh
dh pisV esa vkus ls cpk ik;sA dkWyj V;wu ij ckWyhoqM ds egku vfHkusrk vferkHk
cPpu dh cqyan vkokt xawtk djrh Fkh] dksjksuk ok;jl ls cpko ds fy, os dgrs
Fks-^^nks xt dh nwjh] ekLd gS t:jh**A bl psrkouh us tu-tu dks lko/kku djus
esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA Hkkjr ljdkj ds LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;
ds v/khu dke djus okys ^ifCyd gsYFk QkmaMs'ku vkWQ bafM;k* uked laLFkku us
;qokvksa rFkk cPpksa ds fy, tks ^bZ-cqd* rS;kj dh Fkh mlls yh xbZ dqN vkÑfr;ksa
dk fooj.k uhps fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;g bZ-cqd] ikap fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa miyC/k gS
rFkk bldk mís'; cPpksa dks dksjksuk ok;jl ls cpko ds fy, O;ogkfjd
tkudkfj;ka iznku djuk rFkk mudk l'kDrhdj.k djuk FkkA

[Link]
Physical-activity_if_you_are_at_home_during_COVID-19_outbreak.png
bl izdkj dh LokLF; lac/kh tkudkfj;ka ge rd igqapkbZ xbZ Fkh rFkk dksjksuk
ok;jl egkekjh ds nkSjku ,slh lwpuk,a gekjs fy;s cgqr t:jh Fkha D;ksafd ml
le; lks'ky ehfM;k ij vusd izdkj dh xyr tkudkfj;ka vkSj vQokgsa Hkh QSykbZ
tk jgh FkhaA vesfjdk ds ^^gSYnh ihiy 2010** ds vuqlkj- LokLF; lapkj ds ek/;e 105
ls izHkkoh lapkj ls yksxksa dks bl ckr ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd os
vius LokLF; dks lq/kkjus ds fy, lgh QSlys ysaA LokLF; lapkj O;fDrxr :i ls
rFkk lkewwfgd :i ls yksxksa esa ;g psruk iSnk dj ldrk gS fd os lgh-lgh QSlys
ysrs gq, vius LokLF; dks lqjf{kr j[k ldsaA

- -
[Link]

[Link]
Physical-activity_ if_you_are_at_home_during_COVID-[Link]

LokLF; lapkj ijEijkxr rFkk ledkyhu lapkj ek/;eksa ls izpkj }kjk fd;k tkrk
gSA LokLF; ds ckjs esa laidZ djus dh izfØ;k vusd Lrjksa ij dh tkrh gS] tSlk fd
fp= la[;k 5-3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ftruk-ftruk LokLF; lapkj dk Lrj c<+rk
tkrk gS] mruk gh ;g izHkkoh gksrk tkrk gS] vkSj LokLF; lqj{kk esa mruh gh cM+h
lQyrk feyrh tkrh gSA
106
LokLF; lapkj O;fDr dks fp= 5-5 vf/kd tkx:d cukrk gS] vkSj [Link]:i
yksxksa dks vkSj vf/kd tkudkfj;ka izkIr gksrh gSa rFkk LokLF; lqj{kk ds fofHkUu
mik;ksa esa mruh gh vf/kd o`f) gks tkrh gSA blls vf/kd Lo:i rFkk vf/kd
fodflr lekt ds fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx feyrk gSA LokLF; lqj{kk ds izHkkoh <ax ls
ykxw ;k izpkfjr gksus ls fuEu fyf[kr ykHk gksrs gSa%
• - -
O;fDr;ksa] leqnk;ksa] LokLF; lsokvksa ls tqM+s fpfdRldksa o
vU; lgdfeZ;ksa o lg;ksfx;ksa] uhfr-fuekZrkvksa rFkk turk esa LokLF; lpsru
O;ogkj fn[kkbZ iM+us yxrk gS( LokLF; lapkj varr% ukxfjdksa dks LoLFk j[kus
esa [Link] ;ksxnku nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr ds iYl-iksfy;ksa vfHk;ku
us 5 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa dh ^iksfy;ks MªkIil* ds ek/;e ls j{kk dh vkSj
ns'k ls bl chekjh dk [kkRek djus esa lQy ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
• -
LokLF; lapkj dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj dh tkrh gS fd lHkh rd
LokLF; lac/a kh lwpuk,a igqap lds vkSj lHkh dks LokLF; laca/kh lg;ksx izkIr gks
ldsA lkeftd-vkfFkZd Lrj] tkfr ;k vU; Hksn dkjh fLFkfr ij /;ku fn;s
fcuk ¼mnkgj.k ds fy;s] MkWDVj lnSo vf/kd ls vf/kd ljy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx
djrs gSa] LokLF; lsokvksa dh tkudkjh nsus okys ipZs ij vkSj iksLVj cgqr ljy
Hkk"kk esa cuk;s tkrs gSa ftlls fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe;ksa ls vkus okys de i<+-s fy[ks
yksx Hkh mUgsa vklkuh ls i<+s vkSj le> ldsa½A
• ,slk
ekuk tkrk gS fd lko/kkuh bykt ls Hkh T;knk egRo j[krh gSA LokLF; laca/kh
tkudkfj;ksa ds izpkj-izlkj ls yksxksa dh thou'kSfy;ksa esa LokLF;o/kZd cnyko
vkrs gSa rFkk os chekfj;ksa ls viuh lqj{kk djuk lh[k tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy, fo'o LokLF; laxBu us ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku LokLF;o/kZd thou 'kSyh
dks viukus ij tksj fn;k Fkk] tSlk fd fp= 5-1 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS ¼vU;
[Link] es]a vusd izdkj dh tUe fu;a=.k fof/k;ksa dk viuk;k tkuk] /kweziku
jksdus ds fy;s vfHk;ku pykuk] vkfn ,slh xfrfof/k;ka gS ftuls yksx vR;f/kd
lko/kku gks tkrs gSa½A
•
ehfM;k ls chekfj;ksa ds ckjs esa ljy <ax ls lgh
tkudkjh fey ikus esa lg;ksx feyrk gSA ge ,d ,sls ;qx esa izos'k dj pqds
gS] ftlesa rjg-rjg dh lwpuk,a gS vkSj vf/kd lwpukvksa ls Hkze dh fLFkfr
mRiUu gksrh gS- ftuesa dqN lgh gksrh gSa] vkSj dqN xyrA T;knkrj lwpuk,a
lks'ky ehfM;k }kjk QSykbZ tkrh gSa ¼MCY;w- ,p- vks-] 2020½] blls yksxksa dks
LokLF; vuqdwy QSlys ysus esa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA LokLF;
lapkj lgh vkSj xyr lwpukvksa esa Hksn djus esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

fØdks LVªsVtht+ us'kuy lh ch ,l dh fjiksVZ ¼2015½ ds vuqlkj vizHkkoh lapkj ds

dkj.k ik¡p o"kZ dh vof/k esa 1744 yksxksa dh ekSr gqbZ Fkha rFkk 1-71 vjc ls vf/kd
dnkpkjA ;s vkadM+s ;g lans'k nsus ds fy, i;kZIr gS fd euq";ksa dks csgrj LokLF;
lapkj lsokvksa ds lkFk thou thuk pkfg,A LokLF; lapkj lqfo/kkvksa dk mís';
dsoy dqN [kkl chekfj;ksa ls eqfDr ikuk ek= ugha gS] ijUrq vf/kd ls vf/kd
LokLF; tkx:drk ds lkFk thuk Hkh gSA dqN ,sls ekuo lewg Hkh lalkj esa jgrs gSa
107
ftUgsa Hkkjh mis{kkvksa ds chp tkuk iM+rk gS] tSls - nsg O;kikj ls tqM+ksa fL=;ka] de
i<+-s fy[ks ;k vui<+ yksx] dykafdr lewg] tSls ,p vkbZ oh@,M~l tSlh chekfj;ksa
ls ihfM+r O;fDr ;k ekufld jksx ls ihfM+r yksxksa vkfn rd LoLF; lapkj ds
ek/;e ls gh igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA cM+h la[;k esa LokLF; deh dehZ LokLF; lapkj dks
,d cM+h [kwch ;k miyfC/k ekurs gSa] tSls euksfoKku] lapkj-fl)kar] cktkj laca/kh
tkudkfj;ksa ds lzkrs vkfnA mudk mís'; csgrj o vf/kd izHkkoh lapkj dkS'ky izkIr
djuk gSA

izHkkoh LokLF; lapkj ds fy, fuEu phtksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS%

• lgh tkudkjh@lwpuk ¼lwpuk iwjh rjg lgh vkSj rF;kRed gksuh pkfg,½
• yf{kr O;fDr;ksa rd vo'; igq¡p tkuh pkfg,A
• larqfyr gksuh pkfg, ¼ykHkdkjh rFkk l{ke gksuh pkfg,½A
• fo'oluh; ¼lwpuk dk fooj.k vU; lzksrksa ls Hkh esy [kkrk gqvk rFkk
fo'oluh;
o'oluh; gksuk pkfg,½A
• lkaLÑfrd :i ls mi;qDr ¼tkrh;] uLyh; rFkk Hkk"kkbZ fofo/krk dk /;ku
j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
• lk{; vk/kkfjr ¼ftl lwpuk dks lapfjr fd;k tkuk gS] mls foKku-lEer o
vuqla/kku vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A
• O;kid ¼ftlls T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa rd lwpuk dk LFk
LFkkukarj.k fd;k tk
lds½A
• fo'oluh; ¼LokLF; -lapkj dk lzkrs dk fooj.k Hkjksls ds dkfcy gksuk pkfg,½A
• le>s tkus ;ksX; gks rFkk ckj-ckj nqgjkbZ tk; ¼lwpuk dks ckj-ckj nqgjk;k
tkuk pkfg, rFkk ljyrk ls miyC/k gksus ;ksX; o le>s tkus ;ksX; gksuk

108
pkfg,] tSlkfd dksfoM-19 dh fjax Vksu ds ek/;e ls ckj-ckj lwpuk nh tkrh
Fkh½A

lapkj lwpukvksa dks lk>k djus dh izfØ;k gSaA ;fn lwpukvksa ds [Link] dks nwljksa
rd igq¡pkus ds lk/ku ;k ek/;e miyC/k u gksa rks lwpuk lk>k ugha dh tk
ldrhaA ekuo LoHkko gS fd izkIr gksus okyh tkudkjh dks euq"; nwljs yksxksa rd
igq¡pkuk pkgrk gS] mlds fy, mi;qDr lapkj ek/;e dh t:jr iM+rh gSA blh
rjg ls tc LokLF; lapkj dh ckr vkrh gS rks LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;kasa dks
vusd tuksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy, gesa lapkj ds lk/ku pkfg,A FkkWel ¼2006½ ds
vuqlkj dqN ikjaifjd o dqN ledkyhu i)fr;ka gS ftuds }kjk LokLF; laca/kh
lwpuk,a vU; yksxksa rd igq¡pkbZ tkrh gSaA cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa ds laidZ eas vkus
dh i)fr;ksa esa cnyko vk;s gSaA buesa ls ,d u;k rjhdk cktkj gS ftlus vyx
rjg dh vusd lapkj o laidZ i)fr;ka iznku dh gSaA ikjaifjd i)fr;ksa esa ,d
i)fr Nih gqbZ lkexzh }kjk lwpukvksa dks tu-tu rd igqapkus dh gS ¼ipsZ] iksLVj]
Lo;a lgk;rk funZsf'kdk] LokLF; laca/kh lkfgR; vkfn½] LokLF; esys] lwpuk ,oa
fooj.k ¼bZey s ] Qksu] vkfn }kjk½ lkoZtfud lsok mn~?kks"[Link]] jsfM;ks izlkj.k o
jsfM;ks okrkZ,a] Vsyhfotu] lekpkj i=] izsl foKfIr;ka] fofHkUu ehfM;k ek/;eksa ij
fn[kkbZ tkus okyh dgkfu;ka o vU; fo/kk,aA LokLF; lapkj ds ledkyhu rjhds
lapkj {ks= esa izkS|ksfxd [Link] ds }kjk vfLrRo esa vk;s gSaA buesa lh/ks
miHkksDrk cktkj rd igq¡puk bySDVªkfs ud lwpukvksa dk forj.k] bZ-cktkj rFkk
lks'ky ehfM;k cktkj gSaA
fofo/k lapkj pSuyksa dk iz;ksx] tSls jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] lekpkji=] foKkiu] ipsZ]
baVjusV rFkk lks'ky ehfM;k midj.k ¼tSls V~foVj] Qslcqd] rFkk ;w-V;wc½ vkfn
}kjk yksxksa ds laidZ esa vk;k tk ldrk gSA LokLF; lapkj ds fofHkUu rjhds yksxksa
dk tkudkfj;ksa esa o`f) djrs gSa] muds n`f"[Link] rFkk lkspus ds rjhdksa esa cnyko
ykrs gSa - ftuesa [krjksa ls cpus ds utfj,] ldkjkRed O;ogkj ij tksj nsuk]
lkekftd rkSj-rjhdksa dks izHkkfor djuk] lg;ksxh rFkk vko';d lsokvksa dh
miyC/krk esa o`f) djuk rFkk O;fDr;ksa dk bl rjg l'kfDrdj.k djuk fd os
vius vkidks LoLFk j[kus dh vknr Mky ysaA
blesa vusd {ks= 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa f'k{kk }kjk euksjatu ;k euksjatu }kjk f'k{kk]
LokLF; i=dkfjrk] ikjLifjd laidZ] ehfM;k] ,Moksdslh] laxBukRed lapkj] [krjksa
ls lko/kku djus okyh tkudkfj;ka nsuk lkekftd laidZ rFkk lks'ky ekdsZfVax
vkfn 'kkfey gSaA fofo/k ehfM;k lapkj ls ysdj ikjaifjd rFkk laLÑfr ijd lapkj]
tSls dgkuh lqukuk] dBiqryh dk rek'kk rFkk uqDdM+ ukVd] vkfn 'kkfey gSA
/kkjkokfgd ¼lksi-vksisjk½ rFkk fQYe] vkfn dk izk;% LokLF; lwpukvksa ds izpkj-
izlkj ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vkb, vc LokLF; lapkj laca/kh fofHkUu ek/;eksa ij fopkj djrs gSa%
vDlj vius vusd fQYesa ns[kh gksaxh rFkk Vsyhfotu
lhfj;y ns[ksa gksaxs] vkSj eu esa vk;k gksxk fd vki Hkh budk fgLlk gksrsA
dHkh-dHkh vkidks gwcgw vkids tSlk dksbZ ik= fQYe esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS
ftlds dkj.k vkids vkRe fo'okl esa mNky vk tkrk gS]a tSls gSjh ikWVj
ns[krs le; ;k ukjfu;k ns[krs le; vkids eu esa vkrk gS fd dk'k vkids
ikl Hkh tknw dk casM gksrk ;k tknw dh NM+h gksrhA fQYesa] Vsyhfotu lhfj;y]
109
dkYifud ik=] vkfn lc gekjs eu esa Hkkoukvksa dk lapkj dj nsrs gSa] tks
lkekU;r% ge vuqHko ugha dj ikrsA vc rd dh bdkb;ksa esa geus i<+k fd
ehfM;k fdl izdkj ehfM;k ge ij izHkko Mkyrk gS vkSj ;g fdl rjg gekjs
thou dk fgLlk curk tk jgk gSA
bl izdkj] tc LokLF; ds ckjs esa tkudkfj;ka lk>k djus dh ckr vkrh gS rks
ehfM;k lcls T;knk lg;ksxh o mi;ksxh lkfcr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 2007 esa tc ^rkjs tehu ij* uked fQYe izlkfjr gqbZ Fkh
rks geus ns[kk Fkk fd mlesa fo|ky; tkus okys cPps dk fdjnkj fn[kk;k x;k
tks fMLysfDl;k uked ekufld jksx ls ihfM+r FkkA ;g fQYe cgqr ialn dh
xbZA blus cPpksa ds lkFk O;ogkj djus ds ekeys esa cgqr [Link] lh[k nh
FkhA fQYe esa ftl cPps dk fdjnkj fn[kk;k x;k] mls ^vf/kxe v{kerk* ;k
jksx ls ihfM+r gksus ds ckotwn lkekU; fo|ky; esa nkkf[ky djk
fn;k x;k FkkA ekufld :i ls de fodflr gksus ds dkj.k ml cPps dks og
lc le> esa ugha vkrk Fkk tks fo|ky; ds f'k{kd mls d{kk esa fl[kkrs FksA
ekrk-firk cPps dh ekufld v{kerk ls ifjfpr ugha FksA mUgksaus cPps dks ;g
lksp dj cksfMZax esa Mky fn;k fd ogk¡ ds okrkoj.k esa og lq/kj tk;sxkA
ysfdu mldh n'kk esa rc rd dksbZ lq/kkj ugha gqvk tc rd ,d vijaijkxr
f'k{kd fo|ky; esa ugha vk x;kA bl f'k{kd us ;g tku fy;k fd cPps dh
ekufld v{kerk ds dkj.k mldk O;ogkj nwljs cPps ls vyx rjg dk gSA
ml cPps dks vkReh;rk [Link] O;ogkj ls bruk cny Mkyk fd mlus dykRed
izfr;ksfxrk esa bruk vPNk izn'kZu fd;k fd lkekU; euksn'kk okys o l{ke
Nk= o f'k{kd Hkh oSlk ugha dj ik;sA fQYe esa n'kZdksa ds eu ij bruk vPNk
izHkko Mkyk fd fQYe leh{kdksa us gh ugha] n'kZdksa us Hkh mldh iz'kalk dh]
cqf)thfo;ksa dks Hkh ;g fQYe cgqr ilan vkbZ ¼jko rFkk Ñ".kk] 2008½A
f'k{kk euksjatu dk;ZØe euksjatu ds lkFk-lkFk LokLF; laca/kh [Link]
tkudkfj;ka Hkh iznku djrs gSaA euksjatu ehfM;k LokLF; lapkj dks c<+kok nsrs
gSa rFkk LoLFk thou-'kSyh ds cksj esa tkudkjh Hkh izHkkoh <ax ls iznku djrs
gSaA bl izHkko ds ckjs esa bdkbZ ds var esa dsl v/;;u ds ek/;e ls foLrkj ls
le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk;sxkA
baVjusV ds vkfo"dkj ds lkFk gh nqfu;k ,d cgqr NksVh
LFkyh cudj jg xbZ gSA nqfu;k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds yksx ,d nwljs ls laidZ
LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA os laLÑfr] f'k{kk vkfn ds Lrj ij ,d nwljs ls tqM+
ldrs gSaA yksx baVjusV ij fuHkZjrk c<+ tkus ds ckn] vc ;g t:jh gks x;k
gS fd ge foosd dk iz;ksx djsa vkSj LoLFk o ldkjkRed ekeyksa esa gh yksxksa
ls tqM+sA ikjaifjd ehfM;k] tSls Vsyhfotu vkSj jsfM;ks] LokLF; lwpuk,a iznku
djus ds ekeys esa vc de yksdfiz; lk/ku ekus tkrs gSa] vc bl mís'; ds
fy, lks'ky ehfM;k dk vf/kd mi;ksx gksrk gSA vkWuykbu LokLF; lwpukvksa
dk vknku-iznku djus okyh T;knkrj miHkksDrk ,slh lwpukvksa dks vf/kd
ijkslrs gSa tks mUgsa ilan gSaA LokLF; lapkj lkekftd ehfM;k vc ,d fn'kh;
ugha jgk gS ¼D;ksafd ekl-ehfM;k ij gksus okyk izpkj-izlkj v/kZxkeh gksrk gS½
vc og cgqfn'kh; gks x;k gSA ;gk¡ miHkksDrk tkudkjh izkIr Hkh djrs gSa vkSj
mls nwljksa ds lkFk lk>k Hkh djrs gSa ¼v/okZxkeh lapkj½] ;g ifjorZu vkus ds
ckn LokLF; lapkj dk {ks= rFkk LokLF; f'k{kk dk {ks= nksuksa cnyko dh vksj
vxzlj gSaA vktdy vusd oSclkbV ekStwn gSa tks yksxksa dks izklafxd vkSj
110
lg;ksxh lwpuk,a nsrs gSaA ^pSV ckWV~l* ds ek/;e ls LokLF; ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa
ckrphr dj ldrs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k ,dkmaV yksxksa dks ;g crkus esa enn
djrs gS fd os vius vkidks LoLFk dSls j[k ldrs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k ij
izHkko'kkyh yksx tks LokLF; lapkj vfHk;kuksa dks dk;kZfUor djus esa lg;ksx
djrs gSa] ftlls O;fDr;ksa dks LoLFk O;ogkj ds vuqdwy gksus ds fy, leFkZu
,oa izksRlkgu feyrk gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k ij yksx LokLF; laca/kh lans'kksa dk
vkWuykbu rduhd ls vknku-iznku djrs gSa ftlesa lks'ky usVodZ dh Hkwfedk
gksrh gSA tSls Qslcqd] lwpuk QSykus okys eap tSls ;w V~;wc rFkk ekbØks
CykWfxax lsok,a] tSls V~foVjA lks'ky ehfM;k }kjk LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa
dk izpkj-izlkj dks Qk;nk ;g gS fd ,d O;kid Qyd gSa - nwj-nwj rd
tkudkfj;ksa dks igq¡pkus esa l{ke gS rFkk rqjra igq¡pkus esa lQy gksrk gS vkSj
fQj vf/kd eg¡xk Hkh ugha gSA lks'ky ehfM;k vfHk;ku T;knk izHkko'kkyh gksrs
gSa vkSj T;knk dkjxj lkfcr gksrs gSA buds ek/;e ls osc vk/kkfjr ppkZvksa
}kjk LokLF; laca/kh lwpukvksa dh tu-tu rd vkSj dgha Hkh igq¡pk;k tk
ldrk gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k vfHk;kuksa ds izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa fd;s x;s v/;;uksa ls irk yxrk
gS fd ;s izHkko O;ogkj esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu ykrs gSaA dksfoM-19 egkekjh
dky esa lwpukvksa ds izpkj-izlkj ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k dk bLrseky fd;k
x;k FkkA ftldk mís'; yksxksa dks lko/kku djuk rFkk muds fnyksa ls Hk; dk
fujkdj.k djuk FkkA mUgsa vuko';d fparkvksa ls eqfDr fnykuk FkkA fpfdRlk
laLFkku] lks'ky ehfM;k dk iz;ksx vius miHkksDrkvksa ds lEidZ lk/kus ds fy,
pSuy ds :i esa djrs gSaA Hkkjr ds ehfM;k vfHk;kuksa esa ;w-V~;wc dk dSalj ds
jksfx;ksa ls lacaf/kr efgUnjk jkbt+ dk;ZØe izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gS ftldk
'kh"kZd gS & ^lsgr dk cVqvk* fL=;ka vius cVqvk Cykmt+ ds vanj fNikdj j[krh
gSa] ,d ,slh ;knxkj ds :i esa fd mUgsa czsaLV dSalj u gksA bl vfHk;ku dks
[Link] =zu_55piVrJU ij ns[kk tk ldrk gS
¼Hkkjr esa ^czSLV dsalj* ds Lo;a-funku ds iz;kl dk rjhdk efgUnzk dh ,d
lh,lvkj igy gS½A
2½ LokLF; lapkj dh ,d vkSj cM+h izfof/k foKkiu gSa izfr o"kZ
ikjkiafjd tu-LokLF; foKkiuksa ij cM+s Lrj ij izpkj ds fy, fuos'k fd;k
tkrk gS] ftldk mís'; LokLF; laca/kh vknrksa esa jpukRed cnyko ykuk
gksrk gSA 'ksfop ds vuqlkj ¼2010½ ^^f'k{kk ijd vfHk;ku ,d rjg dk fcØh
vfHk;ku gS & blesa fcØh ds fy, tks pht ge izLrqr djrs gSa] og gS
LokLF;A** [Link];d foKkiuksa rFkk LokLF; laca/kh foKkiuksa dk mís'; n'kZdksa
ds O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykuk gksrk gSA** blfy, oLrqvksa ds foKkiuksa
¼[Link];d foKkiu½ rFkk LokLF;-lao/kZu gsrq fd;s tkus okys foKkiuksa esa
lekurk gksrh gSA buls lacaf/kr fl)karksa rFkk rjhdksa ds ckjs esa bdkbZ 7 esa
crk;k x;k gSA
3½ ;g ,d lapkj dk ,d [Link] :i gS D;ksafd blesa
LokLF; laca/kh funsZ'k nsus okys fpfdRld vkSj jksxh ds chp gksus okyh ckrphr
'kkfey gSA yksxksa dh ;g vknr gksrh gS fd os fpfdRld }kjk dgs x;s ,d-
,d 'kCn dks vPNh rjg idM+rs gSa D;ksafd os mu ij iwjk Hkjkslk djrs gaSA
blfy, LokLF; dks Bhd j[kus ds ckjs esa f'k{kk nsrs le; fpfdRlk dfeZ;ksa dks
111
bl ckr ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk pkfg;s fd os muls fdl rjg ckr djrs gSa
ftUgsa os LokLF; funsZ'k ns jgs gSaA muds }kjk fn;s x;s funsZ'k bl <ax ls
jksfx;ksa rd igqapus pkfg, fd os mUgsa vPNh rjg le> ldsa vkSj mudk vey
dj ldsaA
bl ekeys esa ehfM;k cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA D;ksafd ehfM;k dsoy
tkudkfj;ksa dk izpkj-izlkj gh ugha djrk gS fd LokLF; lac/a kh lykgksa dk
ikyu djsaA bl izdkj ;g [Link] gS fd LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa dks
T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa rd igqapk;k tk;sA ijUrq blls Hkh T;knk t:jh ;g gS
fd tks tkudkjh mUgas nh tk jgh gS] os ml ij vey djsaA vkxs bdkbZ esa ;g
crk;k tk;sxk fd vferkHk cPpu }kjk iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku bruk lQy
D;ksa jgk] fd mudh vkokt vkSj mlesa fNis lans'k ds cy ij yksx iksfy;ksa
cwFk dh vksj meM+ iM+rs FksA
euq";ksa dk O;ogkj dksbZ ,slh pht ugha gS fd mls ,d ckj cny fn;k tk;s
rks mís'; iwjk gks x;k] ijUrq lp rks ;g gS fd euq"; ds O;ogkj dks cnyus
dh izfØ;k yxkrkj tkjh jguh pkfg;sA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn vki fdlh
O;fDr dks ;g le>kuk pkg jgs gSa fd og O;k;ke djuk 'kq: dj ns rks bl
ckr dh iwjh laHkkouk gS fd vkids ,d ckj le>kus ls dksbZ O;fDr O;k;ke
djus dks jkth ugha gksxkA blds fy;s vki mUgsa O;k;ke ds ckjs esa rFkk mlls
gksus okys ykHkksa ds ckjs esa ckj-ckj crkuk iM+sxk vkSj muds eu eas ;g ckr
fcBkuh iM+sxh fd ,slk djus ls mUgsa fdruk Qk;nk gksxkA dksf'k'k djrs-djrs
,d fnu ,slk vk;sxk fd os vkidh ckr eku tk;saxh vkSj fQj os O;k;ke dks
viuh vknr cuk ysaxsA
blh rjg ds iz;kl fdlh O;fDr ds LokLF; laca/kh O;ogkjksa o vknrksa dks
cnyus ds fy;s djuk iM+rk gSA

LokLF; lapkj LokLF; f'k{kk dk vfHkUu vax gSA vc ge ;g crkus dk

iz;kl djsaxs fd LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lapkj esa D;k varj gS vkSj buds
izpkj-izlkj esa ehfM;k fdl izdkj c<+-p<+ dj Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
fizUV ehfM;k ¼v[kckj] if=dk,a] iksLVj rFkk ipsZ vkfn½ esa Nius okys foKkiuksa dk
fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA os yksxksa rd thou vkSj thou 'kSyh laca/kh tkudkfj;ka
igq¡pkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa LokLF; f'k{kk iznku djrs gSa 'kekZ ¼2005½ dk dguk gS fd iwjh
nqfu;k esa lekpkj i= LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa ds vR;f/kd [Link] L=ksr gSaA
fizUV ehfM;k LokLF; laca/kh yxHkx gj fo"k; ij tkudkjh iznku djrk gSA
LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs le; ehfM;k yksxksa ds O;ogkj esa
ifjorZu ykrk gSA ;g ifjorZu igys ls pyh vk jgh LokLF; fojks/kh vknrksa dks
cny Mkyus dks ysdj gks ldrs gSa] xyr tkudkfj;ksa ij fo'okl djus dks ysdj
gks ldrs gSa] ;k fQj igys ls iM+h LokLF; fojks/kh vknrksa dks cnyus rFkk orZeku
esa izkIr tkudkfj;ksa ij fo'okl djus dh vknrksa dks cnyus dks ysdj gks ldrs gSaA

fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lR; vFkok vlR; esa mÙkj nhft,%

1½ LokLF; lapkj dk O;kid mís'; yksxksa dks vusd izdkj dh LokLF; laca/kh
112 vknrksa ;k dk;ksZa ds izfr tkx:d djuk gksrk gSA
2½ euksjatu ehfM;k LokLF; lapkj dk izpkj-izlkj djus okyk pSuy ugha gSA
3½ baQksMksfed esa cgqr de tkudkjh gksrh gSA
4½ izHkkoh LokLF; lapkj ds fy;s ;g t:jh gS fd lwpuk,a lkaLÑfrd :i ls lgh
gksaA
5½ lks'ky usVodZ LokLF; lapkj dk [Link] ek/;e gSA

LokLF;-f'k{kk dk izeq[k mís'; yksxksa dks LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ka nsuk gksrk gSA
fo'o LokLF; laxBu ¼MCY;w ,p vks½ ds vuqlkj - ^^LokLF; f'k{kk] LokLF; laca/kh
vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA bldk mís'; LokLF; lq/kkj djus esa yksxksa dh
lgk;rk djuk gksrk gS & mudh LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa esa o`f) djds vFkok
mudh lksp dks izHkkfor djds** ¼MCY;w ,p vks] 1998½A MCY;w- ,p- vks- dh ifjHkk"kk
fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa ij tksj nsrh gS-
v½ LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa dk izpkj-izlkj djukA
c½ yksxksa dks [Link] nsuk vkSj mudk eukscy c<+kukA
l½ vko';d dne mBkukA
n½ LokLF; lq/kkjA
u½ LokLF; laca/kh O;ogkj ;k thou 'kSyh cjdjkj j[kukA
,d lkekftd foKku gS ftls tSfod] i;[Link];] euksoSKkfud]
HkkSfrd rFkk fpfdRlk foKku ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA ;g lkoZtfud
LokLF; ls lacaf/kr vPNh vknrksa dks O;ogkj eas ykus ls lacaf/kr gSA bldk mís';
LokLF; lq/kkj djuk] chekfj;ksa] f}O;kxrkvksa rFkk vdky e`R;q dks jksduk gSA
LokLF; f'k{kk iznku djus okys Lo;a lsod bl f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds O;ogkj
esa muds dke djus vkSj thou thus ds rkSj-rjhdksa esa cnyko ykus dk iz;kl djrs
gSaA bu ifjorZuksa ls yksxksa dh tkudkfj;ksa] n`f"[Link]] ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk O;ogkjksa esa
O;fDrxr :i ls lkewfgd :i ls] laLFkkxr vFkok lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij ifjorZu
vkrs gSaA LokLF; f'k{kk dk mís'; O;fDr;ksa leqnk;ksa vkfn dh LokLF; laca/kh vknrksa
esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu ykuk rFkk muds jgu-lgu] dk;Z-fLFkfr;ksa rFkk LokLF; esa
jpukRed cnyko ykuk gksrk gSA

nksuksa dh ifjHkk"kk,a vkSj O;k[;k,a le>us ds ckn D;k vki LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj
LokLF; lapkj esa varj crk ldrs gSa\
bruk lc tkus ds ckn Hkh LokLF; lapkj vkSj LokLF; f'k{kk esa varj djuk blfy,
dfBu gks jgk gS fd nksuksa ds chp cgqr lekurk,a gSaA nksuksa ,d tSlh tkudkfj;ka
lk>k djrh gSa vkSj blls ;g irk yxrk gS fd LokLF; lapkj] LokLF; f'k{kk dk
,d fgLlk gSA LokLF; f'k{kk dk mís'; dsoy LokLF; laca/kh O;ogkj vFkok LokLF;
dh [Link]Ùkk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk ek= ugha gS] cfYd yksxksa ds vPNs LokLF; ds
fy, izkRs lkfgr djuk rFkk mlds fy, muesa leqfpr vkRefo'okl ;ksX;rk o
lkeF;Z iSnk djuk gSA

113
- fopkjksa o lwpukvksa dks bl rjg iznku djuk fd yksxksa ds Kku esa
o`f) gks] mudh lksp esa ldkjkRed cnyko vk, rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds LokLF;
laca/kh dkS'kyksa dh mUgsa tkudkjh feysaA O;fDrxr rjhdksa esa lh/ks vkeus-lkeus
feyus dk rjhds 'kkfey gSa] tSls ?kj-?kj tkdj ckr djukA ;g rjhdk ikjLifjd
gS blesa nksuksa vksj ls lwpukvksa dk vknku-iznku fd;k tkrk gSA DykbaV ¼lkekU;r%
dksbZ O;fDr ij jksxh½ iz'u iwN ldrk gS vkSj LokLF; dehZ mlds iz'uksa ds mÙkj ns
ldrk gS] LokLF; dehZ ulZ ;k vU; dksbZ Hkh LokLF; dh tkudkjh j[kus okyk
O;fDr gks ldrk gSA LokLF; f'k{kk ds fy, f'k{kk nsus okyk vkSj ysus okyk] de ls
de nks O;fDr;ksa dh t:jr iM+rh gSA NksV-s NksVs lewg cukdj Hkh LokLF; f'k{kk
iznku dh tk ldrh gSA

blesa izn'kZu] djds fn[kkuk] uqDdM+ ukVd] isuy okrkZ] lewg okrkZ] lsfeukj]
O;k[;ku] dk;Z'kkyk vkfn dks vusd rjhds viuk, tkrs gSaA bu rjhdksa esa O;fDrxr
ikjLifjdrk ugha gksrhA blesa izfriqf"V dh tk ldrh gSA lewg ds yxHkx ,d
tSls yksx gh 'kkfey gksrs gSa] tSls lHkh vfLFk-lqf"kjrk ds jksxh gks ldrs gSa ;k xHkZ
fujks/kdksa tkudkjh ysus dks mRlqd o uo-fookfgr tksM+s gks ldrs gSaA lewg esa ckr
djus dk rjhdk ekl-ehfM;k dh rjg gh dke djrk gSA bldk mís'; T;knk ls
T;knk yksxksa rd igqapkuk gksrk gS tks vyx-vyx thou fLFkfr;ksa okys ;k vyx-
vyx txgksa ij jgus okys gks ldrs gSaA mlds fy, vkeus lkeus vkdj fopkjksa dks
vknku-iznku dh t:jr ugha iM+rhA bu rjhdksa esa izn'kZuh yxkuk] Hkk"k.k nsdj
le>kuk] LokLF; lg;ksxh vfHk;ku pykuk vkfn 'kkfey gSa] blds fy, jsfM;ks]
Vsyhfotu] lekpkji= if=dk] fcy-cksMZ] vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

LokLF; f'k{kk dk mís'; yksxksa rFkk leqnk;ksa dks ;g le>kuk gS fd os vius

LokLF; dks vius fu;a=.k esa dSls j[ksaA blds fy, mUgsa LokLF; laca/kh tkudkjh nh
tkrh gS vkSj LokLF; ds ckjs esa mudh lksp dks cnyk tkrk gSA ysfdu ek=
tkudkjh nsuk gh LokLF; f'k{kk dk mís'; ugha gSA LokLF; f'k{kk yksxksa dks bl
ckr ds fy, rS;kj djrh gS fd os vius LokLF; dk /;ku j[kus vkSj LoLFk jgus
dh dyk dSls lh[ksaA LokLF; [kjkc gksus ds vusd dkj.k gksrs gSaA ;s lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] i;[Link];] ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkfn vusd rjg ds gks ldrs gSA dHkh-dHkh yksx
114
blfy, Hkh chekj iM+rs gSa fd mudh izÑfr cgqr uktqd gksrh gS vkSj os foijhr
izHkkoksa dks lg ugha ikrs] ;k fQj os LoLFk cus jgus ds fy, vko';d mik;ksa o
rjhdksa dks ugha viukrsA
xqIrk ,oa 'kekZ ¼2015½ dk fopkj gSa fd tulapkj ehfM;k gesa vko';d LokLF;
lwpuk,a iznku djrk gS rFkk tu lk/kkj.k dks bl ;ksX; cukrk gS fd os LokLF;
lg;ksxh mik;ksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, Lo;a dks LoLFk j[k ldsaA LokLF; dks Bhd
j[kus esa lks'ky ehfM;k dh Hkh cM+h Hkwfedk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ij LokLF; laca/kh
tkudkjh ;Fks"B ek=k esa jgrh gSA blfy, LokLF; dh f'k{kk nsus okys fpfdRlk-
deZpkjh rFkk LokLF; lao/kZu izfØ;k ls tqM+s LokLF; f'k{kd lks'ky ehfM;k ij
miyC/k LokLF; lkexzh ij Hkjkslk djus yxs gSaA blfy, ;g t:jh gS fd lks'ky
ehfM;k izkS|ksfxdh ij vkSj vf/kd vuqla/kku dk;Z fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tulapkj
ehfM;k dh igqap bruh O;kid gS fd nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa jgus okys
O;fDr;ksa rd ;g ehfM;k igqap tkrk gSA ehfM;k nwj-njkt esa jgus okys yksxksa ds
O;ogkj esa mudh lksp vkSj laLÑfr esa ifjorZu yk ldrk gSA ehfM;k nSfud thou
esa yksxksa ds lkspus vkSj O;ogkj djus ds rjhdksa dks cny ldrk gS ¼xqIrk] 2006½A
lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx LokLF; f'k{kk ds fy, lapkj [Link];ksa dks c<+k ldrk
gS ,oa lkoZtfud LokLF; ds fy, u, volj çnku dj ldrk gSA LokLF; f'k{kd
vkSj is'ksoj vc –';eku vkSj O;ogk;Z gksus ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k VwYl ij Hkjkslk
dj jgs gSaA LokLF; f'k{kdksa }kjk lks'ky ehfM;k çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds mi;ksx ,oa blds
çHkko ij vkSj vf/kd 'kks/k fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA

;g dk fgLlk gSA blds varxZr%

• vuqla/kku dk;Z ,oa vkdyu
• ekl ehfM;k dks fofu;ksftr djuk rFkk LokLF; laidZ vfHk;ku pykukA
• ekl ehfM;k dh lgk;rk ls LokLF; laidZ vfHk;ku pykrs gq, yksxksa dh lksp
rFkk muds O;ogkj dks cnyukA Kku rFkk fl[kkus dh dyk ds izpkj-izlkj ls
yksxksa dk LoLFk jguk fl[kkrkA
• bu dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu djuk vkSj csgrj dk;ZØeksa dk fuekZ.k djukA
• LokLF; lqj{kk ij tksj nsuk ¼LoLFk thou 'kSyh] uhfr;ka rFkk okrkoj.k½A
• yksxksa dks] LokLF; lykgdkjksa dks rFkk vU; dfeZ;ksa o uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks
izf'k{k.k nsukA
¼vkWYM] jsfMvl] xsyj-vaVh] fguesu] xks'p o esy] 2011½
;g dk Hkkx gSA blds varxZr LokLF;
laca/k tkudkfj;ka iznku djuk ¼tSl]s tu LokLF; vfHk;ku] LokLF; f'k{kk
fpfdRld jksxh ckrphr½ LokLF; laca/kh tkudkfj;ka dh tkap djuk rFkk mudk
izpkj-izlkj djuk vkfn 'kkfey gSA blds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh mu lHkh lapkj
izkS|ksfxfd;ksa ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS tks yksxksa rd tkudkfj;ka igqapkus rFkk muds
LokLF; laca/kh O;ogkj dks cnyus esa lg;ksxh gks ldrh gSA eq[; dke rks LokLF;
ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa o tkudkfj;ksa dk izlkj.k djuk gh gS ¼tSls LokLF; esa o`f)
djus okys rFkk LokLF; dks [krjs esa iM+us ls jksdus okys rjhdsa vkfn½ LokLF;
lwpuk,a gksrh gSaA ;g yksxksa ds LokLF; ds ckjs esa
tkudkfj;kasa esa o`f) djrh gSa tks LokLF; f'k{kk dk izeq[k mís'; gSA
115
LokLF; lao/kZu dk vFkZ gS - og izfØ;k ftlds rgr yksx viuh
vknrksa o O;ogkjksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs gq, vius LokLF; dks vPNh rjg pqLr-nqjLr
j[krs gSa ¼LokLF; lao/kZu 'kCnkoyh] 1998½A 1980 esa fo'o LokLF; laxBu us iwjh
nqfu;k esa lcds fy, LokLF; ;kstuk ds varxZr vusd LokLF; laca/kh dk;ZØe
vkjaHk fd;s FksA bl lewph vfHk;ku dk mís'; LokLF; lao/kZu FkkA
ehfM;k esa djksM+ksa yksxksa rd igqapus dh {kerk gS] blfy, LokLF; f'k{kk lac/a kh
dk;ZØeksa dks tu-tu rd igq¡pkus ds fy, ehfM;k dh lsok,a yh tkrh gSaA ehfM;k
yksxksa ds O;ogkj dks cnyus dh {kerk j[krk gSA bl izdkj] ehfM;k ,d
ds :i esa dke djrk gSA ;g yksxksa ds Kku esa o`f) djrk gS] mudh
lksp dks cnyrk gS] muds fo'oklksa esa ifjorZu ykrk gS] mudh #fp;ksa ij Hkh izHkko
Mkyrk gS] vkSj varr% mUgsa ,slh tehu ij [kM+s djuk esa lQyrk izkIr djrk gS]
tgk¡ os vius LokLF; dk iwjk [;ky j[k ldsa vkSj ,d LoLFk O;fDr ds :i esa
thou thus dk volj izkIr dj ldsaA

ftl leqnk; ds yksx LoLFk ugha gksrs] ftl ns'k ds yksx LoLFk ugha gksrs] os
leqnk;] os ns'k mUufr ugha jg ldrsA tc fdlh ns'k ds yksxksa dk LokLF; fxjus
yx tkrk gS] ml ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkh fxjkoV vkus yxrh gSA bl lR; dks
vkSj vPNh rjg le>us ds fy, gesa fuEu [Link] dks /;ku ls ns[kuk pkfg,%
1347 ls ysdj 1351 rd] iwjs ;wjksih; {ks= esa dkyk tkj ;k Cysd Iysx uked jksx
QSyk Fkk ftlesa ;wjksih; ns'kksa ds 30 izfr'kr ls ysdj 60 izfr'kr rd yksxksa dh
ekSr gks xbZ FkhA 7-5 djksM+ ls ysdj 20 djksM+ rd yksx bl egkekjh esa ekjs x;s
vkSj bldk [Link] ;g gqvk fd yksx thou ls cqjh rjg fujk'k o grk'k gks x;s
¼nuge] 2008½A tks thfor cps os cqjh rjg Hk;Hkhr vkSj lges gq, FksA thou ds
lqj{kk ds fy, os T;knkrj ?kjksa esa gh nqcds jgs] dke ij ugha fudys vkSj blls
;wjksih; ns'kksa esa Hkh"k.k vkfFkZd ladV mRiUu gks x;kA ljdkj ,slh Hk;kog egkekjh
ds le; yksxksa dh mruh lgk;rk ugha dj ikbZ ftrus mlls vis{kk FkhA yksxksa us
ljdkj dks nks"kh ekurs gq, mldk cfg"dkj fd;k vkSj iwjs {ks= esa vfu'p;rk vkSj
vfLFkjrk dk okrkoj.k mRiUu gks x;kA bldk /kkfeZd {ks= ij Hkh cqjk izHkko iM+k]
ysfdu og lc crkuk vizklafxd gksxkA ijUrq tks izklafxd gS] og ;g gS fd ;fn
LokLF; dk le; ij Bhd ls /;ku u j[kk tk; rks mlds fdrus ?kkrd [Link]
yksxksa] leqnk;ksa rFkk ns'kksa dks Hkqxrus iM+ ldrs gSaA
vkt ds le; esa fLFkfr;ka] igys ls vis{kkÑr csgrj gSaA 13oha 'krkCnh dh rqyuk esa
vc fpfdRlk izkS|ksfxdh cgqr fodflr gks pqdh gS] fQj Hkh] e`R;q vkSj LokLF; ij
?kkrd izgkj gksuk] euq"; ds fu;a=.k esa ugha gSA ijUrq bldk ;g vFkZ Hkh ugha ekuk
tkuk pkfg, fd euq"; vius LokLF; dk /;ku j[kus esa vleFkZ gSa vkSj os vius
LokLF; dh j{kk ugha dj ldrsA bl lanHkZ esa ekStwnk dksjksuk ok;jl dk ladV
,d mYys[kuh; mnkgj.k gSA
LokLF;-f'k{kk dk mís'; yksxksa dks f'k{kk nsuk gS] ftlls os LokLF; dks Bhd j[kus
ds rjhds lh[k ldsaA LokLF; f'k{kk yksxksa ds thou dh [Link]Ùkk esa o`f) djrk gS]
vkSj ,d LoLFk lekt dk l`tu djus esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

116
dksfoM-19 egkekjh ij fopkj dhft, vkSj bl fo"k; ij vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,
fd ok;jl ds laØe.k ds le;] LokLF;-f'k{kk us cngokl vkSj Hk;kØkar yksxksa dk
ekxZn'kZu djrs gq, muds LokLF; dks cpkus dh fn'kk esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ
FkhA

2011 dh [Link] ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 26 djksM+ ls T;knk ,sls yksx jgrs gSa tks
i<+ ;k fy[k ugha ldrsA fuj{krk ds bl vuqikr ds vk/kkj ij vki vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa fd ,sls yksxksa ij LokLF; f'k{kk dk dSlk vkSj D;k izHkko iM+rk gksxkA ns'k
esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jgus okyksa dh la[;k vc Hkh uxjksa esa jgus okyksa dh la[;k ls
vf/kd gSA Hkkjr ,d vR;f/kd fofo/krk okyk ns'k gS] blfy, LokLF; f'k{kk dh
;kstuk cukrs le; bu lc ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA
Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; LokLF; f'k{kk C;wjks ¼LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k e=aky;] Hkkjr
ljdkj½ LokLF; f'k{kk dk izeq[k laLFkku gS
([Link] LokLF; f'k{kk ds
mís'; ls bl laLFkku us 5 foHkkxksa dks ;g nkf;Ro lkSaik gS fd os LokLF; laca/kh
tkudkfj;ksa dks tu-tu rd igq¡pk,aA os ,slh ;kstuk,a rS;kj djrs gSa ftuesa lHkh
fLFkfr;ksa o leL;kvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, izHkkoh <ax ls LokLF; laca/kh vf/kd ls
vf/kd tkudkfj;ka] vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa rd igq¡pkbZ tk ldsaA bu foHkkxksa dk
fooj.k bl izdkj gS%
• izf'k{k.k foHkkx]
• ehfM;k rFkk lEikndh; foHkkx]
• LokLF;-lao/kZu rFkk f'k{kk lsok,a]
• fo|ky; LokLF; f'k{kk foHkkx] rFkk
• iz'kklfud foHkkxA
tc ;s lHkh foHkkx feydj dke djrs gSa] vkSj LokLF; f'k{kk esa lq/kkj djus vkSj
mlds dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djus esa tqVrs gSa] rks bl dk;Z esa ehfM;k dh D;k Hkwfedk
jgrh gS] ;g leL;k tkuuk cgqr t:jh gSA LokLF; f'k{kk
vfHk;ku dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, vusd rjhds bLrseky djrk gSA uohure o
vR;f/kd dkjxj lwpukvksa dk p;u djds ;g foHkkx yksxksa ls laidZ lk/krk gS
rFkk mUgsa chekfj;ksa ls cpus ds mik; crkrk gSA LokLF; laca/kh fo"k;ksa ij izn'kZu
dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fo'o LokLF; fnol] fo'o ekufld LokLF;
fnol] rEckdw jfgr fnol] fo'o ,M~l fnol] tSls vusd [Link] fnolksa ij
fo'ks"k dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA lEikndh; foHkkx vusd izdkj dh
LokLF; laca/kh i=-if=dkvksa dk izdk'ku djrk gS] tSls LoLFk fgUn ¼vaxzsth dh
ekfld if=dk½] vkjksX; lans'k ¼fgUnh dh ekfld if=dk½ rFkk LokLF; f'k{kk
lekpkj ¼fgUnh dh =Sekfld if=dk½A bu if=dkvksa esa LokLF; f'k{kk laca/kh ys[kksa
rFkk [Link] rFkk lq>koksa vkfn dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS ¼'kekZ] 2005½A
;g C;wjks lHkh jk"Vªh; LokLF; dk;ZØeksa rFkk dsanzh; LokLF; lsok funs'kky; ds
rduhdh foHkkxksa dks ehfM;k dh lsok,a miyC/k djokrk gSA vky bafM;k jsfM;ks ij
117
izlkfjr gksus okys dk;ZØeksa dh fyf[kr izfr rS;kj djuk rFkk nwjn'kZu dsanzksa ij
izlkfjr gksus okys tu LokLF; lsokvksa ij vk/kkfjr dk;ZØeksa dk tks izk:i rS;kj
fd;k tkrk gS];g nkf;Ro C;wjks fuHkkrk gSA

1½ LokLF; f'k{kk rFkk LokLF; lapkj esa varj cukb,A

D;k dHkh vius vis{kk ds izfrdwy O;ogkj djus ds dkj.k f>M+fd;ka [kkbZ gSa\ ¼tSls
;fn dksbZ yM+dh Å¡ph vkokt esa fpYykrs gq, ckr djs rks yksxksa ds }kjk ,slk djus
ds fy, MkaV iM+rh gS ;k yM+ds dks L=hor gksus ij QVdkjk ij QVdkj yxkuk½A
^^dyad dks udkjkRed ÑR; ekuk tkrk gS] blls fdlh O;fDr dk egRo de gks
tkrk gS] vkSj lekt esa mldk eku-lEeku ugha jgrkA ftl O;fDr ij dyad ;k
/kCck yx tkrk gS] mldh izk;% mis{kk dh tkrh gS rFkk yksx mlls cpus yxrs gSaA
;fn dksbZ leqnk; ;k lewg fo'ks"k cnuke gks tkrk gS] rc blds fy, ml leqnk;
;k lewg ds yksxksa dks gh nks"kh ;k ftEesnkj ekuk tkrk gS vkSj mlds izfr HksnHkko
dh izo`fÙk tUe ys ysrh gS** ¼lsYVlZ isMfu;YVl] 2020½A
dyad ,d ,slh cqjkbZ gS tks dyafdr O;fDr ;k lewg dks nwljksa ls vyx dj nsrh
gSA tSls Hkkjr esa yM+ds-yM+fd;ksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os [kkl rjg ls
O;ogkj djsa] blh rjg yM+dksa ls Hkh vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os [kkl rjg dk
O;ogkj djsaA iq#"kksa ls iq#"kksa tSls O;ogkj dh vis{kk gksrh gS vkSj efgykvksa ls
efgykvksa tSls O;ogkj dhA vr% tc dksbZ yM+dh@efgykvksa tSls O;ogkj ls
gVdj iq#"kksa tSlk O;ogkj ds fy, vk{ksfir djrs gSa vkSj lekt mls vyx fuxkgksa
ls ns[kus yxrk gS vkSj fQj ,slh yM+dh ,d rjg ls vius fofp= O;ogkj ds
dkj.k cnuke gks tkrh gS vkSj yksx mldh igpku mlh :i esa cuk ysrs gSaA bl
izdkj] ;fn dksbZ iq#"k fL=;ksa tSlk O;ogkj djrk gS rks mls lekt esa L=S.k ekuk
tkus yxrk gS] vkSj fQj yksx mldh blh :i esa igpku cuk ysrs gSa rFkk mldh
vU; fo'ks"krkvksa dks ns[kuk can dj nsrs gSaA
blh izdkj ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ekufld v{kerk dk f'kdkj gks rks yksx Hkkjrh;
lekt esa mls ikxy le>us yxrs gSaA blfy, ;fn fdlh ifjokj esa dksbZ cPpksa ;k
vU; lnL; ekufld fodykaxrk ls xzflr gksrk gS rks ykafNr gksus ds Mj ls

118
ifjokj ds yksx mldh foDykaxrk dks fNik ysrs gSaA lekt esa dyafdr gks tkus dk
Hk; cqjh rjg O;kIr gSA
20oha 'krkCnh ds lcls izHkko'kkyh lekt'kkL=h] dyad dks ,d
,slh ?kVuk ekurs gSa ftlds dkj.k lekt dyafdr O;fDr dk cfg"dkj djus yxrk
gSA lkekU;r% O;fDr;ksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• os yksx ftuesa tu-lkekU; fdlh [kkl rjg dk vkSj vokafNr
y{k.k ns[krs gSaA
• os yksx ftu ij dksbZ dyad ;k vk{ksi u yxk gSA
• lkekU; tuksa ds chp ,sls yksx tks yksxksa dks vk{ksfir ;k dyafdr
eku ysrs gSa] ;fn os lkekU; ls gVdj gksaA
,d vU; lekt'kkL=h ,oa bfrgkldkj dk fopkj gS fd
dyafdr djus dh izo`fÙk ekuo-lH;rk dk vfuok;Z vax gS D;ksafd ,d lewg nwljs
lewg dks dyafdr ekurk gS] ;fn mlesa dqy vyx y{k.k ns[ksa rks ;g 'kk;n
blfy, gksrk gS fd lekt esa dqN rjg ds yksx Lohdk;Z gksrs gSa vkSj dqN rjg ds
Lohdk;Z ugha gksrsA tks Lohdk;Z gksrs gSa muds izfr vyx utfj;k gksrk gS vkSj tks
Lohdk;Z ugha gksrs] muds izfr vyx utfj;k gksrk gSA Qkd dk fopkj gS fd ge
lc yksx rFkk lHkh lekt dqN fLFkfr;ksa dks lkekU; ls vyx oftZr ;k dyafdr
ekurs gSa rFkk dqN O;ogkjksa ds ckjs esa Hkh gekjk blh rjg dk ut+fj;k gS tks gekjs
fglkc ls ugha gksrs] mUgsa ge Lohdkj ugha djuk pkgrs vkSj vius lewg dk fgLlk
ugha cukuk pkgrsA

vc vki ;g rks le> gh x;s gksaxs fd dyadhdj.k D;k gksrk gS] vki dyadhdj.k
dh vc D;k ifjHkk"kk djsaxs\ vkids fopkj ls dyad ls eqfDr ds mik; D;k gSa\

dyad nwj djus ds mik;ksa ;k fof/k;ksa dks fu{ksi.k ;k dyad ls eqfDr dgk tkrk
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ,sls vk{ksiksa ls eqfDr ikuk ftUgsa lekt esa 'keZukd ekuk tkrk gS]
fu"dyadhdj.k dgykrk gSA dyadksa ;k vk{ksiksa dks f'k{kk }kjk nwj fd;k tk ldrk
gS] ftuesa fuEu rF;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk gksxk%
• ¼tSls] iq#"kksa dks L=hor gksuk] rFkk
efgykvksa dk iq#"kksa tSlk O;ogkj djuk vkfn½A
• ¼tSls yksxksa dks vf/kd eq[kj gksus ds fy,
izksRlkfgr djuk rFkk vius vyx gksus dh lPpkbZ dks Lohdkj djuk] vkfn½A
• ¼lLrh o lrgh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky ugha djuk -
yksxksa ds vyxiu dks n'kkZus ds fy, mu ij dVk{k vkfn ugha djuk½A
• ¼yksxksa dks ;g crkuk ;k le>kuk fd
fofHkUurk,a gksrh gSa] gj euq"; dks mlds mlh :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkuk
pkfg,] tSlk fd og gS] vyx rjg dk gksus dh vktknh dks Lohdkj fd;k
tkuk pkfg,½A
119
• ¼,d ,slk lekt tgka fofHkUurkvksa dks
muds vlyh :i esa Lohdkjk tkrk gks½A

D;k vki fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg }kjk dHkh dykafdr fd, x;s gks\ vkius blls
eqfDr dSls ikbZ\
cgqr ls yksx ,sls gksrs gSa tks dyad ;k vk{ksi ds lkFk cM+s gksrs gSa D;ksafd os blds
ckjs esa T;knk dqN ugha tkursA ijUrq dqN yksx blls ckgj vk tkrs gSa os ,slh
tkudkfj;ksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSa tks mUgsa lekt }kjk yxk, x;s dyad ls ckgj vkus
dh fgEer nsrh gSaA dyad ls eqfDr ikus ds fy;s O;fDrxr vuqHko vFkok ,sls gh
vU; dkjd fo'ks"k:i ls enn djrs gSaA ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls Hkh vius Åij yxs
dyad vFkok vk{ksi ds izHkko dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ehfM;k esa nwj-nwj rd
viuk izHkko NksM+us dh {kerk gksrh gS vkSj og O;fDr ; leqnk; dks dyad eqDr
djus dk jkLrk fudky ldrk gSA vkb;s] vc bl ij fopkj djsa fd ehfM;k fdl
izdkj O;fDr ;k O;fDr lewg dks dSls dyafdr vFkok fu"dyadhdj.k lkfcr dj
ldrk gSA

2015 esa ,d ,DVhfoLV us ^ * tkjh fd;k Fkk vkSj rc ls ;g

vkt rd viuk egRo cuk;s gq, gSA blds tfj;s vkWLdkj tSls ewY;oku vkSj
[Link] iqjLdkj dk cfg"dkj djrs gq, dqN fQYeh dykdkjksa rFkk vfHkusrkvksa us
bl ckr dk fojks/k izdV fd;k Fkk fd gkWyhoqM dh fQYeksa esa [Link] Hkwfedkvksa]
[kkldj uk;dksa dh Hkwfedkvksa ds fy;s 'osr dks gh D;ksa pquk tkrk gS\ v'osr yksxksa
dks D;ksa ugha pquk tkrkA blh rjg dqN [kkl Hkwfedkvksa ds fy, iq#"kksa dks gh D;ksa
pquk tkrk gS] efgykvksa dks D;ksa ugha pquk tkrk gSA vkWLdj iqjLdkjksa dh p;u
izfØ;k esa v'osrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo de gksus ds dkj.k izk;% v'osr dykdkjksa dks
vkWLdj ds fy;s ukekafdr ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA lks'ky ehfM;k esa bl eqn~ns ij
Hkkjh ppkZ gks xbZA yksxksa us ,slh i{kikr [Link] izo`fÙk vkSj ijaijk dk fojks/k fd;k
varr% bl ij iqufoZpkj djuk iM+kA fQYeksa esa Hkh bldk tcnZLr izHkko iM+kA
yksxksa us vius vkils iz'u iwNuk 'kq: fd;k fd fQYeksa esa fofHkUu izdkj dh uLyksa
okys dykdkjksa dk izfrfuf/kRo D;ksa ugha gksuk pkfg;s\ D;k] bl le; fQYeksa esa
lHkh uLyksa ds dykdkjksa dks [kqydj izfrfuf/kRo djus ds volj fn;s tkrs gSaA bl
iz'u dk mÙkj esa feykA D;ksafd gkWyhoqM flusek esa 'osr dks rFkk iq#"k
pfj=ksa dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tkrk Fkk tcfd vU; uLyksa okys pfj= Hkh vDlj
yksdfiz; vkSj pfpZr 'osr dykdkjksa }kjk gh fuHkk;s tkrs FksA Hkkjr esa mÙkj-iwohZ
Hkkjr ds pfj=ksa ds vfHku; ds fy, mÙkj-iwohZ Hkkjr ds dykdkj dks ugha fy;k
x;kA tSls esjh dkWe ds pfj= ij vfHku; ds fy, vnkdkjk fiz;adk pkSiM+k dks pquk
x;k] ukfd mÙkj iwohZ Hkkjr dk dykdkjA
fQYeksa dh thou esa [Link] Hkwfedk gksrh gSA bu dkYifud dgkfu;ksa esa ,sls-,sls
pfj= gksrs gSa tks cgqr yksxksa ds fy,] ^jksy ekWMy* cu tkrs gSaA blfy, flusek esa
fofo/krk dks 'kkfey u djus ls lekt ij lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA izfrfuf/kRo dk
loky dsoy v'osr dykdkjksa rd gh lhfer ugha jgkA blesa fL=;ksa dh Hkwfedkvksa
rFkk ,y th ch Vh D;w leqnk; ls tqM+s yksxksa rFkk fofHkUu uLyksa ls tqM+s yksxksa ds
izfrfuf/kRo ds loky Hkh mBk;s x;sA
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fQYeksa esa pfj=ksa dk fp=kadu ftl rjg fd;k tkrk gS] mlh rjg yksx vius ckjs
esa lkspus yxrs gSaA os blds ckjs esa tkudkj vkSj i<+dj vius vkidks f'kf{kr djrs
gSaA fcuk izfrfuf/kRo ;g lc gksuk laHko gh ugha gSA v'osr yksxksa dks cnek'kksa ds
xsax ds :i esa fn[kkuk] ,sf'k;kbZ ewy ds pfj=ksa dks nfd;kuwlh fn[kkuk] vkfn ,sls
pyu gSa tks ekStwnk dyad dks vkSj Hkh etcwr dj nsrs gSaA ;gh og txg gS tgk¡
ehfM;k ifjiDork dk ifjp; ns ldrk gSA ftUgas daykfdr ;k oftZr dgdj
vyx j[kk x;k gS mUgsa LohÑfr iznku djus dk lekt ij vPNk izHkko iM+rk gSA
ehfM;k ds ,d cM+s fgLls us bl ij [kqydj lkeus vkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS fd
vyx yxus okys yksxksa dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, ¼tSls ekufld O;kf/k]
,pvkbZoh@,M~l ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa dks lkekU; euq";ksa dh rjg gh egRo nsuk]
vkfn½A
D;k os
Hkkjr ds yksxksa dks xjhc ekurs gSa] Hkkjr dks tula[;k ds cks> ls ynk ns'k ekurs
gSa] ;k lkaiksa vkSj lisjksa dk ns'k ekurs gS\a
vius vki ls iwfN, & D;k Hkkjr dh lpeqp ;gha igpku gS\ ugha] lp blls
fcYdqy vyx gSA nqfu;k ds vU; ns'kksa ds yksx Hkkjr ds ckjs esa fQYeksa ls tks
tkudkjh izkIr djrs gS] Vsyhfotu ij fn[kk;s tkus okys /kkjkokfgdksa ls rFkk
fdrkcksa] vkfn ls tks tkudkjh feyrh gS] mlh ls os Hkkjr ds ckjs esa vuqeku yxkrs
gSaA ;g dksbZ jgL; ugha gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; insZ ij izk;% Hkkjrh; pfj=ksa dks ugha
fn[kk;k tkrk tc dHkh mUgsa fn[kk;k Hkh tkrk gS rks ,d cnuke igpku ds lkFk
fn[kk;k tkrk gS ;k fQj iwokZxzg ;qDr vis{kkvksa ds lkFk fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; ehfM;k ds fy, Hkkjrh;ksa dk bl rjg fn[kk;k tkuk ;k u fn[kk;k
tkuk dksbZ fo"k; ugha gSA tcfd Hkkjrh; flusek esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; fofo/krk ugha
gSA Hkkjrh; fQYeksa esa izk;% L=h ik= I;kj ds fy, igy djrs ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rh]
igy iq#"k ik= djrs gS vkSj fL=;ksa mlesa #fp ysus yxrh gSaA ,y th ch Vh D;w
ls tqM+s ik= dsoy dkWfeDl esa fn[kk, tkrs gSaA ekufld jksx gks tk;s] rks mls
fNik;k tkrk gS] fofHkUu pSuyksa ij ekufld jksx ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa dk e[kkSy
mM+k;k tkrk gSA
blls ;g irk yxrk gS fd Hkkjr esa vHkh gesa cgqr vkxs tkus dh t:jr gSA
fQYeksa ;k ukVdksa esa tSlk fn[kk;k tkrk gS] oSlk gh n'kZdksa ds futh thou esa
mrjus yxrk gS] D;ksafd yksx ehfM;k ds lh/ks laidZ esa jgrs gSaA vkt ds le; esa
tc T;knkrj yksx ehfM;k ls tqM+s gSa] ;g ckr lkQ gS fd ehfM;k dk ;g nkf;Ro
cu tkrk gS fd og ldkjkRed Hkwfedk esa fn[ks] D;ksafd yksx ehfM;k ls lh[krs gSaA
vusd ekeyksa esa ,slk gksus Hkh yxk gSA bl bdkbZ ds var esa ^dsl v/;;u* izLrqr
dh xbZ gS] mls i<+dj vki ;g tku tk;saxs fd ehfM;k fdl izdkj LokLF; f'k{kk
,oa LokLF; lwpuk iznku esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA tgk¡ ehfM;k yksxksa dks
dyafdr :i ls fn[kkus esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] ogha dyad dks nwj dj O;fDr;ksa o
laLFkkvksa ds fu"dyadhdj.k esa Hkh ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk [Link] gSA

121
tc vki fdlh fo"k; ds ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrs gSa] rks vki D;k-D;k djrs gSa\
v½ iqLrdky; tkrs gSaA
c½ xwxy ls tkudkjh izkIr djrs gSA
l½ MkWD;esaVªh fQYe ns[krs gSa
n½ fQYe ;k Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSaA
u½ lekpkj i=ksa dh drjuksa ls lwpuk,a izkIr djrs gSaA
i½ mi;qZDr lHkh rjhds viukrs gSaA
T;knkrj laHkkouk ;gh gS fd Åij crk, x, lHkh rjhdksa dks viuk;k tkrk gSA
blls ;g irk yxrk gS fd gekjs thou esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk fdruh T;knk gSA
vusd ,slh leL;k ;k vo/[Link],a gS ftuds ckjs esa euq";ksa dks tkudkjh ugha gksrh]
ijUrq dksbZ fQYe] dksbZ ehfM;k-vfHk;ku] dksbZ lekpkj i= esa Nik ys[k vkidks
blds fy, izsfjr dj ldrk gS fd vki leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkusA
mnkgj.k ds fy,]^rkjs tehu ij* uked fQYe us yksxksa ds f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks
lh[kus dh v{kerk ds ckjs esa tkx:drk iznku dhA ehfM;k vkidh tkx:drk esa
o`f) djus dh Hkh {kerk j[krk gSA tks O;ogkj oftZr ;k dyafdr ekus tkrs gSa]
muds ckjs esa fo'ks"k f'k{kk iznku djrs gq, ehfM;k mudh oftZrrk ;k dyad dks
fuf"Ø; dj ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, fQYeksa esa fL=;ksa dks izk;% Hkkoqd] laj{k.k dh Hkkouk ls Hkh rFkk
?kj-ifjokj dks lEgkyus okyh ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ,slh fL=;ka ds
l'kfDrdj.k dh t:jr eglwl ugha dh tkrhA blh rjg vU; Hkwfedkvksa esa tks
fL=;ka gSa] mUgsa Hkh ldkjkRed :i ls gh izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A gky ds dqN
o"kksZa esa] Hkkjrh; fQYeksa ds n'kZd rFkk nwjn'kZu ds n'kZd ;g ns[k jgs gksaxs fd vc
dqN lanHkksZa esa efgykvksa dks Hkksyh-Hkkyh vkSj lgk;d dh Hkwfedkvksa esa gh ugha
fn[kk;k tkrk] mUgsa ;kSu laaca/kksa ds ekeys Lora= Hkh fn[kk;k tkus yxk gSA bu
fQYeksa esa efgyk fdjnkjksa dks I;kj esa #fp ysus okyh u fn[kk dj] igy djus
okyh fn[kk;k tkrk gSA tSlsfd dh fQYesa dgkuh] DohuMh;j ftanxh] inekorh
vkfn dh Hkwfedk,a i;kZIr :i ls l'kDr o ldkjkRed gSaA
bl izdkj] ehfM;k lkoZtfud {ks=ksa esa u;s-u;s vk[;kuksa ds izLrqfrdj.k esa Hkh
l'kDr Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA igys ls pyh vk jgh dêj /[Link] dks rksM+u]s
iwokZxzg ls ;qDr HksnHkko [Link] O;ogkjksa ls eqfDr fnykus esa ehfM;k [Link] Hkwfedk
fuHkk ldrk gSA ehfM;k yksd ls mrjh gqbZ ekU;rkvksa ldrk gSA ehfM;k yksd ls
mrjh gqbZ ekU;rkvksa o /[Link] dks lkekU; ekU;rkvksa ;k /[Link] ds :i esa
izLrqr dj ldrk gS ;k fQj fcuk dqN cksys gkFk esa eksecfr;ka ysdj izn'kZu djrs
gq, xgjk lan's k ns ldrk gSA 2005 esa ^jax ns clarh* fQYe esa bafM;k xsV ij ,sls
izn'kZu dks lkoZtfud :i ls lkeus yk;k x;k Fkk] tks ckn esa izn'kZu dk l'kDr
rjhdk cu x;kA
Hkkjr esa ekufld O;kf/k dks ,d cgqr cM+k nks"k ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq vc gkykr
dqN cnyus yxs gSa] vkSj vc bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ekufld v{kerk ;k ekufld
122
O;kf/k tSls fo"k;ksa ij yksx [kqydj ckr djus yxs gSaA Hkkjr esa gky gh esa
vkRegR;k dh izo`fÙk dks vijk/k dh dksfV ls ckgj fudkyus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k
x;k gSA ekufld LokLF; ls tqM+h gqbZ leL;kvksa dks vijkf/kd O;ogkj ekuus dh
izo`fÙk vc de gksrh tk jgh gSA ^fgpdh-] ^ik*] ^rkjs tehu ij* tSlh [Link]
fQYeksa us fofHkUu euksoSKkfud fodkjksa ij ppkZ izkjaHk dh gSA
yksdfiz; pSuy rFkk lks'ky ehfM;k dk ,sls ekeyksa esa cM+k gkFk gSA ekufld
LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvksa dss ckjs esa yksdfiz; pSuy rFkk lks'ky ehfM;k tkx:drk
dk okrkoj.k iSnk djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA blls yksxksa dks ,slh leL;kvksa ij
fopkj djus ds volj izkIr gksrs gSa tks euq";ksa ds chp vc rd udkjkRed :i ls
izLrqr dh tkrh jgh gSaA blls yksxksa esa mu yksxksa ds izfr lg;ksx vkSj le> dh
Hkkouk iSnk gksrh tk jgh gS tks ,slh gh vusd ihM+knk;d fLFkfr;ksa ls xqtj jgs gSaA
blls ,d ,sls leqnk; dk tUe gks jgk gS ftlls yksx [kqydj ,d nwljs dk
lg;ksx dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k .k ds fy;s] ckWyhoqM dh izfl) vfHkus=h nhfidk
iknqdksu dh ftanxh esa ,d ,slk eksM+ vk;k fd os volkn esa pyh xbZaA ysfdu
mUgksaus vius vkidks laHkkyk vkSj volkn ds fo:) viuh yM+kbZ rst dj nhA
mUgksaus vius volknxzLr gksus dh ckr dks lkoZtfud :i ls ml le; Lohdkj
fd;k] tc mudk fQYeh dSfj;j pksVh ij FkkA ysfdu lkoZtfud :i ls vius
pkgus okyksa rFkk vU; yksxksa ds lkFk bl fLFkfr dks lk>k djus ls mUgsa vfrfjDr
cy feyk] muds vkRefo'okl dk Lrj c<+k vkSj os volkn ls ckgj vk xbZA
mUgksaus lkoZtfud :i ls ,slh euksn'kkvksa dks lk>k djus ds egRo dks Lohdkjrs
gq, ^ukWV v'ksEM* 'kh"kZd ls ;w-V~;wc ij ,d ohfM;ks tkjh fd;k] ftlesa mUgksaus mu
reke vuqHkoksa dk [kqyklk fd;k Fkk ftuls mUgsa volkn ds nkSjku xqtjuk iM+k
FkkA

;fn ^,ythchVhD;w$* leqnk; ds izfrfuf/kRo dk mnkgj.k ysa rks ge ;g ik;saxs fd

lekt esa mudk izfrfuf/kRo ukk ds cjkcj gSA T;knkrj mUgsa vuks[kh Hkwfedkvksa esa gh
izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ehfM;k us bl leqnk; ds yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks
rFkk mudh Hkwfedkvksa dks ldkjkRed :i esa izLrqr fd;k vkSj ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls
bl leqnk; ds yksxksa us tks izn'kZu fd;s vkSj viuh igpku dks lekt esa Lora=
:i ls LFkkfir djus ds fy;s nokc cuk;k rc ls lekt esa muds izfr lgkuqHkwfr
dh Hkkouk c<+h gS] vkSj vyx O;ogkj gksus ds ckotwn mUgsa ekuo lekt dk fgLlk
ekuus ij tksj fn;k x;kA vc vusd Vh Vh-oh- lhfj;yksa esa rFkk fQYeksa esa
,y]th]ch]Vh]D;w- $ leqnk; ds ik=ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkus yxk gSA bUgsa [Link]Ùkk 123
okyk ldkjkRed rFkk [Link] Hkwfedk;sa nh tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s diwj ,.M
lUl uked fQYe esa [Link] ik= ds :i esa ,d leySafxd ik= dks fn[kk;k x;k
gSA bl pfj= dks okLrfod <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ,ls pfj= dks brus
okLrfod <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd mldh leySafxdrk ij dksbZ Hk`dqfV ugha
rkurk vkSj uk gh dksbZ etkd mM+krkA bl izdkj bl pfj= ds ek/;e ls iwjs
leqnk; dks lkoZtfud {ks= esa vkxs [kM+k dj fn;k x;k gSA

geus yxkrkj i<+k vkSj vuqla/kkuksa ds ek/;e ls tkuk fd ehfM;k dk tu-thou

ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gSA ;g ckr Hkh le>h tk ldrh gS fd ehfM;k ds cM+s ls cM+s
lans'k Hkh yksxksa ds O;ogkj rFkk mudh KkukoLFkk dks ugha cny ikrsA yxkrkj
ldkjkRed lans'kksa ds izokg ls /khjs-/khjs izHkko iM+rk gSA ehfM;k jpukRed fn'kk esa
cnyko dh bl xfr dks rst dj ldrk gS] ehfM;k dh izHkkoh 'kfDr ds dkj.k gh
mls lwpukvksa ds izpkj-izlkj ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
vxys vuqHkkx esa ^dsl LVMh* ij fopkj djsx a sa vkSj ;g le>saxs fd ehfM;k us
LokLF; f'k{kk ds izpkj-izlkj esa rFkk ,pvkbZoh@,M~l eqfDr vfHk;kuksa esa fdl
izdkj [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

1½ fu"dyadhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk crkb,A

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-

,pvkbZoh@,M~l ,d rjg ds ok;jl ls QSyrk gS tks O;fDr dh jksx-jks/kd 'kfDr

dks u"V dj nsrk gS] blls O;fDr chekjh dh pisV esa vk tkrk gSA ;g ,d rjg
dk laØked jksx gS tks eq[;r% ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr esa ;kSu laca/kksa }kjk
QSyrk gSA bldk vHkh rd dksbZ bykt ugha gS] ijUrq blls cpko fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ftUgsa ,M~l gks tkrk gS] os lkekU; thou th ldrs gSa] c'krsZ fd os bls QSyus
ls jksdsA
ijUrq jksx ds ckjs esa i;kZIr tkudkjh ds fcuk ,slk djuk vklku ugha gSA ,M~l ds
ckjs esa nq"izpkj bl rjg gks pqdk gS fd yksx bls ,d dyad ekurs gSaA ,sls esa
lekt esa mu yksxksa dk thuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gS tks bl chekjh ls ihfM+r gSA
dqN yksx cnuke gksus ds Mj ls fpfdRld ds bykt djkus Hkh ugha tkrsA ;g
fLFkfr mu yksxksa ds fy, Hkh [krjukd gS tks jksx-xzLr gSa rFkk mu yksxksa ds fy,
Hkh tks jksxxzLr ugha gS] ijUrq jksx ihfM+r O;fDr ds lalxZ ls jksxxzLr gks ldrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa 1986 esa ,M~l dk igyk ekeyk lkeus vk;k Fkk vkSj rc ls ;g ns'k ds
cM+s Hkkx esa QSy pqdk gSA ;g t:jh gS fd yksxksa dks bl jksx ds ckjs esa T;knk ls
T;knk tkx:d fd;k tk;s vkSj ;g iz;kl fd;k tk;s fd ;g jksx vkSj vf/kd uk
QSysaA Hkkjr ljdkj dh ,pvkbZoh vuqeku fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2019 esa yxHkx
23-49 yk[k yksx ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ¼ih-,y-,p-vkbZ-oh-½ ds lkFk th jgs gSa ,oa
vuqeku gS fd 2010 ls 2019 ds chp u, ,pvkbZoh laØe.k esa 37 izfr'kr fxjkoV
vkbZ gSA
,pvkbZoh@,M~l eq[;r% ;kSu laca/kksa }kjk laØfer gksus okyk jksx gSA Hkkjr esa
lSDl ds ckjs esa rFkk bl jksx ds ckjs esa ckr djuk fu"ks/k ekuk tkrk gSA bldk
urhtk ;g gqvk gS fd tkudkjh ;k lko/kkuh ds vHkko ;g chekjh vkSj QSyh gSA
;|fi le; vc cny jgk gS( de ls de egkuxjksa esa cgqr cnyko vk;k gSA
ysfdu fQj Hkh fu"ks/k dh fLFkfr;ka vkSj Hksn-Hkko [Link] lksp ,sls jksx dh jksdFkke]
mls lqj{kk rFkk mldh fpfdRlk vc Hkh ,d cM+h leL;k gS ¼;wuhlsQ] 2004½A
euksjatu
ehfM;k us Hkkjr esa ,M~l ls cpko ds fy, leqfpr tkudkjh nsus dh [Link]
cukbZA euksjatu f'k{kk dh [Link] ,ycVZ caMqjk ds lkekftd laKkukRed fl)kar
ij vk/kkfjr gS ftlds vuqlkj tSlk yksx ns[krs gSa] mlds vuqlkj] muds O;ogkj
esa cnyko vk tkrk gS vkSj os vius jksy ekWMy ds vuqlkj dke djuk ilan djrs
gSaA
,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds ckjs esa
tkx:drk iSnk djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa chchlh oYMZ lfoZl VªLV ¼chchlh MCY;w
,lVh½] Hkkjr ds laLFkku ^jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;a=.k laxBu ¼,u , lh vks½] nwjn'kZu
125
¼jk"Vªh; nwjn'kZu lsok½ rFkk vky bafM;k jsfM;ks us lk>k vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k FkkA
bl vfHk;ku dk mís'; Fkk%
• ,pvkbZoh laØe.k ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa lgh tkudkjh nsukA
• ,pvkbZoh laØe.k ls cpko ds fy, leqfpr tkudkjh miyC/k djukA
• ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds ckjs esa ikjLifjd lEidZ dks c<+kok nsukA
• daMkse ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk rFkk daMkse ds bLrseky dh fof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa
crkukA
^tklwl fot;* uked ,d nwjn'kZu /kkjkokfgd vkjaHk fd;k x;k ftlesa fot;
,pvkbZoh ikWftfVo gSA og vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij crkrk gS fd
,pvkbZoh@,M~l ihfM+r jksfx;ksa dks fdruk HksnHkko lguk iM+rk gSA ok;jl ls
cpko] bykt ds ckjs esa daMkse ds bLrseky rFkk vU; lHkh rjhds ls ftuls
,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds laØe.k dks jksdk tk ldrk gS ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA

Jasoos Vijay, a TV series with the aim to spread awareness about HIV/AIDS
Image Source: IMDB

,d vU; Vsyhfotu dk;ZØe ^^gkFk ls gkFk feyk** 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;g dk;ZØe
xyh-xyh rd igqapk;k x;kA gj ,filksM ;qokvksa ds vlyh thou ds vuqHkoksa dks
fn[kk;k tkrk Fkk] lkoZtfud :i ls ;kSu-LokLF; ds ckjs esa okrkZ,a vk;ksftr dh
tkrh Fkha] laxhr dk lg;ksx fy;k tkrk FkkA izfr;ksfxrk,a vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhaA
blds vykok gj 9 feuV ckn Vsyhfotu ij lwpuk,a nksgjkbZ tkrh Fkha ftuesa ;s
fuEufyf[kr fcUnq 'kkfey gksrs Fks%
• ,pvkbZoh laØe.k ds QSyus ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa xyr lwpukvksa o tkudkfj;ksa
dk fujkdj.k djukA
• ,pvkbZoh ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs esa xyr /[Link] dk fujkdj.k djukA
• ,pvkbZoh laØe.k dks jksdus ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk ¼tSls] daMkse
dk bLrseky½A
• ;kSu-O;ogkjksa vkSj ;kSu-laca/kksa ds ckjs esa [kqyh okrkZvksa dk vk;kstuA
Hkh rS;kj fd;s x;s tks LFkkuh; n'kZdksa rFkk Jksrkvksa
dks fn[kk;s tkrs Fks buesa fo'ks"k :i ls iq#"k Jksrk rFkk n'kdZ 'kkfey gksrs FksA
126
buesa ,pvkbZoh laØe.k dSls QSyrk gS vkSj mlls dSls cpk tk,] vkfn ds ckjs esa
crkrs le; ;kSu-laca/kksa ds fy, daMkse dk bLrseky vfuok;Z gS] ;g crk;k tkrk
FkkA
bl vfHk;kuksa ds ek/;e ls tu-lkekU; rd ,slh
tkudkfj;ka igqap xbZ fd ,pvkbZoh ds ckjs esa mudh lksp esa Hkkjh cnyko vk
x;kA blds vykok ehfM;k ds izpkj ds dkj.k yksxksa esa izk;% ;g tkx`fr vk xbZ
fd os ;s lc phtsa vPNh rjg tku x,%
• ,lVhvkbZ] ,pvkbZoh@,M~l rFkk daMkse]
• ,pvkbZoh laØe.k dh fLFkfr;ka rFkk dkj.k]
• ,pvkbZoh laØe.k ls tqM+h xyr tkudkfj;ka]
• vU; yksxksa ls ,lVhvkbZ] ,pvkbZoh@,M~l rFkk daMkse ds bLrseky ds ckjs esa
ckr djuk ftUgsa vc rd tkudkjh ugha FkhA
dsl LVMh ls ;g irk yxrk gS fd fdl izdkj ehfM;k mu yksxksa rd lHkh
lacaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dks igqapk ldrk gS ftUgsa bldh t:jr gSA blds vykok]
vius mís'; dks Hkh iwjk fd;k gSA
-

2002 esa Hkkjr esa iksfy;ksa dh chekjh cqjh rjg QSyhA mÙkj Hkkjr esa bldk Hkkjh
izdksi ns[kus dks feykA mÙkj izns'k vkSj fcgkj ls 95 izfr'kr iksfy;ks ds ekeys
lkeus vk,A ijUrq yksxksa esa iksfy;ks MªkIl ds ckjs esa lgefr ugha cu ik jgh FkhA
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds yksx blds fy, rS;kj ugha gks jgs FksA rc LokLF; ,oa ifjokj
dY;k.k ea=ky; rFkk ;wuhlsQ us vksfxYoh rFkk esFkj uked foKkiu dEiuh dks
Hkkjr esa iYl iksfy;ks dk;ZØe dks tu-tu rd igq¡pkus dk nkf;Ro lkSaikA bl
daiuh ds lkeus lcls cM+h pqukSrh xzkeh.k ekrkvksa dks iksfy;ks MªkIl ds fy, vius
cPpksa dks Vhdkdj.k f'kfoj rd ykuk FkkA
ekrkvksa dks iksfy;ks MªkIl ds fy, rS;kj djus ds fy, ckWyhoqM ds lqizfl)
egkuk;kd vferkHk cPpu dh lsok,a yh xbZaA mUgsa 2002 esa bl vfHk;ku dk czkaM
,EcslsMj cuk;k x;k rkfd iksfy;ks ij dkcw ik;k tk ldsA vferkHk cPpu mÙkj
Hkkjr ds lcls T;knk pgsrs vkSj yksdfiz; flus-dykdkj gSaA mu ij yksx cgqr
Hkjkslk djrs gSaA mudh ^xqLlSy ;qod* dh Nfo ¼;g Hkwfedk mUgksaus vusd fgUnh
fQYeksa esa fuHkkbZ½A foKkiu daiuh us ykHk fy;kA Vsyhfotu eas izlkfjr gksus okys
foKkiu esa vferkHk cPpu dh cqyan vkokt lqukbZ iM+us yxh -^^f/kDdkj gS ge ij
--- iksfy;ks cwFk ij brus de yksx\** 20oha 'krkCnh ds vkjafHkd o"kksZa esa Vsyhfotu
rFkk jsfM;ks ij vferkHk cPpu dh vihy djus okyh vkokt yxkrkj lqukbZ nsrh
jgh( vkSj bldk izHkko mu ekrkvksa ij Hkh iM+k tks vius cPpksa dks iksfy;ks MªkWIl
fnyokus esa fdlh vizR;{k Hk; ds dkj.k f>>d jgh Fkha] vkSj os Hkh fudy iM+ha
iksfy;ks cwFk ij igq¡ph vius cPpksa dks nks cwan ft+anxh dh fnyokus ds fy,A
tc ekrkvksa ls ;g iwNk tkrk Fkk fd os igys D;ksa ugha fudy dj vkbZ --- vkSj
vc D;ksa bruh cM+h la[;k esa meM+ iM+h] rc mudk tokc gksrk Fkk - ^^vferkHk
cPpu ukjkt gks x, gSaA** vuqla/kku drkZ Hkh bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaps Fks fd vferkHk
cPpu dh vkokt esa dqN [kkl ckr gSA jsfM;ks ij vkus okys foKkiu dk yksxksa ij
bruk vlj ugha iM+k Fkk ftruk Vsyhfotu ij vkus okys foKkiu dk iM+k FkkA
foKkiu ds fny dks Nwus okys vankt us yksxksa ij tknw dj fn;k FkkA ;wuhlsQ us 127
Hkh bl lR; dks laKku esa fy;k vkSj vferkHk cPpu dh vkokt dks bl foKkiu
dh ^tku* ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gq, mUgsa ;wuhlsQ xqM foy ,EcslsMj dgdj
lEekfur fd;k ¼lzkrs % [Link] india/our-partners/ celebrities/
amitabh-bachchan)

[Link]
020/03/brand-saga-pulse-polio-
campaign/

ehfM;k ds l'kDr iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku us vn~Hkqr lQyrk gkfly dh] vkSj 2005
rd vkrs-vkrs Hkkjr esa dsoy 66 dsl gh jg x;s] tcfd 2004 esa 135 iksfy;ks dsl
ntZ fd;s x;s Fks] 2003 esa 225 rFkk 2002 esa Hkkjr esa 1600 iksfy;ks ds ekeys ik;s
x;s FksA
iksfy;ks dks lekIr djus ds fy, pyk;s x;s vfHk;ku dh lQyrk ds ckn vferkHk
cPps nks maxfy;ka mBkdj cukrs gq, dgrs utj vkrs Fks & ^^iYl iksfy;ks izfrj{k.k
&nks cwan ftanxh dh**A
blds lkFk gh ?kj-?kj tkdj iksfy;ks MªkIl fiykus dk vfHk;ku Hkh pyk;k x;kA
iksLVjksa] vfHk;kuksa] izn'kZfu;ksa] O;fDrxr lEidksZa] xzkeh.k lHkkvksa ¼LokLF; esy½s ]
nhokjksa ij fy[ks ukjksa }kjk] yksd-ukVdksa }kjk rFkk lkeqnkf;d lHkkvksa ds ek/;e ls
Hkkjr esa ,slk izpkj gqvk fd iksfy;ks dks Hkkjr esa mUewyu gks ldkA

vc rd geus bl bdkbZ esa tks lh[kk gS] mls lkjkaf'kr djsaA

• tc ehfM;k pSuy yksdfiz; gq, rks muds ldkjkRed igyqvksa dh vuns[kh dh
xbZA blds udkjkRed izHkkoksa ij cgqr T;knk /;ku fn;k x;kA bldk urhtk
;g gqvk fd yksxksa us ;g tkuus dks dksf'k'k gh ugha fd ehfM;k fdl rjg
ldkjkRed :i ls ekuo lekt esa lg;ksx dj ldrk gSA

128
• ldkjkRed euksfoKku ds vfLrRo esa vkus ds ckn ehfM;k ds vusd ,sls
mi;ksx lkeus vkus yxs] ftUgsa yksxksa ds lg;ksx ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tk
ldrk gSA rHkh ls ehfM;k dks vkSj vf/kd egRo fn;k tkus yxkA ehfM;k us
lekt lg;ksxh rFkk vU; vusd izdkj ds tks jpukRed lg;ksx fn;s gSa mUgsa
Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxkA ;gka rd vkrs-vkrs ehfM;k ds ldkjkRed bLrseky
dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj gks pqdh gSA vc ;g ns[kuk gksxk fd ge ehfM;k dk
ldkjkRed bLrseky dSls dj ldrs gSaA
• LokLF; laaca/kh tkudkfj;ka izkIr djus esa] LokLF; f'k{kk iznku djus esa]
dyadhdj.k vkSj fu"dyadhdj.k esa ehfM;k [Link] Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA
• dsl LVMh ds ek/;e ls geus tkuk fd ehfM;k us ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds ckjs esa
yksxkas dks tkx:d djus esa [Link] Hkwfedk vnk dhA bruk gh ugha bl jksx
ls ihfM+r yksxksa ds cfg"dkj fd;s tkus dk ehfM;k us fojks/k fd;k vkSj ;g
le>kus dk iz;kl fd tks yksx bl jksx ls ihfM+r gSA muls nwjh cuk;s j[kus
dh ctk; vius cpko dk /;ku j[krs gq, mudh lgk;rk dh tkuh pkfg;sA
nwljs dsl LVMh esa ;g le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd iksfy;ks laca/kh
tkudkfj;ksa ds izpkj-izlkj esa rFkk iksfy;ks ls cpko ds ckjs esa ehfM;k us fdl
izdkj [Link] Hkwfedk vnk dh vkSj iksfy;ks mUewyu vfHk;ku dks lQy
cuk;kA ehfM;k dk bLrseky ;fn mi;qDr [Link] ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk;s rks
ehfM;k lekt ds fy;s cgqr mi;ksxh lkfcr gks ldrk gS vkSj lekt ds
cgqvk;keh jpukRed fodkl esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA

fdlh O;fDr vFkok laLFkk ij yxs dyad dks feVkuk rFkk mUgsa
lkekU; voLFkk esa izLrqr djuk fu"dyadhdj.k dgykrk gS ftlds fy;s vusd
izdkj ds mik; djus iM+rs gSaA
tSls lkoZtfud LokLF;
vfHk;ku] LokLF; f'k{kk] fpfdRld vkSj jksxh ds chp okrkZ vkfnA
bldk mís'; LokLF; laca/kh f'k{kk iznku djds chekfj;ksa dh
jksdFkke djuk gksrk gSA LokLF; f'k{kk ds }kjk vdky e`R;q] vlkekU; O;ogkj rFkk
dk;ksZa esa ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gSA
vius LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k }kjk LoLFk jgus dh
vknr MkyukA
tc
cgqr rjg dh [kcjsa fdlh ekeys esa QSy tkrh gSa rks ;g r; djuk eqf'dy gks
tkrk gS fd blesa dkSulh [kcj lgh gS dkSulh xyrA vQokgsa vFkok v/kdpjh
lwpuk;sa lks'ky ehfM;k }kjk QSykbZ tkrh gSaA
;g euksfoKku dk mi {ks= gS tks ehfM;k ds
ldkjkRed] laKkukRed] HkkoukRed rFkk O;ogkj lac/a kh izHkkoksa dh ehfM;k ds
ek/;e ls tkudkjh nsrk gSA
fdlh ij yxk ,d ,slk vk{ksi tks mls cnuke dj nsrk gS rFkk mlds
O;fDrRo dh [Link] dks de dj nsrk gSA
129
1½ LokLF; f'k{kk esa ekl ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dk [Link] dhft,\
2½ fodk'khy lekt ds fy, LokLF; f'k{kk ds egRo dk [Link] dhft,A
3½ ekl ehfM;k vfHk;ku dyad dks gVkus esa rFkk O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykus esa
fdl izdkj lg;ksx djrk gS\ izklafxd dsl LVMh }kjk vius mÙkj dk
leFkZu dhft,A
4½ izHkkoh LokLF; lapkj dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
5½ LokLF; laca/kh lwpukvksa ds izlkj-izlkj djus okys fofHkUu pSuyksa dh O;k[;k
dhft,A

Auld, M. E., Radius, S. M., Galer-Unti, R., Hinman, J. M., Gotsch, A. R., &
Mail, P. D. (2011).Distinguishing between health education and health
information [Link] journal of public health, 101(3), 390–
[Link]://[Link]/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300037
CRICO Strategies National CBS Report.(2015). Malpractice Risks in
communication failures. Retrieved from
[Link]
Reports/Risks-in-Communication-Failures
Dunham, (29th January 2008). Black death 'discriminated' between victims.
Retrieved from
[Link]
Falk, G. (2001). STIGMA: How We Treat [Link] Books.
Thomas, R. K. (2006) Introduction to Health Communication. In: Health
Communication. Springer, Boston, MA .[Link]
26116-8_1
World Health Organisation.(2021) Infodemic Management –
Infodemiology. Ad-Hoc Technical Consultation on Managing the COVID-19
Infodemic. Available online at: [Link]
communication/infodemic-management (accessed July 7–8, 2021).
US Ofﬁce of Disease Prevention and Promotion.(2004). Health
communication, Healthy People 2010 (Vol. 1).Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]/Document/HTML/volume1/ [Link]# edn4.
Rao, T. S. Sathyanarayana; Krishna, V. S. T. (2008). "Wake up call from
'Stars on the Ground'". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 50 (1): 2–4.
doi:10.4103/0019-5545.39749.
Schevitz J. (2010). Advertising as a force in public health education.
1915. American journal of public health, 100(7), 1202–1204.
[Link]
Sharma, M. (2005). Health Education in India: A Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT). The International Electronic Journal of
Health Education, 8, 80-85
Salters-Pedneault, K. (2020).Understanding Stigma When You Have BPD.
130
Retrieved from [Link]
stigma-425329
Sood, S., Shefner-Rogers, C.L. & Sengupta, M. (2007). The Impact of a
Mass Media Campaign on HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Behavior Change in
North India: Results from a Longitudinal Study. Asian Journal of
Communication, 16(3), 231-250
WHO (1996).Communication, Education and Participation: A Framework
and Guide to Action. WHO (AMRO/PAHO), Washington, 1996
WHO
(1998).[Link]
98. pdf (WHO definition)
[Link]
education-entertainment campaigns in COVID-19:
[Link]
[Link]
Popular social media health-promotion campaigns:
[Link]
Health education in India:[Link]
[Link]

• Effective use of social media platforms for promotion of mental health

awareness ([Link])
• 3 Effective Marketing Campaigns Promoting Mental Health Wellness 3
Effective Marketing Campaigns Pro ([Link])
• Social Media as an Educational Tool to Promote Health
([Link])
• EMRPUB_2012_EN_1362.pdf ([Link])
[Link]
eness%20of%20Mass%20Media%20campaigns%[Link]
• Prof. Melanie A. Wakefield, PhD, Prof. Barbara Loken, PhD, and Prof.
Robert C. Hornik, PhD (2010).Use of mass media campaigns to change
health behaviour ([Link])

1½ lR;
2½ vlR;
3½ vlR;
4½ vlR;
5½ lR;

131
∗

6-0 izLrkouk
6-1 ehfM;k fgalk dh Hkwfedk
6-1-1 ehfM;k fgalk dh lS)kafrd O;k[;k vkSj ekuo euksfoKku ij mudk izHkko
6-2 dk; izfrek vkSj Hkkstu ds O;ogkj esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk
6-2-1 dk; izfrek ds eqn~ns vkSj Hkkstu fodkj D;k gSa\
6-2-2 ehfM;k esa vkn'kZ 'kjhj ds izdkjksa dk fp=.k
6-2-3 ehfM;k ekuo euksfoKku dks dSls izHkkfor djrk gS\
6-3 baVjusV O;lu
6-3-1 baVjusV O;lu fodkj D;k gS\
6-3-2 ohfM;ks xse fodkj
6-3-3 baVjusV O;lu yksxksa dks dSls izHkkfor djrk gS\
6-4 dsl LVMh% nf{k.k dksfj;k esa ohfM;ks xse O;lu
6-5 lkjka'k
6-6 eq[; 'kCn
6-7 iqujkoyksdu iz'u
6-8 lanHkZ ,oa i<+us ds lq>ko
6-9 vfrfjDr vkWuykbu lalk/ku

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki l{ke gksaxs%

• ehfM;k fgalk ekuo euksfoKku dks dSls izHkkfor djrh gS] ;g le> ldsaxs(
• O;fDr;ksa ds 'kjhj dks Nfo ds eqn~nksa dks vkdkj nsus esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dk
fo'ys"k.k dj ldsaxs( vkSj
• baVjusV O;lu ij ppkZ dj ldsaxs fd ;g fdls izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj blds
D;k izHkko gSa\

vuqHko gesa vkdkj nsrs gSa vkSj ehfM;k bls vkdkj nsus esa cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA fiNyh bdkb;ksa esa geus ppkZ dh Fkh fd ge dSls mu phtksa dk vuqdj.k djrs
gSa ftUgsa ge fu;fer :i ls ns[krs gSaA ;g vo/[Link] vycVZ caMqjk ds lkekftd
laKkukRed fl)kar esa le>kbZ xbZ gSA fiNyh bdkbZ esa O;SfDrd v/;;u us LFkkfir
fd;k fd dSls ehfM;k vfHk;ku ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds ckjs esa tkx:drk Qsykus rFkk
O;kid cgqer rd bls Qsykus esa l{ke jgkA ekuo euksfoKku esa ehfM;k dSls
izzHkkodkjh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS] bl ckr ij cy nsus ds fy, igys gh i;kZIr
'kks/k fd, tk pqds gSaA tc rd dksbZ O;fDr lwpuk ds izfr lrdZ vkSj tkx:d

∗
132 MkW- f'kokfUrdk 'kjn] vuqiz;qDr euksfoKku foHkkx] foosdkuUn dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyhA
ugha gS ftlls og tqM+k gksrk gS] rks ehfM;k }kjk mHkkjs dqN fopkjksa ij fo'okl
djus ds fy, mUgsa vklkuh ls jkth fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls Hkh [Link] ckr
;g gS fd ehfM;k izkS|ksfxdh bruh rsth ls c<+ jgh gS] vkSj yksxksa dh ml ij
fuHkZjrk fnu izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gS ysfdu gj dksbZ vius ij iM+us okys mlds
izHkkoksa ij /;ku ugha ns jgk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] fQYe fuekZrk vkSj dgkuhdkj] dyk cukus esa vkSj 'kk;n iSlk
cukus esa Hkh bl ckr ls T;knk #fp j[krs gSa fd bldk izHkko] pkgs og udkjkRed
gks ;k ldkjkRed dSlk gksxkA fofHkUu lekpkj pSuyksa dk mís'; lwpuk dks ;Fkk
:i esa izLrqr djus ds ctk, vf/kd n'kZd izkIr djuk gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa insZ
ds ihNs dbZ O;fDrxr ,tsaMsa py jgs gksrs gSa] ftuds ckjs esa yksxksa dks ugha irk
gksrk gS gkykafd] ;g dksbZ vk'k; dh ckr ugha fd ehfM;k ,d cM+k izHkko iSnk
djrk gSA
fQj Hkh] D;k ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls izHkko bruk ljy gS\ fofHkUu f'k{kkfonksa dh
vyx-vyx ekU;rk,a gSaA gkykafd] os lHkh ,d ckr ij lger gSa fd ehfM;k esa
yksxksa dks fdlh Hkh pht esa fo'okl fnykus dh 'kfDr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd n'kZdksa
dks bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd os D;k ns[krs gSa vkSj D;k xzg.k djrs gSaA
leh{kdksa }kjk fQYeksa dks jsV nssus djus ds dkj.k gksrs gSa ¼jsfVax tSls ^;w@,* -
ftldk vFkZ gS fd fQYe dks ckjg lky ls de mez ds cPpksa ds fy, ekrk-firk
}kjk ekxZfnf'kZr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ;k ^,* ds :i esa ftldk vFkZ gS fd fQYe
dsoy O;Ldksa ds fy, gS] vkfn½A jsfVax igys ls ;g O;Dr djus dk ,d rjhdk gS
fd fQYe esa D;k 'kkfey gSA blls ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS mi;qDr n'kZd mi;qDr
izdkj dh fQYesa ns[ksaA
fiNyh bdkbZ esa] geus ehfM;k ds ldkjkRed izHkko ds ckjs esa lh[kkA vkb, vc
ge mu udkjkRed rjhdksa dks le>sa ftuds }kjk ;g yksxksa dks izHkkfor dj ldrk
gSA ;gka ftu ize[q k fo"k;ksa ij ge ppkZ djsaxs] og gSa fd ehfM;k fgalk] dk; izfrek
ds eqn~nksa vkSj baVjusV O;luA ge csgrj le> ds fy,] izR;sd fo"k; ds rgr~
fofHkUu 'kks/kksa ds ek/;e ls ehfM;k ds izzHkkoksa dk v/;;u djsaxAs ge ehfM;k ds
udkjkRed izHkko ds ckjs esa Hkkjr ds lnaHkZ esa fof'k"V O;SfDrd v/;;u ¼dsl LVMh½
Hkh tkusaxsA

vius vuqlkj 'kh"kZ vfHkusrkvksa ds uke crk,¡ vkSj muds }kjk vfHkuhr dh xbZ mu
fQYeksa dks ;kn djus dh dksf'k'k djsa ftuesa cgqr de ;k dksbZ fgalk ugha gS\
1½ ------------------------------------------
2½ ------------------------------------------
3½ ------------------------------------------
4½ ------------------------------------------
5½ ------------------------------------------
¼,slh vusd fQYesa ugha gSa] gSa uk\ blls vkidks 'kq#vkrh vanktk gks tk,sxk fd ge
lkekU; rkSj ij fdruh fgalk ns[krs gSaA½
133
vc rd] geus ehfM;k vkSj euksfoKku ds chp lglaca/k LFkkfir dj fy;k gSA
gkykafd tfVyrk,a ekStwn gSa] ysfdu fo}kuksa vkSj 'kks/kdÙkkZvksa us ckj-ckj lkfcr
fd;k gS fd yksxksa ij ehfM;k ds udkjkRed izHkko iM+ ldrs gSaA bl izHkko ij
tksj nsus ds fy,] vkb, ge fgalk vkSj gkfudkjd O;ogkjksa ds dqN foy{k.k vkSj
okLrfod thou ds ÑR;ksa dks i<+sa tks fofHkUu fQYeksa ls izsfjr yksxksa }kjk fd;s x;s
Fks%
• dsjy esa] 2007 esa cSad MdSrh ds nksf"k;ksa us crk;k fd
dSls mudh gjdrsa fQYe ^/kwe* ls izsfjr FkhA fQYe esa] izfri{kh ,d xM<+k
[kksnrk gS tks mlds y{; dh vksj ys tkrk gSA okLrfod thou ds vijkf/k;ksa
us mlh rjg ls viuh ywV dks vatke fn;kA mUgksaus ,d xM<+k [kksnk tks cSad
ds vUnj rd ys x;k tgk¡ ls mUgksaus lQyrkiwoZd 80 fefy;u dh udnh
vkSj lksuk ywV fy;k ¼cSuthZ] 2012½A
• ,d 15 o"khZ; Nk= us mlds bl ckr ij [Link]
djus ds ckn fd og i<+kbZ esa vPNk ugha dj jgk gS] f'kf{kdk dh pkdw ekjdj
gR;k dj nhA tc tk¡p gks jgh Fkh rks yM+ds us [kqyklk fd;k fd mldh
gjdrsa ml fQYe ls izsfjr Fkh tks mlus gky gh esa ns[kh FkhA og ^vfXuiFk*
dk ftØ dj jgk Fkk tks ,d ,slh fQYe Fkh ftlesa uk;d mu yksxksa ls cnyk
ysrk gS tks mlds firk dks >wBk Q¡lkrs gSa ¼lqtkrk] 2012½A
• ^, DykWdodZ vkWjsat* 1971 dh
leh{kdksa }kjk iz'kkaflr fQYe Fkh ftls blh uke dh iqLrd ls :ikfUrjr
fd;k x;k FkkA fglad vijk/kkssa ds ltho fp=.k ds dkj.k ftuesa uk;d lyaXu
gksrk gS] ml fQYe us bl rjg dh vkykspuk ls ;g dgdj Lo;a dks nwj
djus dh dksf'k'k dh fd fQYe esa fgalk dk okLrfod thou ds vijk/kksa ls
dksbZ ysuk nsuk ugha FkkA gkykafd] yanu esa fd'kksjksa ds ,d lewgksa }kjk ^flafxx
bunjsu* xkuk xkrs gq, ,d yM+dh ds lkFk cykRdkj fd;s tkus ds ckn ¼Bhd
mlh rjg tSls fQYe dk uk;d vius ihfM+r ds lkFk djrk gS½] fQYe dks
iznZ'ku ls okil ys fy;k x;k Fkk ¼,ch,l [vfnukafdr] LVsuyh dqfczd dh ,
DykWdodZ vkWjsat] 1971½A
dsoy mijksDr rhu ekeys gh vfLrRo esa ugha gSaA dksbZ ;g rdZ ns ldrk gS fd
tks yksx ,slh fQYesa ns[krs gSa] muesa ls gj dksbZ vkØked :i ls dke djuk 'kq:
ugha djrk gSA ;g ,d mfpr rdZ gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh ;g ?kks"[Link] ugha dh tk
ldrh fd ehfM;k esa fpf=r fgalk dk lekt ij dksbZ udkjkRed izHkko ugha gks
ldrk gSA ;g lp gS fd gR;k dk dFkk lkfgR; ns[kus ;k i<+us ds ckn lHkh yksx
dkfry ugha cu tkrs gSaA gkykafd] ;g LFkkfir djus ds fy, i;kZIr [Link] ekStwn
gSa fd vxj yksx yxkrkj Lo;a dks mu ek/;eksa ls layXu djrs gSa ftuesa fgalk
'kkfey gks vkSj tks fgalk dks c<+kok nsrs gksa] rks os le; ds lkFk vf/kd vkØked
vkSj fgald cu ldrs gSaA
cq'keSu vkSj ,aMjlu ¼2009½ us izk;ksfxd 'kks/k esa fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd dSls fgald
ohfM;ks xse [ksyus okyksa esa vU; yksxksa dk nnZ vkSj ihM+k ij izfrfØ;k u nsus dh
laHkkouk vf/kd FkhA vius 'kks/k esa] mUgksaus O;fDr;ksa dks nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr
fd;kA ,d lewg us fgald [ksyksa esa Hkkx fy;k tcfd nwljs us ughaA ;g ns[kk x;k
fd og lewg tks fgald ohfM;ks xse ugha [ksyrk Fkk] nwljs lewg dh rqyuk esa ml
O;fDr dh enn djus ds fy, rRoij Fkk ftls bldh vko';drk FkhA
134
ekuo euksfoKku ij ehfM;k fgalk ds izHkkoksa ij ppkZ djus okys vusd 'kks/k] ys[k
iqLrdsa vkfn gSa vkSj geus fiNyh bdkb;ksa esa bl ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh gSA vkb;s
vc ge xgjkbZ ls ehfM;k fgalk ds yksxksa ij iM+us okys fof'k"V izHkkoksa dk v/;;u
djsaA fgald ehfM;k ls layXu gksus ds D;k izHkko gSa\ dkSu ls dkjd gS tks r;
djrs gSa fd dkSu vf/kd izHkkfor gksrk gS\ vkb;s ge ,sls lokyksa ds tokc vkSj
vf/kd foLrkj ls ns[ksaA

• bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] yksx nwljksa dk vuqdj.k

vkSj voyksdu djus dh izfØ;k ds ek/;e ls u;s O;ogkj izkIr djrs gSaA
lkekftd vf/kxe fl)kar laKkukRed vkSj O;ogkjkRed er ds chp ,d lsrw
dk dke djrk gSA bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] O;fDr lkekftd lanHkZ ls vf/kxe
ds fy, viuh laKkukRed {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA vf/kxe dk ;g :i
voyksdu dh izfØ;k ds ek/;e ls gks ldrk gSA ;g /;ku j[kuk [Link] gS
fd iz;{kdksa ds fy, izR;{k iks"k.k dh vuqifLFkfr esa Hkh voyksdu laca/kh
vf/kxe gks ldrk gS] ftlls u;s O;ogkjksa ds vf/kxzg.k dks rst xfr feyrh
gSA ^ckscksMkWy* iz;ksx ¼caMqjk ,oa vU;] 1961] 1963½ mu iz;ksxksa esa ls ,d gS
ftlds [Link] ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd O;fDr voyksdu }kjk dSls lh[krs gSaA
vycVZ caMqjk us 1960 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa ,d Ñf=e okrkj.k esa ;g
v/;;u fd;kA ;g ns[kk x;k fd tks cPps ,d fgald ehfM;k fDyi ds lalxZ
esa yk, x;s Fks] ftlesa ,d o;Ld ekWMy us ,d ckscksMksy ij izgkj fd;k Fkk]
muds }kjk mlh O;ogkj dk vuqlj.k djus dh vf/kd laHkkouk FkhA
gkykafd] vycVZ caMqjk ds iz;ksxksa dh viuh detksfj;k¡ FkhaA ftuesa ,d fuEu
Lrj dh ckg; oS/krk Fkh] vFkkZr fl)kar ds urhts okLrfod thou dh
fLFkfr;ksa ij ykxw ugha gks ldrs FksA blds vykok] cPpksa dks fn[kk;k x;k
ohfM;ks] ftlesa o;Ld ckscksMkWy ij izgkj djsxk] ml okrkoj.k ds leku Fkk
ftlesa bu cPpksa dks j[kk x;k FkkA bl izdkj] dksbZ ;g rdZ ns ldrk gS fd
D;k ehfM;k dh lgh esa dksbZ Hkwfedk FkhA ;g Hkh ,d laHkkouk gks ldrh gS fd
okrkoj.k esa lekurksa esa cPpksa dks xqfM+;k ds izfr fgald rjhds ls O;ogkj
djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA rks] D;k yksx voyksdu ds ek/;e ls lh[k ldrs
gS\ vusd fo}kuksa vkSj 'kks/kksa ds vuqlkj] gk¡ os lh[k ldrs gSaA
c<+rs gq, uSfrd ljksdkjksa ds lkFk] iz;ksx O;fDr;ksa dks ,d izkÑfrd okrkoj.k
esa] ;k Lo-fjiksVZ mik;ksa vkSj loZs }kjk voyksdu dh fn'kk esa pys x;sA fQj
Hkh] vf/k-fo'ys"kkRed v/;;u] tSls fd ikbd vkSj dkWELVkWd ¼1994½]
Vsyhfotu fgalk vkSj vkØked O;ogkj ds chp ldkjkRed vkSj [Link]
lglaca/k ds vfLrRo dks ekurs gSaA ,aMjlu rFkk vU; ¼2010½ }kjk fgald
ohfM;ks xse ij ,d vU; vf/kfo'ys"k.k jpuk ls lk{; us n`<r+ k ls lq>ko fn;k
fd fgald ohfM;ks xse ds lalxZ esa o`f) vkØked O;ogkj] vkØked laKku
vkSj vkØked laosx vkSj ijkuqHkwfr esa deh vkSj lektksmUeq[k O;ogkj ds fy,
,d [Link] tksf[ke dkjd gSA
gkykafd] yksxksa ds fgald O;ogkj dk vuqdj.k djus ds ihNs dk dkj.k Hkh ,d
fpark dk fo"k; gSA vf/kdka'k fgald ehfM;k ,sls O;ogkjksa dks vkd"kZd cukrk
gS] vkSj tks yksx blesa lyaXu gksrs gSa mUgsa Hkh dqN [kksuk ugha iM+rkA blds
135
vykok] ohfM;ks vkSj daI;wVj xse esa] tgk¡ O;fDr lfØ; :i ls tks gks jgk gS
mlesa Hkkx ysrk gS] f[kykM+h dks vDlj vf/kd fglad dk;Zokgh dk p;u djus
ds fy, iqjLÑr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fgalk dks eLrh ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k
tkrk gS ¼Qad] 2005( Qad ,oa vU;] 2003½A fglad dk;Zokgh dks iqjLÑr djus
okys [ksy vkØked lksp ds ek/;e ls vkØkedrk dks c<+kok nsrs gSa ¼dkusZxks
vkSj ,aMjlu] 2005½A
• v/;;uksa ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd
fglad ehfM;k ds yxkrkj lalxZ esa jguk yksxksa dks okLrfod thou esa de
ijkuqHkwfr j[kus okyk cukrk gSA ;g fgald ehfM;k esa ckj-ckj layXu gksus ds
dkj.k fgalk ds lkekU;dj.k gksus ds dkj.k gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks
folaosnuhdj.k ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g le>k ldrh gS fd D;ksa
dqN yksx bl ckr ij fopkj ugha dj ldrs fd os tks dj jgs gSa og okLro
esa fgald gSA folaosnuhdj.k ,d fgald míhid ds fy, laKkukRed]
laosnukRed] 'kjhj fØ;kRed vkSj vUrr% O;ogkjkRed [Link] nwljksa ds fgald
dk;ksZa dks jksdus ds fy, ;k Lo;a fgald dk;Z djus ds fy, gLr{ksi djus esa
foQy gks ldrs gSa ¼Qad] 2006½A folaosnuhdj.k dk ,d lkekU; mnkgj.k ;g
gS fd tc ge lHkh enn djus ds fy, gLr{ksi djus dh ctk, fdlh dh
ihM+k dk ohfM;ks cukrs gSaA
tc dksbZ izkÑfrd ;k ekuo fufeZr vkink nqfu;k ds fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku dks
izHkkfor djrh gS ¼tSls] 26 uoEcj] 2008 dk eqcabZ vkardh geyk½ rks gj dksbZ
blds ckjs esa xgjkbZ ls eglwl djrk gSA gj dksbZ viuh {kerk vuqlkj nq[k
ls fuiVus vkSj enn djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA gkykafd] tc rd os O;fDrxr
:i ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs] os vUrr% vkxs c<+ tkrs gSaA ;g vlaosnuhdj.k dh
,d LokHkkfod izfØ;k gS tks ,d LokHkkfod ekxZ ysrh gSA gkykafd] ehfM;k
fgalk ds llaxZ esa vkus ds [Link]:i vlaosnuhdj.k LokHkkfod ugha gSaA bl
rjg ds vlaosnuhdj.k ds [Link]:i uSfrd rkfdZdrk - vius uSfrdrk
vkSj ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr rkfdZdrk dk fu"ks/k gksrk gS tks O;fDr dks vkØked
dk;ksZa esa fyIr gksus ls ugha jksdsxkA

136
;g bl fo'okl dks c<+krk gS fd fgalk funsZ'kkRed gSA ckj-ckj fgalk ds lalxZ esa
vkus ls ;g muds thou esa ,d lkekU; dkjd cu tkrk gSA [Link]:i] tks
vf/kdka'k yksxksa ds fy, lkekU; rkSj ij fgalk dh [Link] esa vkrk gSa] og fujUrj
fgald ehfM;k ds lalxZ esa vkus okys yksxksa ds fy, lk/kkj.k voLFkk gks ldrh gSA
bl izdkj ehfM;k fgalk cPpksa] fd'kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa dks fgalk ds okLrfod [Link]
ds izfr vlaosnu'khy cuk ldrh gSA ;g mudh ijkuqHkwfr vkSj fgalk ds izfr
udkjkRed vfHko`fr dks de djrh gSA blds vykok] blls muesa vkØked vkSj
fgald O;ogkj esa Hkh o`f) gks ldrh gS ¼xq,jk] g;wlesu vkSj fLiaMyj] 2003½A
fgalk ds bnZ-fxnZ vf/kdka'k ehfM;k dojst jksekapdkjh gksrk gSA ;g T;knkrj
vokLrfod vkSj fgald ÑR;ksa esa Hkkx ysus okyksa dks bldk vkuUn ysrs gq, fn[kk;k
tkrk gSA ;g fgalk ds izfr vlaosnuhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] dbZ ckj fdlh fQYe ds uk;d dks ohjrk ;k enkZuxh ds uke
ij fofHkUu fgald ÑR;ksa dks djrs gq, fn[kk;k tkrk gSA bls csijokg] ^fojksfpr*]
^yksdfiz;* ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj uk;d ds fgald ÑR; dh iqf"V gksrh gS vkSj
n'kZd Hkh Bhd oSlk gh vuqHko djrs gSaA
• lkekU; vkØkedrk ekWMy ,d vf/kfl)kar gS tks
vkØkedrk esa fofHkUu dkjdksa dh Hkwfedk dks ,dhÑr djrk gSA ;s dkjd fLFkfr
tU; gks ldrs gSa ¼tSls dqaBk ;k mdlkuk vkSj ;k laLÑfr½ ;k O;fDrxr ¼tSls
O;fDrRo] fo'okl] tSfod dkjd½] ;s vkØkedrk ds fy, izkFkfed vkxr pj
jkf'k;k¡ gSaA ;s vkxrdkjd O;fDr dh vkUrfjd voLFkk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,
O;fDr ds fopkjksa] laosnukvksa vkSj 'kjhj fØ;kRed mÙkstukvksa dh vkSj izHkkfor djrs
gSaA O;fDr dh vkUrfjd voLFkk ds lkFk-lkFk fLFkfr dk mudk ewY;kadu vkSj
[Link]; yssus dh izfØ;k fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd vkØkedrk gksxh ;k ughaA vkØked
fopkjksa okyk Øks/kh vkØked :i ls xfrfof/k djus dh laHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gSA
bl ekWMy ds vuqlkj fgald ehfM;k dk lalxZ vkØked O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus
okyk ,d [Link] ifjfLFkfrtU; dkjd gSa ¼,aMjlu vkSj cq'keSu] 2018½AehfM;k
fgalk ds yxkrkj lalxZ esa jgus ls lHkh rhu vkUrfjd voLFkk ds ekxZ ¼fopkj]
laosnuk,a vkSj mÙkstuk½ izHkkfor gksrs gSa vkSj 'k=[Link] ewY;kaduksa esa Hkh o`f) gksrh
gSA bl izdkj fgalk ds izfr vkØked fo'okl vkSj vfHkO;fDr;k¡] vkØked
O;ogkjkRed fyfi;k¡ vkSj vlaosnuhdj.k ls vkØkedrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA
gkykafd] ehfM;k fgalk dk izHkko gks ldrk gS] ;g bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj
djrk gS fd insZ ds nwljh rjQ dkSu gSA ;kfu] O;fDrRo dkjdksa dh Hkh ,d Hkwfedk
gks ldrh gSA vkb;s vc ge le>rs gS fd ehfM;k fgalk fHkUu-fHkUu O;fDrRoksa dks
fHkUu-fHkUu rjhds ls izHkkfor djrh gS ;k ughaA
• fHkUu-fHkUu yksx fQYeksa dh fHkUu-fHkUu
'kSfy;ksa dh rjQ vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA fdlh dks ukVd ilan gS rks fdlh dks
Mjkoukiu] fdlh dks fglak rks fdlh dks jksekalA iz'u ;g gS fd fgald ehfM;k dks
ns[kus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd izo`r gS\a blds izHkkoksa ds izfr dkSu vf/kd laosnu'khy
gSa\
ehfM;k dks udkjkRed utfj;s ls ns[ks tkus dk ,d ize[q k dkj.k blds O;fDr;ksa
ij iM+us okys izHkko] pkgs og udkjkRed gks ;k ldkjkRed] dks le>us esa
vleFkZrk FkhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] bldk v/;;u djus okys 'kks/kdÙkkZvksa dks Hkjkslk ugha
Fkk fd yksx ehfM;k ls izkIr lwpuk ij loky [kM+s djsaxs ;k vk¡[k ewan dj mls
Lohdkj dj ysaxsA
137
,d ekSfyd dk;Z jpuk esa dSfUVªy vkSj vkWyiksVZ ¼1935½ us viuh iqLrd
^lkbdksyksth vkWQ jsfM;ks’ esa jsfM;ks foKkiu ds izHkko dk lko/kkuhiwoZd fo'ys"k.k
izLrqr fd;kA mUgksaus crk;k fd ftu yksxksa dh f'k{kk dk Lrj mPp Fkk] os jsfM;ks
ij lquh-lqukbZ gj ckr dks lgh uk ekudj izlkfjr gksus okyh lwpukvksa dh
LVhdrk dh tk¡p ds fy, vf/kd bPNqd FksA gkykafd] bl ckr dh xkajVh ugha Fkh
fd vkSipkfjd f'k{kk okys lHkh O;fDr leku O;ogkj djsaxsA mUgksaus ;g Hkh ppkZ dh
fd dqN yksx vkSipkfjd f'k{kk gksus ij Hkh] izlkj.k dh okLrfod izÑfr dk
vkdyu djus esa l{ke ugha FksA bl izdkj] f'k{kk vf/kd tkx:d vkcknh ds
fodkl dh laHkkouk dks c<+k ldrk gS ysfdu ;g bls iwjh rjg ls Li"V ugha
djrh fd dqN f'kf{kr yksx nwljksa dh rqyuk esa ehfM;k }kjk vf/kd izHkkfor D;ksa
gksrs gSaA ;g ehfM;k ls izHkkfor gksus esa O;fDrRo dkjdksa dh Hkwfedk dh vksj b'kkjk
dj ldrk gSA
gkykafd vf/kdka'k yksx ;g rdZ nsaxs fd ehfM;k fgalk ,d fuf'pr O;fDrRo izdkj
dks izHkkfor djrh gSA gky gh esa fVEejesUl vkSj LikdZl ¼2017½ us 'kks/kdÙkkZvksa ls
O;fDrRo euksfoKku vkSj O;fDrxr erHksnksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr djus dk vkg~oku
fd;k D;ksafd blls mUgsa dqN izdkj dh ehfM;k vUroZLrq ds izHkko vkSj mi;ksx dks
le>us esa enn fey ldrh gSA O;fDrRo vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k ds mi;ksx dks
lacaf/kr crkus okys dqN v/;;u igys ls ekStwn gSaA gkykafd Øsej vkSj xzhu ¼1999½
us O;fDrRo ik=ksa ¼tSls tksf[ke ysus okys vkSj luluh[kst O;ogkj ryk'kus okys½
vkSj fglad ehfM;k ds mi;ksx ds chp fdlh Hkh izR;{k lac/a k dk leFkZu djus okys
izek.k ugha feysA nwljh vksj] ftyeSu vkSj ohoj ¼1997½ us fgald ehfM;k vkSj
vkbZtsad ds O;fDrRo lwph ds euksfof{kIrrk ds iSekus ds Ldksj ds chp laca/kksa dk
v/;;u fd;kA iSekus ds Åijh vk/ks fgLls esa Ldksj djus okys iq#"kksa ds fy, bu
ekiksa ds chp ,d etcwr lglaca/k ik;k x;kA gkykafd] lexz [Link] us
euksfof{kIrrk vkSj fgald ehfM;k ds fy, ilan ds chp dksbZ fo'ks"k laca/k ugha
fn[kkA ,d vU; v/;;u esa] luluh dh ryk'k dks Vhoh ij fglad dk;ZØe ns[kus
ls tksM+k x;k Fkk ¼ckWfdax vkSj QkgV] 2009½A mPp Lrj dk fojks/k Hkko vkSj
vkØkedrk okys O;fDr fgalk ij Vsyhfotu ds izHkko ds izfr vf/kd xzg.k'khy gksrs
gSa ¼Qsfuax LVhu] 1997( Qsfc;ks ,oa vU;] 2017½A bu v/;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk gS
fd dqN O;fDrRo'khy [Link] okys yksxksa esa dqN gn rd fgald ehfM;k dk miHkksx
djus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA ysfdu bl {ks= dh vksj vf/kd tk¡p-iM+rky dh
vko';drk gSA
'kq: esa geus dqN ekeyksa ij ppkZ dh tgk¡ yksxksa us Lohdkj fd;k fd os fQYesa
ns[kus ds dkj.k fglad d`R;ksa ds izksRlkgu nsus esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
ysfdu ehfM;k ds vykok fglad dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus
okys dbZ dkjd lkeus vkrs gSaA ;g lkspuk vuqfpr gksxk fd yksxksa ds chp fgalk
dks izkRs lkgu nsus dk ,dek= dkj.k ehfM;k gSA dksbZ ;g Hkh rdZ ns ldrk gS fd
okLrfod thou dh ?kVuk,a vDlj fQYeksa esa dqN mijk/kksa ds fp=.k dks izsfjr
djrh gSa] tks bl laca/k dks pØh; cukrk gSA
gkykafd] ehfM;k dh fufoZokn izHkko'kkyh 'kfDr ds dkj.k] tks yksx fofHkUu ehfM;k
vUroZLrq dk miHkksx djrs gSa] mUgas blds vpsru :i esa iM+us okys izHkkoksa ds ckjs
esa tkx:d gksuk pkfg,A ;g mu yksxksa dh ftEesnkjh cu tkrh gS tks [Link]; ysus
dh {kerk j[krs gS fd og ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd fdlh Hkh pht dk dksbZ pje
[Link] uk fudysA vkb, vxys vuqHkkx esa] vc ge ns[ksa fd gekjs vius 'kjhj ds
ckjs esa gekjh vuqHkwfr ehfM;k }kjk dSls izHkkfor gksrh gSaA
138
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dk mfpr feyku dhft,%
1½ lkekftd vf/kxe d½ O;ogkj ij ehfM;k dk izHkko
2½ vlaosnuhdj.k [k½ vkrafjd voLFkk ekxZ
3½ luluh dh ryk'k x½ voyksdukRed vf/kxe
4½ ckscksMkWy iz;ksx ?k½ ijkuqHkwfr dk de gksuk
5½ lkekU; vkØkedrk ekWMy M+½ fgald ehfM;k ds miHkksx esa o`f)

;fn vkils ckWyhoqM@gkWyhcqM dh mu 'kh"kZ vfHkusf=z;ksa ds uke iwNs tk,a ftUgsa vki
tkurs gSa] rks D;k vki muesa dqN lekurk ikrs gSa\ vDlj ehfM;k esa] ge yksxksa ds
blh rjg ds fu:i.k ikrs gSaA efgyk,a vDlj xksjh] lh/ks ckyksa okyh] iryh dk;k]
vkfn dh gksrh gSa] tcfd iq#"k yacs] etcwr vkSj ekaly gksrs gSaA T;knkrj ,slk gh
gksrk gS ysfdu D;k ;g mlds leku gS tSls vlyh nqfu;k fn[krh gSA D;k ftl
nqfu;k esa ge okLro esa jgrs gSa D;k ml nqfu;k esa vf/kd fofo/krk ugha gS\
gkWyhoqM dh eSfjy fLVªi ftUgsa vdkneh iqjLdkj ukekadu ds lkFk viuh ih<+h dh
loZJs"B vfHkus=h ekuk tkrk gS] us ,d lk{kkRdkj esa Lohdkj fd;k fd muds
'kq#vkrh o"kksZa esa mUgsa Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, ^^cnlwjr** le>s tkus ds dkj.k ,d
ckj vLohÑr dj fn;k x;k FkkA ckWyhoqM dh vuqHkoh vfHkus=h js[kk dks lkaoyk
gksus ds dkj.k dkQh dqN >syuk iM+kA Hksn-Hkko ds ,sls cgqr ls ekeys ekStwn gSa tks
^^lkSUn;Z** ds f?kls-fiVs :f<+oknh ekudksa ds dkj.k gksrs gSA ehfM;k lh/ks bl
fo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk nsus esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA blds vykok] ;g tku-cw>dj bl
[Link] dh lqUnjrk dks ,dek= izdkj ds :i esa izksRlkgu nsrk gS ftls okaNuh; ekuk
tk ldrk gSA
^^mu iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa vkSj yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks ns[krs gq, tks Vsyhfotu
vkSj ehfM;k ds vU; :iksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa] ftlesa os D;k dgrs gSa] os D;k djrs
gSa] os dSls fn[krs gSa vkSj os dSls ckrphr djrs gSa] bls lfEefyr djds] tsaMj
Hkwfedkvksa ds ckjs esa vkSj viuh Lo;a vkSj nwljksa dh rnuq:i vo/[Link] ds ckjs esa
n'kZdx.k ds lnL;ksa ds fopkjksa dks cukus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA ehfM;k bl izdkj
iq#"kRo vkSj L=hRo dh vuqHkwfr;ksa] tsaMj Hkwfedkvksa ds laca/k esa vfHko`fr;ksa ¼ftlesa
yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, ;k yM+dksa vkSj iq#"kksa ds fy, D;k Lohdk;Z le>k
tkrk gS] ;g Hkh 'kkfey gS½] vkSj bu vo/[Link] ls izkIr O;ogkj] ds vkdkj ns
ldrk gS** ¼'kkjsZj] 2013½A
;fn dksbZ eqnz.k vkSj n`'; ehfM;k esa foKkiuksa dks ns[krs gS rks lkSUn;Z dk ^vkn'kZ*
vFkZ gj txg izpkfjr vkSj izksRlkfgr gksrk gSA tc ge ,d vdknfed rjhds ls
dk; izfrek ds eqn~nksa vkSj vkgkj fodkjksa ij ehfM;k ds izHkkoksa dk v/;;u djrs
le;] ;g lkfcr ;k [kafMr djus ds fy, fd bl ckjs eas ehfM;k ij yxk, x;s
vkjksi fd mldk cgqr xgjk izHkko gksrk gS( bl rjg dh ifjdYiuk dks 'kks/k ds
leFkZu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkb;s ge ;g le>us ls 'kq: djsa fd dk; izfrek
ds eqn~ns D;k gSa vkSj os fdlh O;fDr dks dSls izHkkfor djrs gSaA
139
vius vkidks vkbus esa ns[ksa vkSj igyh ik¡p phtsa tks vkius uksfVl dh gSa] mUgsa
uksV dhft,A
1½ ---------------------------------------------
2½ ---------------------------------------------
3½ ---------------------------------------------
4½ ---------------------------------------------
5½ ---------------------------------------------

tc vki vkbus esa Loa; dks ns[krs gSa rks lcls igys vki D;k uksfVl djrs gSa\ D;k
vki viuh ^[kkfe;ksa* dks uksfVl djrs gS\a ;k D;k vki [kqn dks vkbus esa iz'kalk
vkSj vkRefo'okl ls ns[krs gS\a

“Male Body Image Issues Are Important:” 58 Illustrations By BoPoLena

([Link])

dk; izfrek vkids vius }kjk 'kjhj dh vuqHkwfr gS fd ;g vkidks dSlk eglwl
djkrh gSA ;g vkids vius 'kjhj ds izfr vkids fopkjksa] vfHko`fÙk;ksa] fo'okl vkSj
vuqHkwfr dk dqy ;ksx gSA ;g vuqHkwfr ges'kk lVhd ugha gks ldrh gSA dk; izfrek
dk eryc ;g Hkh gS fd vki vius otu] vkdkj] ukd-uD'k] jax-:i vkfn ls
fdrus lUrq"V gSaA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr viuh ckg~; dk;k 'kkjhfjd ls lUrq"V ugha gS]
rks blls vLoLFk O;ogkj iui ldrk gSA dk; izfrek] O;fDr izfrek] O;fDr ls
lacaf/kr vkUrfjd dkjdksa tSls O;fDrRo vkSj lkekftd okrkoj.k ls lacaf/kr ckg~;
dkjdksa tSls led{kh ncko vkSj ehfM;k nksuksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA
euq"; lkekftd gSa - os lkgp;Z ds fy, iz;kl djrs gSa vkSj ,d lewg ls tqM+uk
pkgrs gSa] tks mUgsa lqjf{kr eglwl djkrk gSA blfy,] tc fdlh fo'ks"k izfreku dks
turk ds lkeus okafNr vkRe ds :i esa is'k fd;k tkrk gS rks yksx mldk
140
vuqdj.k djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA os ,slk blfy, djrs gSa D;ksafd os okafNr
ekunaMksa esa leku gksdj nwljksa ds fy, Lohdk;Z gks ldsaA
dk; izfrekvksa ds lkFk Hkh ,slk gh gSA O;fDr;ksa dk gS tks ,d vkn'kZ 'kjhj dks
izkIr djus ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa ckr dj jgs gksrs gSaA gkykafd] gdhdr dqN vkSj
gSA yksx ftu Nfo;ksa dks ns[krs gSa] os T;knkrj is'ksojksa }kjk laikfnr dh tkrh gSa
rkfd os ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls fn[ksaA vusd yksx] fo'ks"kdj efgyk,¡ ftu rLohjksa
dks ns[krh gSa os okLro esa Lo;a vokLrfod gksrh gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd dk;
izfrek ds vokLrfod vkn'kksZa dk izHkko bruk vf/kd gks ldrk gS fd 2017 esa]
Ýkal esa ,d u;k dkuwu ykxw gqvk ftlesa ;g vko';d gqvk fd dksbZ Hkh
O;olkf;d Nfo ftlesa ekWMy ds 'kjhj dks fMthVy :i ls laikfnr fd;k x;k
gks] ml ij ^^iqu% lfTtr QksVksxzkQ** dk yscy gksuk pkfg, ¼bxZV] 2017½A cgqr ls
ekWMy@vfHkusf=;k¡ bl ckjs esa ckr dj jgs gSa fd os dSls Lo;a] dk; izfrek ds
eqn~nksa ls ihfM+r gksrs gSaA lkjka'k esa] ge vf/kdka'k vius izkÑfrd 'kjhj ds lkFk
vlgt eglwl djrs gSa] Hkys gh vf/kdka'k okLrfod yksxksa esa mlds lkFk dksbZ
lk>k ugha gksrk tks ehfM;k esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA

IyqVks us dgk] ^^lkSUn;Z ns[kus okyksa dh vk¡[kksa esa fufgr gS**A mudk rkRi;Z gS fd
lqUnjrk dks O;fDrijd :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] vkSj lqUnjrk dh ,d
ifjHkk"kk fdlh nwljh ls csgrj ugha ekuh tk ldrh gSA gkykafd] nqHkkZX; ls
T;knkrj yksx ,slk ugha ekurs gSaA lkSUn;Z dh f?klh-fiVh :f<+oknh /[Link],a gSaA
efgykvksa ds ekeys esa iryk 'kjhj vkSj iq#"kksa ds ekeys esa ek¡ly 'kjhj dHkh-dHkh
fdlh ds lkSUn;Z dks fu/kkZfjr djus dk ,dek= ekin.M gksrk gSA

[Link]

;fn vki fdlh fQYe ;k Vh-oh- lhfj;y esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys ikap vf/kd
otu okys vfHkusrkvksa dks Hkh ;kn djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa] rks laHkkouk gS fd
vki Lej.k ugha dj ik,saxsA ehfM;k dk ,d cgqr gh fof'k"V vkSj [Link] fopkj gS
fd ,d O;fDr ;fn okafNr] I;kjk vkSj lqUnj eglwl djuk pkgrk gS rks mls dSlk
fn[kuk pkfg,A ehfM;k Vh-oh /kkjkokfgdksa] fQYeksa] lekpkj ,adjksa vkSj foKkiuksa esa
blh rjg ds 'kkjhfjd [Link] okys O;fDr;ksa dks fpf=r djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
xksjs jax :i okyh iryh dk;k dh efgyk,¡] vkSlr ;k vkSlr otu ls vf/kd 141
otu okyh efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa ehfM;k esa ekStwn gSaA blh rjg] tSl-s tSls le;
vkxs c<+k] oSls-oSls ek¡ly vkSj yacs iq#"kksa dks nwljksa dh rqyuk esa eq[; vfHkusrkvksa
dh Hkwfedk,a feyrh jgha gSA bl izdkj vUrfuZfgr lans'k ;g gS fd ftls lqUnj vkSj
vkd"kZd ekuk tkrk gS mldk izlkj O;kid n'kZdx.k rd fd;k tkrk gSA ftl
rjg ls ehfM;k lqUnjrk] vkd"kZ.k'khyrk ;k ilannhnk ds :i esa fpf=r djrk gS
mlesa cgqr de fofo/krk gSA mls lPph rLohj ugha ekuk tk ldrkA gkykafd] ;g
viuk izHkko Mkyrh gSA

“Male Body Image Issues Are Important:” 58 Illustrations By BoPoLena

([Link])

de Njgjs ik=ksa dh rqyuk esa Njgjs ik=ksa dks ldkjkRed izdk'k esa fpf=r fd;k
tkrk gSA vf/kd otu okys ;k vkSlr ls vf/kd otu okys ik=ksa dks ;k rks
lkekU; tula[;k dh rqyuk esa dk;ZØeksa esa de izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS ;k mUgsa
gkL; [Link] mís';ksa ds fy, insZ ij yk;k tkrk gS ¼QkmV~l vkSj oksxku] 2002½A
vf/kd otu vkSj eksVkis ls xzLr efgykvksa dks de vkd"kZd ds :i esa fu:fir
fd;k tkrk gSA vf/kd otu vkSj eksVkis ls xzLr iq#"k vkSj efgyk] nksuksa ik=ksa ds
jksekafVd lkFkh ds :i esa ckrphr dh laHkkouk de Fkh vkSj mUgsa ckgj MsV~l ij
tkus okyksa ds :i esa ugha fn[kk;k x;k Fkk ¼xzhucxZ] bZfLVu] gkWQ'kkj] yk[kykWu
vkSj czkmusy] 2008½A QkmV~l vkSj cxZxzkQ ¼2000½ us ik;k fd tula[;k ds
vkadM+ksa dh rqyuk esa fLFkfrtU; dkWeM
s h esa vkSlr ls de otu okyh efgyk ik=ksa
dk vf/kd izfrfuf/k fd;k x;k FkkA
tc iq#"kksa dh ckr vkrh gS rks lcls vkn'kZ og ekuk tkrk gS tks ek¡ly vkSj
olkjfgr gksrk gSA ekWfjlu vkSj gkWYVu ¼2009½ us 1980 ls 2006 ds chp dh
;kn`fPNd p;u ls lcls vf/kd dekbZ djus okyh fQYeksa dk v/;;u djus ds
ckn ns[kk fd iz/kku Hkwfedk esa iq:"kksa esa eksVkik de gksrk x;k] vkSj ek¡ly 'kjhj
yksdfiz;rk izkIr djus yxkA ek¡lyrk vkSj olkjfgr gksus dks jksekafVd lgHkkfxrk]
;kSu xfrfof/k vkSj vU; ldkjkRed [Link] ls tksM+k x;k Fkk ¼eksfj;u vkSj
gkWYVu] 2009½A ftl rjg iryh dk;k dh efgykvksa dks okafNr :i esa fn[kk;k
tkrk gS oSls gh tks iq:"k ek¡ly gksrs gSa vkSj ,d-nwljs ls vf/kd ckrphr djrs gSa]
mUgsa okNauh; :i esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA

142
FkkeZlu vkSj gseMa ¼2003½ }kjk vesfjdk esa 131 efgyk lkSUn;Z-Li/kkZ ds izfrHkkfx;ksa
¼izfrn'kZ ds yxHkx 90 izfr'kr lkSUn;Z Li/kkZ ds Qk;Uy vkSj fotsrkvksa esa 'kkfey
Fks½ ds ,d v/;;u esa dqN pkSadkus okys rF;ksa dk [kqyklk fd;kA yxHkx vk/kh
¼48-5 izfr'kr½ izfrHkkfx;ksa us vkSj vf/kd iryk gksus dh bPNk trkbZ] 57 izfr'kr
otu de djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh Fkh vkSj yxHkx 25 izfr'kr us crk;k fd mUgsa
vkgkj fodkj gSaA gekjh ehfM;k lapkfyr laLÑfr es]a lkSUn;Z Li/kkZ,a ckj-ckj ;qok
yM+fd;ksa dks lans'k nsrh gSa fd lQy vkSj vkd"kZd ekuk tkus ds fy, nqcyk-
iryk gksuk csgr t:jh gSA vius vki ls ;g iwNsa fd D;k vkidks dHkh ,slk
yxrk gS fd vki dkQh lqUnj ugha Fks\ ;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd vxj vkids
'kjhj dk ,d Hkkx fHkUu gksrk rks lc-dqN Bhd gks tkrk\ ;fn ugha] rks c/kkbZ gks]
vkids ikl og gS ftls gkfly djus ds fy, cgqr ls yksx la?k"kZ djrs gSaA ;fn
vkidk tokc gk¡ gS rks] D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd ;s Hkkouk dgk¡ ls vk jgh gS\
vkb;s ge bl ckjs esa FkksM+k xgjkbZ ls tkusa fd ge dHkh-dHkh vius 'kjhj ;k
'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa vlgt D;kas eglwl djrs gSa\

ekuo euksfoKku ij ehfM;k ds izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy,] vkb;s ge Kkr

fl)karksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa tkuus okys fl)kar ij
n`f"Vikr djsa ¼QsfLVaxj] 1954½A lkekftd rqyuk fl)kar ml izfØ;k dh O;k[;k
djrk gS tc yksx Lo;a dh rqyuk nwljksa ls djrs gSa] ftUgsa os vius csgrj ;k
cnrj ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj fQj vius Lo;a ds lkekftd vkSj O;fDrxr
egRo dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA bl izdkj] ehfM;k ds ekeys esa yksx
ekWMy@vfHkusrkvksa dks U;wure ekunaM ds :i esa ns[krs gSa vkSj os tks ns[krs gSa
mlds vk/kkj ij [kqn dks vkadrs gSA
v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd tc efgyk;sa e'kgwj gfLr;ksa dh rLohjksa ds lkFk
viuh rqyuk djrh gS] rks os ftl rjg ls fn[krh gSa] mlls vlarqf"V dk vuqHko
djrh gSa ¼gsucxZ vkSj FkkEilu] 1992½A dk; izfrek ij 'kks/k us yxkrkj lq>ko
fn;k gS fd ehfM;k esa izLrqr Njgjh vkd"kZd efgykvksa dh Nfo;ksa ls efgyk,a
udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSa ¼QukZMst vkSj izhpMZ] 2012( ekLd vkSj CySapMZ]
2011½A mudk vkRe-eku vkSj vkRefo'okl cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA
-

;kSu :i ls 'kjhj dk oLrqdj.k djus okys ehfM;k ds lalxZ esa vkus ls vUrr%
'kjhj dh yTtk vuqHko gksrh gS tks efgykvksa esa vO;ofLFkr vkgkj dk dkj.k Hkh gS
¼Mdkukfyl ,oa vU;] 2012( LisfVX;w vkSj fgaMjlu] 2004½A iryk gksus dk vkn'kZ
vkUrfjd ehfM;k }kjk iq"V gksrk gS vkSj vkgkj fodkjksa ls tqM+k gksrk gS ¼FkkEilu
vkSj LVkbl] 2001½] tSls cqfyfe;k] ,uksjsfDl;k] irysiu dh izcy [Link] vkSj
lkekU; 'kjhj vlarks"k ¼gsfjlu] 2000½A ;g /;ku j[kuk [Link] gS fd vkn'kZ
'kjhj izdkjksa ds vokLrfod ehfM;k fp=.k ds dkj.k dsoy efgyk,a gh ugha] cfYd
iq#"k Hkh vkgkj-fodkjksa ls vklkuh ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa ¼LohfVax ,oa vU;] 2015½A
tcfd ge eq[;/kkjk ds ehfM;k esa fofo/krk ds vkus dk ladsr ns[k ldrs gSa] ysfdu
ehfM;k dks le; ds lkFk pyus ds fy, cgqr dqN djuk gSA gekjk vius 'kjhj ds
lkFk vlarks"k funsZ'kkRed gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj ;g LoLFk ugha gSA yksx vius
vlarks"k ds fy, dsoy ehfM;k dks nks"k ugha nsrs gSaA os viuh tSfod fo'ks"krkvksa
143
vkSj viuh vkuqokaf'kd cukoV dks nks"k nsrs gSa] vkSj blls Hkh cnrj os [kqn dks Hkh
nks"k nsrs gSAa
;g le>uk Hkh [Link] gS fd tgk¡ ehfM;k yksxksa ds vius dk; izfrek ds ckjs esa
fopkjksa dks izHkkfor djus esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] ogha ehfM;k flQZ ,d dkjd gSA
vU; [Link] dkjdksa esa ehfM;k miHkksx dk [Link]Ùkk ¼D;k ;g vkykspukRed gS ;k
xSj vkykspukRed½] vkSj ehfM;k miHkksx dk ifjek.k ¼ehfM;k ij fcrk;k x;k
le;½ ds vykok ifjokj vkSj led{kh ds izHkko 'kkfey gSaA led{kh yksx ,d nwljs
ds lkFk if=dk] fQYeksa] Vh-oh- J`a[kyk] lks'ky ehfM;k lkexzh esa QS'ku] :i] Hkkstu
ls ijgst ¼MkbfVax½ vkSj vfr iryh-gfLr;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gSaA
ehfM;k ij fuHkZjrk ij bl u;s ;qx ds lkFk] fo'ks"k :i ls baVjusV ds mn~Hko ds
ckn] fofHkUu ehfM;k IysVQkeZ pykus okyh dEifu;ksa dks yksxksa dks izHkkfor djus
okyh viuh 'kfDr dk ,glkl gksuk pkfg, vkSj yksxksa ij muds udkjkRed izHkko
ds fy, mUgsa tokcnsg cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A baVjusV dh ckr djsa rks] vkb;s vc
ge vxys vuqHkkx esa le>rs gSa fd dSls blds vkfo"dkj ds ckn ls phtsa dkQh
cny xbZ gSa vkSj vusd yksxksa ds fy, baVjusV O;lu ,d okLrfodrk cu jgk gSA

1½ dk; izfrek dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

baVjusV O;fDr ds csgrjhu Ñfr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA blus fo'o dks] ftlesa ge lHkh
jgrs gSa] ,d NksVh lh txg cuk fn;k gSA blds dkj.k ,d Nksj ij cSBs O;fDr ds
fy, fdlh nwljs Nksj ij cSBs O;fDr ls fe=rk djuk laHko gks x;k gSA ;g ,d
,slk ek/;e gS ftlds ek/;e ls yksx Lo;a dk mu vo/[Link] ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr
dj ldrs gSa tks igys bruh vklkuh ls miyC/k ugha FkhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] blds
vkfo"dkj us dsoy f'k{kkfonksa ;k oSKkfudksa dh gh enn ugha dh cfYd ;g NksVh
phtksa ds fy, Hkh enn dk ,d lzksr cu x;k gSA ohfM;ks xse vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
fuf'pr :i ls yksxksa ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa ds fy, dq[;kr vkSj cnuke gSa vkSj ;g
144
,d dkj.k gS ftlls yksx okLrfod nqfu;k ds lkFk okrkZyki djus dh rqyuk esa]
vius eksckby [Link] ;k daI;wVj ij vf/kd ls vf/kd le; fcrkrs gSaA
vkb;s ge ,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa% vxj fdlh cPps dks ,d u;k f[kykSuk fn;k tk, rks
D;k gksxk\ og 'kk;n Hkwy tk,xk fd ml u;s f[kykSus ds vykok vkSj dqN Hkh
ekStwn gS vkSj viuh lkjh ÅtkZ u;s f[kykSus ij yxk nsxkA og ,slk rc rd
djsxk tc rd fd u;k Hkh iqjkuk uk gks tk,A ml le;] ij og mEehn vkSj
izrh{kk djsxk vkSj ,d u;s vkSj csgrj f[kykSus ds fy,A
vkb;s vc ge bl le:irk e:irk dks ysrs gSa vkSj bls baVjusV ds lkFk euq"; ds laca/kksa
ij ykxw djrs gSaA fuLlansg baVjusV dqN gn rd tknw tSlk Fkk tc blus
yksdfiz;rk gkfly djuk 'kq: fd;kA ;g Li"V :i ls blfy, Fkk D;ksafd baVjusV
tSlh dksbZ Hkh pht igys ls ekStwn ugha FkhA ;g u dsoy cPpksa ds fy, cfYd lHkh
ds fy, euksjatu dk ,d rjhdk cu x;kA fnypLi ckr ;g Fkh fd yksx bl
f[kykSus ls Åc ugha ik;sA D;ks\a D;ksafd tks dqN Hkh u;k vkrk gS] og vius vki
vkrk gSA pkgs lks'ky ehfM;k gks] laxhr gks] bZ-dkWelZ] [kkus ds vkmWV ysV gksa]
lekpkj gksksa] euksjatu gks] vkfn] ;g lc vkt ds le; esa baVjusV ij [kkstk tk
ldrk gSA fuLlansg ge lHkh bl ij fuHkZj gSa] ysfdu ;g fuHkZjrk dc O;lu esa
cny tkrh gS\ ge bldk irk dSls yxk;sa\ vkb;s ge bls vkxs le>rs gSaA

[Link]

tSlk fd gqvkax vkSj ,yslh ¼1996½ us vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd rsth ls c<+rs lapkj
lalk/ku baVjusV dk euksjksxfoKku ij cM+k izHkko gksxkA gqvkax vkSj ,yslh us
f'k{kkfonksa ls bu baVjusV ds izHkko ds ckjs esa vo/[Link],¡ cukus lkspus dk vkxzg
fd;kA gkykafd] vkt Hkh ;g ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, ,d lkekU; :ijs[kk ugha gS
fd baVjusV O;lu dk D;k vFkZ gSA baVjusV OO;lu fodkj ftls baVjusV mi;ksx
ck/;rk] leL;kRed baVjusV mi;ksx] ;k fodkj ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS - dks
vHkh rd vesfjdu lkbfd;ksfVªd ,lksfl,'ku ds Mh,l,e-5 ¼Mk;XuksfLVd ,aM 145
LVsfVfLVdy eSuqvy vkWQ esUVy fMLvkMZj] ikapok laLdj.k] 2013 esa izdkf'kr½]
ftldk mi;ksx ekufld LokLF; is'ksojksa }kjk ekufld fodkjksa ds funku ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS] }kjk ,d fodkj ds :i esa ekU;rk ugha nh xbZ gSA gkykafd ohfM;ks
xse ds O;lu dk [Link] Mh,l,e-5 esa fd;k x;k gS] bls oxhZdj.k ds Li"V
ekunaMksa ds lkFk ,d vyx ekufld fodkj ds :i esa LFkkfir djus ds fy,
vi;kZIr lcwr ds dkj.k bls 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k FkkA
blds dkj.k] baVjusV O;lu ds ekunaM dh rqyuk vDlj euksfodkjh tq, ls dh
tkrh gS tks Mh,l,e-5 }kjk ekU;rk izkIr ,dek= O;ogkjkRed O;lu ¼;k ,d xSj
u'khys inkFkZ laca/kh fodkj½ gSA fuEufyf[kr ckWDl 6-3] tqvk fodkj ds fy, [Link]
y{k.k gSa] ftudk mi;ksx baVjusV O;luksa ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, ,d vk/kkj ds :i esa
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

-
-
ckjg eghus dh vof/k esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls pkj ¼;k vf/kd½ iznf'kZr djus okyk
O;fDr%
1½ okafNr mÙkstuk izkIr djus ds fy, /ku dh c<+rh ek=k ds lkFk tqvk [ksyus
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
2½ tqvk dks de djus ;k jksdus dk iz;kl djrs le; cSpsu ;k fpM+fpM+s gks tkrs
gSaA
3½ O;fDr }kjk tq, dks fu;af=r djus] de djus ;k jksdus ds fy, ckj-ckj
vlQy iz;kl fd;s x;s gSaA
4½ vDlj tq, esa rYyhu jgrk gS ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] fiNys tq, ds vuqHkoksa dks
fQj ls thus ds ckjs esa yxkrkj fopkj djuk] vxys m|e esa ck/kk Mkyuk ;k
;kstuk cukuk] tqvk [ksyus ds fy, iSls izkIr djus ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa
lkspuk½A
5½ vDlj O;fFkr eglwl gksus ij tqvk [ksyrs gSa ¼tSls] vlgk;] nks"kh] nq'kfpafrr]
volkn xzLr½A
6½ tqvk esa iSls gkjus ds ckn vDlj ,d vkSj fnu ykSVrk gS ftlesa {kfriwfrZ dj
lds ¼vius uqdlku dk ^ihNk djuk*½A
7½ tq, esa 'kkfey gksus dh lhek dks Nqikus ds fy, >wB cksyrk gSA
8½ tq, ds dkj.k [Link] laca/k] ukSdjh ;k 'kS{[Link] ;k dSfj;j ds volj dks
[krjs esa Mky nsrk gS ;k [kks nsrk gSA
9½ tq, ds dkj.k gksus okyh fujk'kktud foÙkh; fLFkfr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy,
/ku miyC/k djkus ds fy, nwljksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA
vusd 'kks/k] daI;wVj ;k ohfM;ks xse ;k baVjusV O;lu dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy,
mijksDr ekinaMksa dks viukrs gSaA buesa ls dqN ekunaM] y{[Link] esa 'kkfey gSa%

• baVjusV xfrfof/k;ksa esa O;LrrkA • baVjusV rd igq¡p izkIr djus ds

fy, vR;f/kd iz;kl djukA
• baVjusV dk mi;ksx djus ds fy,
vkosx dk izfrjks/k djus esa ckj-ckj • yxkrkj ;k ckjckj gksus okyh
foQyrkA 'kkjhfjd ;k euksoSKkfud leL;k
gksus dh tkudkjh gksus ds ckotwn
• larqf"V izkIr djus ds fy, vko';d
baVjusV dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx tkjh
146
baVjusV mi;ksx dh vof/k esa j[kuk ftlls baVjusV ds mi;ksx
mYys[kuh; o`f)A ds dkj.k leL;k ds c<+ tkus dh
• dbZ fnuksa ls baVjusV xfrfof/k fcuk laHkkouk gksrh gSA
fMlQksfjd ewM] nq'kfpark] • fØ;kRed vleFkZrk
fpM+fpM+siu vkSj ÅckÅiu ds • ckj-ckj baVjusV dk mi;ksx ftlds
y{[Link] [Link]:i fo/kky; ;k ?kj esa
• fofuorZu y{[Link] ls jkgr ikus ;k izeq[k Hkwfedk nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus
muls cpus ds fy, baVjusV dk esa foQyrk gksrh gSA
mi;ksxA • lkekftd laca/kksa dh gkfuA
• vis{kk ls vf/kd le; rd baVjusV • baVjusV ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k
dk mi;ksx djukA fo/kky; ds fu;eksa ;k dkuwuksa ds
• baVjusV ds mi;ksx dks de djus mYya?ku djus okyk O;ogkjA
ds vlQy iz;kl vkSj n`<+ bPNkA Wen-Yu Hsu, Sunny S.J. Lin, Shan-
• baVjusV xfrfof/k;ksa ij vf/kd le; Mei Chang, Yin-Hsing Tseng, Nan-Ying
O;rhr djuk vkSj baVjusV NksM+ukA Chiu, 2015)

;fn vki lksp jgs gSa fd vki baVjusV O;lu ls flQZ blfy, ihfM+r gSa D;ksafd
vki lks'ky ehfM;k ij cgqr vf/kd gS] ;k vki ;w-V;wc ij vla[; dqRrksa ds
ohfM;ks ns[krs gSa] rks vkidks fpark djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA ,slk djuk fdlh
O;lu dks vksj b'kkjk ugha djrkA leL;k rc gksrh gS tc fdlh O;fDr dk nSfud
thou izHkkfor gksrk gSA tc os vius baVjusV LØhu ls fpids jgus dh vko';drk
ds dkj.k vius lkekU; fnu ds fu;fer dk;ksZa dks djuk can dj nsrs gSaA vR;f/kd
ohfM;ks xse [ksyuk] lks'ky usVofdZax] psfVax] CykWfxax] vkWu ykbu 'kkWfix vkSj
vuqfpr baVjusV iksZuksxzkQh dk mi;ksx vUrr% baVjusV O;lu dk dkj.k cu ldrk
gSaA vU; [Link] nSfud xfrfof/k;ksa dh dher ij bu xfrfof/k;ksa ij [kpZ fd;s
tkus okys le; ds izfr gesa lrdZ jguk pkfg,A

2018 esa] MCY;w ,p vks ds baVjus'kuy DykflfQds'ku vkWQ fMflftt ¼ICD-11½

ds X;kgjosa la'kks/ku us ohfM;ks xse O;lu dk ifjp; djk;k vkSj bls ^^ohfM;ks xse
O;ogkj ds izk:i ¼^^fMftVy xsfeax ;k ohfM;ks xse**½ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tks
fNu fu;a=.k }kjk ifjyf{kr FkkA ohfM;ks xse] dks nh tkus okyh izkFkfedrk bl
gn rd c<+ tkrh gS fd ;g vU; #fp;ksa vkSj nSfud xfrfof/k;ksa ij bls rjthg
feyrh gS] vkSj blds udkjkRed [Link] ds ckotwn ohfM;ks xse dh fujarjrk ;k
o`f) gksrh tkrh gS** ¼MCY;w ,p vks] 2018½A ohfM;ks xse fodkj dk funku dsoy
rHkh fd;k tkrk gS rc O;ogkj izk:i de ls de ckjg eghuksa ds fy, O;fDrxr
ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] 'kS{[Link]] O;kolkf;d ;k vU; [Link] {ks=ksa esa [Link]
{[Link] dk dkj.k curk gSA

baVjusV O;lu vkSj baVjusV xse O;lu Hkkjr esa c<+rh gqbZ fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA
vf/kdka'k v/;;uksa esa v/;;u fd;s x;s uewus ds ianzg izfr'kr ls vf/kd yksxksa esa
baVjusV dk leL;kRed mi;ksx ik;k x;k gS ¼cjFkdj vkSj 'kekZ] 2012( ';ke] 'kekZ]
Iykuhpkeh] 2016½A 954 ;qok O;Ldksa ij fd;s x, ,d gky ds v/;;u esa] 15-51
izfr'kr baVjusV ds O;luh Fks vkSj 49-19 izfr'kr baVjusV ds vf/kd mi;ksxdrkZ Fks
¼tSu ,oa vU;] 2020½A Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku vuqla/kku ifj"kn ¼vkbZlh,evkj½ }kjk 147
foÙk iksf"kr losZ{k.k esa cSaxyw: ds 2755 yksxksa ds losZ{k.k esa ik;k x;k fd 8-3
izfr'kr yksx baVjusV ds O;luh Fks vkSj 4-1 izfr'kr eksckby Qksu ds] lks'ky
usVofdZax lkbVl ds 3-5 izfr'kr] vkWuykbu 'kkWfiax 4-1 izfr'k] vkWykbu iksuksZxzkQh
0-2 izfr'kr vkSj tq, ds 1-2 izfr'kr yksx O;oluh ik, x;sA
dqN izek.k crkrs gSa fd baVjusV ds O;luh yksxksa dh efLr"d lajpuk vkSj
izfrfØ;k mu yksxksa ds leku gS tks MªXl ;k 'kjkc ij fuHkZjrk ls ihfM+r gSaA blds
vykok] baVjusV O;lu ds O;ogkj ls Mksikekbu dk lzko gksrk gS] tks vkuan vkSj
larqf"V ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ,d raf=dk lapkjd ¼U;wjksVªkalehVj½ gS] tks fuHkZjrk iSnk
djrk gSA bl izdkj] le; ds lkFk] baVjusV ds mi;ksx ls r`Ir gksus ds fy,]
O;fDr larqf"V dh ek=k rd igq¡pus ds fy, bldk vf/kd mi;ksx djuk pkgrk gSA
baVjusV ds mi;ksx ls tqM+s izzfrQy mUgsa O;luh cuk nsrs gSaA
;g ns[kus ds fy, fd vkidks dksbZ vf/klwpuk feyh ;k ugha] vki fdruh ckj
viuk baLVªkxzke] Qslcqd] LuSipSV vkfn pSd djus dh vko';drk eglwl gksrh gS\
D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd vkidks yxkkrkj tkap djus dh vko';drk D;ksa
eglwl gksrh gS\ ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd tc vki dks dksbZ vuisf{kr vf/klwpuk ;k
lans'k izkIr gksrk gS rks vkidks vPNk yxrk gSA ;fn ;g ,d ckj gqvk gS rks vki
bl mEehn ls yxkrkj ckj-ckj tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd dqN vizR;kf'kr :i ls
vPNk Lo;a dks nksgjk;sxkA gkykafd] mu yksxksa ds lkFk D;k gksrk gS tks blds
O;luh gks tkrs gSA
v/;;uksa ls ladsr feyrk gS fd baVjusV O;lu vkSj baVjusV xse O;lu ls fuEu
Lrj ds vkRe lEeku] vkosx'khyrk] [kjkc uhan dh [Link]Ùkk] euksn'kk fodkj vkSj
vkRegR;k ds eqn~nksa dks tUe nsrs gSaA mUgsa volkn] nq'foark vkSj ruko dh
lg:[Link] ¼f=ikBh] 2017½ vkSj fojks/kkHkko] vkØkedrk] /;kukHkko vkSj vfr
lfØ;rk fodkj dh lg:[Link] Hkh gksrh gS ¼fMDlu vkSj vU;] 2019½A v/;;uksa esa
;g Hkh ik;k x;k gS fd euksfodkjh mi;ksx lkekftd vkSj O;ogkjkRed lanHkksZa esa
,d O;fDr dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gS] ftlesa ,dkdhiu vkSj lkekftd dke-dkt
vkSj {kerk ds eqn~ns 'kkfey gSaA
cPpksa vkSj ;qokvksa esa LØhu Vkbe dk mPp Lrj eksVkis] vLoLFk vkgkj] volkn
xzLrrk ds y{[Link] vkSj thou dh [kjkc [Link]Ùkk ds etcwr izek.k ds lkFk dbZ rjg
ds LokLF; laca/kh uqdlkuksa ls tqM+k gS ¼fLVfXyd vkSj ohuj] 2019½A bruk dguk
gh dkQh gS fd ekeys dks xaHkhjrk ls ysus vkSj blds ckjs esa tkx:drk iSnk djuk
t:jh gSA baVjusV dk mi;ksx djuk dksbZ cqjk O;ogkj ugha gS] vkSj yksxksa dks bl
midj.k ls nwj ugha jguk pkfg,A ijUrq] ;g t:jh gS fd baVjusV ds mi;ksx
djus dk ,d LoLFk rjhdk O;Dr vkSj izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A ;g nf{k.k dksfj;k esa
ohfM;ks xse O;lu ds O;SfDrd v/;;u vkSj vf/kd Li"V gksxkA

fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lR; ;k vlR; crkb,%

1½ Mh,l,e-5 us baVjusV O;lu dks ,d fodkj ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k gSA
2½ vkbZlhMh-11 us baVjusV O;lu dks ,d fodkj ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k gSA
3½ ;g vPNh rjg ls LFkkfir gS fd baVjusV O;lu euksfonyrk dk dkj.k curk
gSA
148
4½ Mksikekbu baVjusV O;lu ls lacaf/kr gSA
5½ euksfpfdRld baVjusV O;lu ds funku ds fy, tq, ds ekunaM dk mi;ksx
,d vk/kkj ds :i esa djrs gSaA

,slk dgk tkrk gS fd nf{k.k dksfj;k esa 1958 esa ^LVkj Øk¶V* xse ds vkus ls phtsa
cny xbZA bl xse us ,d vkSj cnyko dks tUe fn;k - xsfeax dsQs dh LFkkiukA
tgk¡ laj{kd ,d ?kaVs ds 'kqYd ds fy, ¼fofHkUu izdkj ds Hkkstu vkSj is; ds lkFk½]
ftls ihlh cSXal dgk tkrk gS] eYVhIys;j daI;wVj xse [ksy ldrs gSaA vf/kdka'k
ihlh cSaXl lqijQkWLV czksMcSaM vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh gkbZ-,aM daI;wVj vkSj vklku baVjusV
igq¡p ds lkFk fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWyt s ksa ds ikl LFkkfir fd, x;s FksA vc] dksbZ
Hkh fdlh Hkh bykds esa ihlh cSaXl ds cxSj dqN CykWd Hkh ugha pyk ldrk FkkA
nf{k.k dksfj;k esa thoar baVjusV okrkoj.k ohfM;ks xse vkSj vU; baVjusV vk/kkfjr
xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vklkuh ls lqyHk gks x;k vkSj dqN gh le; esa blds fd'kksj
vkSj ;qok ohfM;ks xse ds O;luh cu x,A 2018 ds nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ ljdkj ds
losZ{k.k fjiksZV ds vuqlkj] ns'k ds yxHkx chl izfr'kr vkcknh dks baVjusV O;lu
dk xaHkhj [krjk gS ¼lwfyou] 2019½A yxHkx nl esa ls ,d cPpk baVjusV O;luh gS
vkSj bldk izkFkfed dkj.k vkWuykbu xsfeax gSA fde ,oa vU; ¼2020½ us nf{k.k
dksfj;kbZ fd'kksjksa esa pkj baVjusV xsfeax [Link] dh igpku dh% euksjatu] nksLrksa ds
lkFk feyuk-tqyuk] ruko ls jkgr vkSj xsfeax dk vH;Lr gksukA xsfeax ogk¡ ,d
cM+k m|ksx gS D;ksafd ;g ;qokvksa dh laLÑfr vkSj thou 'kSyh dk ,d dsUnzh;
fgLlk gSA
bZ-LiksVZl nf{k.k dksfj;k esa ,d QS'kuscy pht gS vkSj ;g nl izk-s xsfeax yhx dh
estckuh djrk gSA eSp fu;fer :i ls jk"Vªh; Vsyhfotu ij izlkfjr fd, tkrs gS
vkSj dqN usVodZ bZ-LiksZVl 24x7 izlkfjr djrs gSaA bZ-LiksZV~l ,FkyhVksa dks izfl}
O;fDr dk ntkZ izkIr djkrs gSa vkSj os dYiuk ls ijs dekrs gSaA
uoEcj 2011 esa] bl ns'k us ,d dkuwu ikfjr fd;k ftlus lksyg o"kZ ds de mez
ds cPpksa ij vk/kh jkr ls lqcg N% cts ds chp vkWuykbu xse [ksyus ij izfrca/k
yxk fn;kA bls izfl) :i ls 'kV-MkÅu dkuwu ;k flUMªsyk dkuwu dgk tkrk gSA
;g dkuwu blfy, ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk D;ksafd cM+h la[;k esa fd'kksj vius ohfM;ks
xse O;lu ds dkj.k viuh uhan [kks jgs FksA fo'o LokLF; laxBu }kjk ohfM;ks xse
O;lu dks ,d fodkj ds :i esa oxhZÑr djus ds lkFk] nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ ljdkj Hkh
mlh rtZ ij lksp jgh gSA gkykafd] yk[kksa djksM+ksa MkWyj dk xsfeax m|ksx bl rjg
ds izHkko dk fojks/k dj jgk gSA
ohfM;ks xse O;lu dks nf{k.k dksfj;k esa ,d ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k
gSA fcuk fdlh fojke ds dbZ fnuksa rd yxkrkj [ksyus ds ckn dbZ xselZ dh
FkdkoV ls e`R;q ds ckn bls ,d jk"Vªh; leL;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gSA cPpksa]
fd'kksjksa] ;qok O;Ldksa dks baVjusV dk mi;ksx djus vkSj Lo;a dks csgrj <ax ls
izcaf/kr djus ds fy, viuh bPNkvksa dks fu;af=r djus esa enn djus ds fy,
ljdkj }kjk dbZ xsfeax O;lu eqfDr izksxzke vkSj cwV dSEi pyk, tkrs gSaA nf{k.k
dksfj;k ds ewtq esa us'kuy lsaVj QkWj ;wFk baVjusV ,fMD'ku VªhVesUV muesa ls ,d
gSA ;s lqfo/kk,¡ yksxksa dh enn ds fy, lewg fpfdRlk] ifjokj ijke'kZ] 'kkjhfjd

149
xfrfof/k;ksa] laxhr vkSj dyk l=ksa vkSj laKkukRed] O;ogkjkRed fpfdRlk ds :iksa
dk mi;ksx djrh gSaA

vkb;s ge bl bdkbZ eas geus tks lh[kk gS] mls lkjkaf'kr djsa%
• ehfM;k dk izHkko vifjgk;Z gSA mi;ksx vkSj miHkksx ds vk/kkj ij ehfM;k ds
udkjkRed izHkko gksrs gSaA
• ehfM;k vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls baVjusV og lzksr gSa ftlds ek/;e ls yksxksa dks
ohfM;ks xse] fQYeksa vkfn ds ek/;e ls mUeqDr fgalk rd igq¡p izkIr gks ldrh
gSA ;g og LFkku Hkh gksrk gS] tgka lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj fofHkUu osclkbV vius
Lo;a ds 'kjhj ds vuqHkwfr ds ckjs esa O;ogkj dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA
• ehfM;k ,d midj.k ds :i esa leL;k dk dkj.k ugha gS] rF; ;g gS fd
blds ckjs esa vufHkKrk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, vusd leL;k,¡ iSnk dj ldrh gSA
• nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ dh ,d O;SfDrd v/;;u us fn[kk;k fd dSls baVjusV O;olu]
jk"Vªh; leL;k cu ldrk gSA tc rd yksxksa dks ehfM;k ds mu ij iM+us
okys laHkkfor udkjkRed izHkkoksa ds izfr tkx:d ugha fd;k tkrk] os vUrr%
blds vusd izHkkoksa ds f'kdkj gks ldrs gSaA

,d míhid ds fy, laKkukRed] laosnukRed] 'kjhj fØ;kRed

vkSj vUrr% O;ogkjkRed izfrfØ;kvksa esa deh gksus dh izfØ;kA
xsfeax ij {kh.k gqvk fu;U=.k vkSj vU; xfrfof/k;ksa ij xsfeax
dks nh tkus okyh vf/kdkf/kd izkFkfedrk] blds udkjkRed [Link] ds ckotwn]
xsfeax vU; #fp;ksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa ij rjthg izkIr dj ysrk gSA
,d O;kid fl)kar tks vkØkedrk ds fofHkUu
dkjdksa dh Hkwfedk dks ,dhÑr djrk gSA
ml izfØ;k dh O;k[;k djrk gS tc yksx viuh
rqyuk nwljksa ds lkFk djrs gSa] ftUgsa os csgrj ;k cnrj ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa]
vkSj fQj vius Lo;a ds lkekftd vkSj O;fDrxr egRo dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA

1½ efgykvksa esa dk; izfrek ds eqn~nksa esa ehfM;k dSls ;ksxnku djrk gS\
2½ lkekftd vf/kxe fl)kar dh lgk;rk ls ehfM;k fgalk dh O;k[;k dhft,A
3½ baVjusV O;lu dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, vkSj blds dqN [Link] dh :ijs[kk
rS;kj dhft,A

150
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%20Oliver%20-%202009%20-
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f#page=507

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• Frontline - Digital Nation | Epic Documentaries

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YouTube[Link]

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gksrk gS] ;kuh dqN mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk QSykuk] muds ykHkksa
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okys fofHkUu ehfM;k esa fizaV ehfM;k ¼lekpkj i=] vkSj if=dk foKkiu½] vkfM;ks-
fotqvy ehfM;k ¼jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu foKkiu½] lks'ky ehfM;k ¼vkids Qslcqd
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ds fy, jkth djuk gksrk gS A vfèkdka'k foKkiuksa dh lkexzh esa laxBu@O;kikj
QeZ] mRikn@lsok dk fooj.k] mRikn ds ykHk ¼vDlj rqyuk ds ekè;e ls½ ds ckjs
esa tkudkjh nsuk vkSj yf{kr n'kZdksa dks igpkuuk gSA ekdsZfVax ds tud fQfyi
dksVyj ds vuqlkj] foKkiu Þfdlh igpkus x, çk;kstd }kjk lekpkj i=ksa]
if=dkvksa] Vsyhfotu ;k jsfM;ks tSls ekl ehfM;k ds ekè;e ls xSj-O;fäxr çLrqfr
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bl çdkj xzkgdksa dh la[;k esa o`f) djukA
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• yf{kr n'kZdksa dks fdlh mRikn] mlds mi
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i‚fyfl;ksa½ vkfn ds ckjs esa foKkiu dk mís'; gSa A

foKkiu cukus esa LVsdgksYMj ds fofHkUu lewg 'kkfey gksrs gSaA fp= 7-1
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cukus esa 'kkfey LVsdgksYMj mBkus okys fofHkUu m|fe;ksa dk [Link] djrk gS tks
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ii½ foKkid ;k rks vius Lo;a ds [Link]@fcØh@foKkiu

foHkkx ds ekè;e ls iwjs foKkiu dks rS;kj] fMt
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kbu vkSj fodflr dj ldrk
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fo'ks"k {ks= gksrk gS] foKkid ,d ckgjh foKkiu ,tsalh ds fy, tkrs gSa] tks
158
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ldrk gSA orZeku mi;ksxdrkZ vkSj Hkfo"; ds [kjhnkj nksuksa gh yf{kr vkSj
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IysVQ‚eksaZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA foKkiuksa dks lekpkj i=ksa] if=dk]
tuZy] gSaMfcy] vkfn ¼fizafVM ehfM;k½] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu dk;ZØe] baVjusV
vkfn ¼bysDVª‚fud ehfM;k½] bf'rgkj] foKkiu-cksMZ] ok;q xqCckjk ¼,;j oSywu½
vkfn ¼vkmVMksj ehfM;k½] çpkj iqfLrdk ¼czks'kj½] lwpuk i=] i=d vkSj ipZs
¼Ã-esy ;k Mkd }kjk Hkstk x;k½ vkfn }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA lcls mi;qä
foKkiu ehfM;k dk p;u djuk ekdsZfVax esa lcls [Link] [Link];ksa esa ls ,d
gksrk gSA
v½ ljdkjh fofu;eksa ds ckgj dksÃ cM+k O;olk; ugÈ fd;k
tk ldrk gSA blh rjg] foKkiu djuk Hkh ljdkjh fofu;fer gksrk gSA
foKkiu dh fo"k;-oLrq dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa cuk, x, dqN
dkuwuksa esa dscy Vsyhfotu usVodZ ¼fofu;eu½ vfèkfu;e] 1955] Hkkjrh; çsl
ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1978] dscy Vsyhfotu usVodZ ¼la'kksèku½ fu;e] 2006 vkfn
'kkfey gSaA Hkkjrh; foKkiu ekud ifj"kn vkSj ,chlh ¼v‚fMV C;wjks v‚Q
ldqZys'ku½ Hkh Hkkjr esa dqN çkfèkdj.k gSa tks foKkiuksa dks fofu;fer djrs gSaA

foKkiu djuk oSfÜod vkSj cgqr xfr'khy gks x;k gSA os ftu LFkkuksa ij izpkj
dCtk djrs gSa] os cgqr O;kid gks x, gSaA foKkiu ds foLrkj ds lkFk gh foKkiuksa
dk Lo:i Hkh cny x;k gSA blls igys ds foKkiuksa esa rF;kRed tkudkjh ij
vfèkd è;ku dsafær fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj eqæ.k lapkj ekè;e ¼fizaV ehfM;k½ jsfM;ks
;k Vhoh esa T;knkrj ekSf[kd izfriknuksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA vkèkqfud
le; ds foKkiu vfèkd vuqHkokRed] vkd"kZd gksrs gSa vkSj muesa cgqr vfèkd
fotqvy vihy gksrh gSA uhps nh xÃ nks Nfo;ksa esa yxHkx ,d lnh dk varj gS]
vkSj vki vklkuh ls iqjkus foKkiu vkSj u, ds chp dk ;g varj ns[k ldrs gSa%-

[Link]
159
vkèkqfud lnh dk foKkiu ,d jpukRed dyk dk :Ik gksrk gS tks
fotqvy vkVZ ds lkFk laxhr ls ysdj fMftVy vkVZ rd dh dgkuh dks tksM+rk
gSA lapkj ekè;e vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds vfHklj.k ds dkj.k] fofHkUu izdkj ds lapkj
ekè;eksa vkSj ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ ;k pSuy ftu ij foKkiu j[ks tkrs gSa] muesa
[Link] cnyko yk;k gSA baVjusV ij ;w-Vîwc] Qslcqd] baLVkxzke] Oy‚x] lpZ
batu vkfn tSls dÃ fodYi foKkiu ds fofHkUu :iksa ij gkoh gks x;s gSaA fMftVy
dsZÇVx ds vkxeu us foKkiu ds dqN u, :iksa dks tUe fn;k gS] tSls fd ;w-
ekds
Vîwc ij fn[kk, tkus okys yacs çk:i okyh fQYesa ;k miHkksäk ds lkFk vkd"kZd
ckrphr djuk
djuk] bR;kfnA foKkiu djus ds u, Lo:iksa ds dqN [Link] dks uhps
'kkfey fd;k x;k gS%
fofHkUu lks'ky ehfM;k ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks yf{kr
djrk gS vkSj mUgsa viuk fu'kkuk cukrk gSA ;g ,d rjg dk v‚uykbu foKkiu
gksrk gS tgka fofHkUu lks'ky ehfM;k usVodZ ij foKkiu gksrs gSaA ge lHkh vius
Qslcqd ;k baLVkxzke o‚y ij <sj lkjs foKkiuksa dks ns[kkrs gSaA ;s lks'ky ehfM;k
foKkiu ds mnkgj.k gSaA ;g O;fä;ksa ds fof'k"V lewgksa ds fy, vfèkd vkd"kZd]
laoknkRed ¼baVjSfDVo½ vkSj yf{kr gksrs gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k foKkiu dk ,d fgLlk
vuq;kf;;ksa ds fy, lkexzh fuekZ.k gksrk gSA yf{kr n'kZdksa ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k
ij fo"k;-oLrq dk fuekZ.k] çdk'ku vkSj forj.k fd;k tkrk gSA blesa fdlh dh
czkaM tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj u, n'kZdksa dks vkdÆ"kr djus ;k ekStwnk yksxksa
dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, çklafxd ys[k] ohfM;ks] i‚MdkLV vkSj vU; lapkj ekè;e
lk>k djuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g vius n'kZdksa@xzkgdksa dks tksM+s j[kus dh ,d
[Link] gksrh gSA

[Link]

bls laoknkRed dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa

foKkiu ds miHkksäkvksa vkSj mRikndksa ds chp vkilh ?kVukØe vkSj dk;Zdyki
160
'kkfey gksrs gaSA foKkiu ns[kus ij mi;ksxdrkZ dk daVªksy gksrk gS] vFkkZr~]
mi;ksxdrkZ dk bl ij fu;a=.k gksrk gS fd og foKkiu ns[ksxk ;k ugÈA
mi;ksxdrkZ Ø‚l cVu ij fDyd djds foKkiu dks [kkfjt dj ldrk gSA yf{kr
,oa fu;ksftr n'kZdksa dk è;ku viuh vksj vkdÆ"kr djus ds fy, ,sls foKkiuksa dks
cgqr jpukRed gksuk pkfg,A
;g ml rjhds dks le>us
ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftlesa lpZ batu ¼tSls xwxy] Çcx] baVjusV ,DlIyksjj] eksft+yk
Q+k;jQ+‚Dl½ dke djrs gSa] eq[; 'kCn ¼dhoMZ½ tks vDlj lpZ batu ¼[kkst
fo'ysf"kdh½ esa Vkbi fd, tkrs gSa ;k yf{kr n'kZdksa }kjk dkSu ls lpZ batu }kjk
ilan fd, tkrs gSaA fdlh fo'ks"k [kkst batu ls viuh osclkbV ij vfèkd foft+Vj
dk izkIr djus esa ;g lc foKkiunkrk dh enn djrk gS D;ksafd mudh osclkbV
[kkst batu ij mPp jSad djsxh tks lpZ batu v vf/kdre mi;ksx
¼vkIVhekbts'ku½ds ckn ist esa [Link] gksrk gSA
;g lanHkZ y{;hdj.k dk mi;ksx djrk gSA bldk eryc ;g
gS fd miHkksäk ftl osclkbV ij tk jgk gS] mlds ladsr 'kCn LdSu djuk vkSj
fQjj mlh ds vkèkkj ij mlh miHkksäk dks foKkiu fn[kkukA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn
vki fdlh [kkst batu ij fdlh fo'ks"k ikBikB~îØe dh [kkst dj jgs gSa rks vki ml
fo'ks"k osclkbV ij tk,¡A dqN le; ckn vkidks fofHkUu d‚ystksa ;k fofo'ofo|ky;ksa
ds ikB;dzeksa ds foKkiu feysaxs tks vkidh fp=iV ¼LØhu½ ij i‚i-vi djssaxAs
;s laikndh; ds :i esa foKkiu gksrs gSa] tks
vf/kdrjrj if=dkvksa] lekpkj i=ksa vkSj osclkbVksa esa çnÆ'kr gksrs jgrs gSaA mUkdks
ns[kus ds fy, Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ys[kksa dh rjg fn[kus ds fy, rS;kj vkSj
fMt+kbu fd;k tkrk gS tks çdk'ku esa fn[kkÃ nsrs gSaA

[Link]
[Link]

161
vU; ifjorZuksa esa ;k foKkiuksa esa varÆufgr
voè[Link],¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Vhoh foKkiu vkt lkekU; vkSj BsB
Þeè;e oxZÞ ds ctk; ÞmPp egRokdka{kh dkedkth oxZÞ dks dkQh gn rd viuh
vksj vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA ;g dkQh gn rd Hkkjrh; miHkksäk dh cnyrh LoHkko ds
dkj.k gS ftldh Ø; 'kfä vkSj ç;ksT; vk; esa dkQh o`f) gqÃ gS ¼egkik=k]
2014½A ,d vU; ifjorZu ;g gS fd ;fn os ,d fuf'pr mRikn dk mi;ksx djrs
gSa] rks foKkiuksa esa miHkksäkvksa ds thou dh [Link]Ùkk vkSj LokLF; esa lqèkkj ij tksj
fn;k tkrk gS] u fd dsoy iSls ds fy, muds ewY; dks mtkxj djrs gSaA efgykvksa
dks Hkh rsth ls ifjokj esa [Link]; fuekZrkvksa ds :i esa fn[kk;k tk jgk gSA lkekftd
ifjorZu vkSj ySfxad Hkwfedkvksa dks cnyus tSls eqíksa dks mtkxj djus okys foKkiu
¼tSls ,fj;y dk *'ks;j n yksM* vfHk;ku ;k VkbVu jkxk dk *mldk thou mldh
ilan* ;k *czsd n ck;l*½] foijhrÇyxh O;fä;ksa ¼VªkaLktsaMjks½ ds vfèkdkj vkSj
Loh—fr ¼czqd c‚UM jsM yscy dk *Lokn viusiu dk* ;k foDl* *Vp v‚Q ds;j*½]
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ¼tSls ÇgnqLrku ;wfuyhoj dk *n 'kkoj* ;k VkVk fVLd‚u dk *n
l‚Ux v‚Q n Q‚jsLV*½] eÇgæk ds *yM+dh gkFk ls fudy tk,xh* bR;kfn vkSj Hkh
,sls foKkiu gSaA buesa ls dÃ foKkid dh dkikZsjsV lkekftd ftEesnkjh ;kstukvksa
dh igy gSaA lqizfl) ][;kfrçkIr vkSj e'kgwj O;fä;ksa ds foKkiu Hkh dkQh c<+
x, gSaA igys yDl tSls pqÇunk VªsM-ekdZ esa dsoy c‚yhoqM vfHkusf=;ka gh fn[kkÃ
nsrh FkÈA ysfdu vc gj nwljk mRikn [ksy vkSj laxhr lfgr fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh
e'kgwj gfLr;ksa }kjk lefFkZr gksrk gSA

s -ekdZ ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kuk foKkiu dk y{; gksrk gSA

1½ çfrLi/khZ VªM
2½ foKkiu ds :i esa laikndh; dks lekpkji= ;k if=dk esa foKkifudk dgk
tkrk gSA
3½ eq[; 'kCn~ lpZ batu ds vf?kdre mi;ksx dk ,d [Link] ?kVd gksrk gSA
4½ dqN ledkyhu foKkiu cnyrh yaSfxd Hkwfedkvksa dks Hkh n'kkZrs gSaA
5½ foKkiu ds fodkl esa ,d [Link] LVsdgksYMj laL—fr ,oa lH;rk gksrh gSA
6½ foKkiu dsoy fcØh dk çpkj djrs gSaA

pwafd O;kokfjd laxBu foKkiu esa cgqr iSlk yxkrs gSa vkSj ,d foKkiu ,tsalh
foKkiu cukus esa cgqr le; vkSj ÅtkZ yxkrh gS] blfy, ,d çHkkoh foKkiu dks
fodflr djuk ,d t:jr ,oa vfuok;Zrk gks x;h gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS
fd fdlh mRikn ds fy, e'kgwj gfLr;ksa dk bLrseky D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS ;k D;ksa
dÃ mRikn ykHkksa dh ?kks"[Link] djus okys oSKkfudksa ;k M‚DVjksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\
dqN foKkiu dsoy ,d fuf'pr dk;ZØe ds nkSjku gh D;ksa fn[kk, tkrs gS\a dqN
mRikn fizaV ehfM;k foKkiu ds fy, D;ksa tkrs gSa tcfd vU; jsfM;ks ;k Vhoh ij
foKkiu djrs gSa\ ,d izHkkoh foKkiu dk;ZØe dks fMt+kbu djus ds rjhdksa dks
tkuus esa] ;k ,d çHkkoh foKkiu dk;ZØe dSls rS;kj fd;k tk,] bu lokyksa ds
162
tckc esa fufgr gksrk gSA vkb, igys ns[ksa fd foKkiu dh çHkko'khyrk dk rkRi;Z
D;k gSA

,d çHkkoh foKkiu og gksrk gS ftldk miHkksäkvksa ij okafNr çHkko iM+rk gSA

bldk eryc gS fd ,d çHkkoh foKkiu og gS tks izsjd gksrk gS vkSj ftlls izsjd
gksdj xzkgd czkaM ds çfr vuqdwy joS;k viukrk gSA ;g ewy :i ls foKkfir fd,
tk jgs czkaM ds çfr miHkksäk ds [kjhnkjh djus okys O;ogkj esa cnyko gksrk gSA
miHkksäk ij foKkiu ds çHkkoksa dks le>us ds fy, gesa nks e‚My ,d foKkiu dh
çHkko'khyrk dh voè[Link] esa enn djsaxsA ;s e‚My foKkiuksa ds mís'; fuèkkZfjr
djus esa Hkh enn djrs gSaA
bl e‚My ds vuqlkj miHkksäk dqN mRikn [kjhnus
ds ckjs esa [Link]; ysrs le; fofHkUu [Link] esa ,d Øe esa jSf[kd :i ls vkxs c<+rs
gSaA bu [Link] dks eksVs rkSj ij laKkukRed ¼lksp½ pj.k] HkkokRed ¼Hkkouk½ pj.k
vkSj var esa O;ogkfjd ¼okLrfod [kjhn ;k fdlh mRikn dk ijh{k.k½ pj.k esa
oxÊ—r fd;k tk ldrk gSA fof'k"V [Link] esa 'kkfey gSa%

igys nks pj.k laKkukRed gksrs gSa] n'kZdksa ds fnekx esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkus
dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh ekdsZÇVx vfHk;ku ;k foKkiu dk igyk dne n'kZdksa esa
mRikn] czkaM ;k eqís ds ckjs esa tkx#drk iSnk djuk gksrk gSA vkius dÃ lkèkkj.k
foKkiuksa ij è;ku fn;k gksxk tks mRikn ds uke dks nksgjkrs jgrs gSaA ;g mRikn
;k czkaM ds uke dks Qksdy cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
mRikn ;k czkM
a ds ckjs esa tkx#drk ds vykok] fu;ksftr n'kZdksa dks blds
ckjs esa vfèkd Kku gksuk pkfg,A czkaM vkSj mlds ewY;] mldh fof'k"Vrk] çfrLièkÊ
ds czkaM ls varj vkfn dks le>uk bl Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
vxys nks lksiku yf{kr ,oa fu;ksftr n'kZdksa dh Hkkoukvksa dks vkdÆ"kr djrs gSa
fd os mRikn@czkaM ds ckjs esa dSlk eglwl djrs gSaA
;g og og pj.k gS tgka fu;ksftr vkSj yf{kr n'kZdksa dks mRikn
ilan vkrk gSA ;fn fu;ksftr n'kZdksa dks mRikn ilan ugÈ vkrk gS] rks mlds
[Link] dk irk yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa Hkh lacksfèkr fd;k tkrk gSA fQj 163
uohuh—r mRikn dk foKkiu fd;k tkrk gSA n'kZdksa dks mRikn ilan djus ds
fy, HkkoukRed vihy dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA lQZ ,Dlsy ds fy,
Þnkx vPNs gSaÞ vfHk;ku ;kn djs!a
ilan djus dk vFkZ ;g ugÈ gS fd fu;ksftr xzkgd bls fdlh vU; czkaM
ds vU; leku mRiknksa ij ilan djus tk jgk gSA n'kZdksa dks okLro esa mRikn
[kjhnus ds fy, foKkiu vfHk;ku esa mRiknksa dh [Link]Ùkk] çn'kZu ;k ewY; c<+kus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
ojh;rk dks [kjhnus ds foÜokl esa ifjoÆrr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vkSj
fu;ksftr n'kZdksa ds chp –<+ foÜokl çHkkoh vfHk;kuksa esa fuÆer gksrk gSA
–<+ foÜokl ds ckn foKkiuksa dk vlyh dkj.k vkrk gS] ;kuh okLro esa
mRikn [kjhnukA fdlh mRikn ds ckjs esa vkÜoLr gksus ds ckn Hkh] os lHkh [kjhnkjh
ugÈ djus tk jgs gSaA dHkh-dHkh os vfèkd tkudkjh dh ryk'k djrs gSa ;k os [kjhn
ds vius [Link]; dks LFkfxr dj nsrs gSaA lcls çHkkoh foKkiu os gksrs gSa tks n'kZdksa
dks [kjhnkjh dk vafre pj.k ysus ds fy, vkÜoLr djrs gSaA D;k vkius ns[kk gS fd
dSls ÞtYnh djsa] dsoy dqN gh vkbVe cps gSaÞ ge dSls [kjhnsa cVu ij fDyd
djrs gSa\ ;k tc fdlh mRikn dks [kjhnus dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gS rks mls de
dher ij ;k dqN vU; ykHkksa ds lkFk is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
,d vkSj e‚My tks fiNys e‚My ls dkQh feyrk-tqyrk gS] og gS ,vkbZMh,
e‚MyA [Link] çHkkoksa dk ,vkbZMh, e‚My mu [Link] dh igpku djrk gS ftuds
ekè;e ls ,d O;fä@laHkkfor miHkksäk okLrfod xzkgd cuus ls igys ls xqtjrk
gSA ;s voLFkk,a gSa A-Attention I-Interest D-Desire
A- Action ¼dk;Zokgh½A ,d çHkkoh foKkiu og gksrk gS tks laHkkfor miHkksäkvksa
dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djus esa l{ke gksA vkd"kZd ftaxy ;k vkd"kZd jaxksa dk mi;ksx
è;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds mís'; ls gksrs gSaA foKkiu è;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds ckn]
foKkid ds mRiknksa ;k lsokvksa ds fy, #fp cukuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA ,d
çHkkoh foKkiu n'kZdksa ds fy, #fp ds ,d fcanq ls 'kq: gksdj ml pht ij
lekIr gksrk gS tks foKkid ds fy, #fpdj gksrh gSA dsoy #fp iSnk djuk gh
i;kZIr ugha gksrk gSA çHkkoh foKkiu os gSa tks yf{kr n'kZdksa esa mRikn dh bPNk
iSnk djus esa l{ke gSaA lkSan;Z mRiknksa ds fy, foKkiu djus ds fy, vkd"kZd
e‚Myksa dk mi;ksx djuk bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA vU; rjg dh lsYl vihy dk
Hkh bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn bu lHkh rhu y{;ksa dks iwjk dj jgs gS] rks ,d
foKkiu eas laHkkfor xzkgd dks dk;Z djus vkSj [kjhn djus ds fy, vihy gksuh
pkfg,A laHkkfor [kjhnkjksa dk ekxZn'kZu djus okyh cqfu;knh tkudkjh tSls fd
cqfdax dSls djsa ;k [kjhn djus ds fy, dgka tkuk gS] [kjhnkjh dks vklku djus
ds fy, foKkiuksa esa ekStwn gksrh gSA

1½ ,d çHkkoh foKkiu D;k gS\

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164
2½ AIDA dk [Link] :i D;k gS\
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3½ çHkko e‚My ds inkuqØe esa fofHkUu Lrj D;k gSa\
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;g le>us ds fy, fd ,d çHkkoh foKkiu vfHk;ku dSls fodflr fd;k tk,] gesa
dks le>us dh vko';drk gS ¼dksVyj]
vkeZLVªkax] l‚UMlZ] vkSj oksax] 1999½A ;s fe'ku] iSlk] lan's k] ehfM;k vkSj eki gSa]
ftUgsa fp= 7-3 esa le>k;k x;k gSA bu vaxzsth ds 5 ,eksa ds vkèkkj ij fdlh Hkh
foKkiu ds fodkl esa fofHkUu [Link]; gksrs gSaA vkb, ,d-,d djds mu ij fopkj
djsaA

Based on Kotler et. al. 1999

fdlh Hkh pht dh vksj igyk dne y{; fuèkkZj.k gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh foKkiu
dks fodflr djus ls igys] foKkiu ds mís'; dks tkuuk vko';d gksrk gSA
ge igys [kaM esa bu mís';ksa dks lekfgr dj pqds gSaA fofHkUu mís';ksa ds
vkèkkj ij foKkiu fuEu çdkj ds gks ldrs gSa -
165
lwpukRed foKkiu fdlh u, mRikn ;k iqjkus mRikn dh ubZ fo'ks"krkvksa ds
ckjs esa tkx:drk iSnk djuk gSA
çsjd foKkiu n'kZdksa dks ilan djus] izkFkfedrk nsus] vkÜoLr gksus vkSj
mRikn [kjhnus ds fy, rS;kj djuk gSA xzkgdksa dks ;g foÜokl fnykus ds
fy, jkth fd;k tkrk gS fd ftl czkM a dk foKkiu fd;k tk jgk gS og
muds fy, lcls vPNk gSA
rqyuk foKkiu ls irk pyrk gS fd dksbZ fo'ks"k czkaM vius çfrLi/khZ ls dSls
csgrj gSA gkykafd] bls çfrLi/khZ czkaM dks cnuke ugha djuk pkfg,A dqN
ns'kksa esa çfrLièkÊ foKkiu ds fy, l[r fu;e gksrs gSa rkfd og vuqfpr u
gksA
fjekbaMj foKkiu mRikn dks xzkgdksa ds fnekx esa j[kuk gS rkfd ckj-ckj
[kjhnkjh dh lqfoèkk fey ldsA
lq–<hdj.k foKkiu dk mís'; ekStwnk xzkgdksa dks ;g crkuk gksrk gS fd
mUgksaus ml mRikn dks [kjhndj lgh pquko dSls fd;kA
mRikn cktkj esa u;k gS ;k ;fn og igyh ilan gS ;k ;fn ;g fdlh vU;
çfrLi/khZ mRikn dks viuk cktkj esa fgLlk [kks jgk gS vkfn rRo & fdlh
mRikn dh ekdZsfVax fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;s dkjd fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa fd
foKkiu ds ek/;e ls ge yksxksa ds lkFk D;k laokn djuk pkgrs gSa];k nwljs
'kCnksa esa fdl rjg ds foKkiu fodflr fd, tk,A
ii
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd fganqLrku ;wfuyhoj fyfeVsM vius foKkiu ctV ij
yxHkx 3400 djksM+ #i;s ;k 34 fcfy;u #i;s [kpZ djus okyk Hkkjr dk
'kh"kZ foKkid gS ¼fip-eSfMlu ,MojVkbftax fjiksVZ] 2019½\ LVsfVLVk dh ,d
fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd dksdk dksyk 2014 ls 2020 rd nqfu;k Hkj esa vius
foKkiu ij vkSlru 4 fcfy;u M‚yj gj lky [kpZ dj jgh gS ¼d‚uos]
2021½A dksdk dksyk nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h is; daiuh gS vkSj vius vR;fèkd
uohu foKkiu vfHk;kuksa vkSj foKkiu ds çfr viuh çfrc)rk ds fy, tkuh
tkrh gSA
;s mnkgj.k n'kkZrs gSa fd foKkiunkrk foKkiu dks fdruk egRo nsrs gSaA ctV
r; djus ds fy, buiqV ykxr ¼vFkkZr] foKkiu vfHk;ku ds fuekZ.k dh
ykxr½ vkSj vkmViqV ¼vFkkZr] jktLo ds lanHkZ esa vfHk;ku ls visf{kr ;k
okLrfod fjVuZ½ dh le> vko';d vkSj egÙ[Link] gksrh gSA mi;qä ctV r;
djuk ,d [Link] [Link]; gksrk gS vkSj dbZ dkjdksa dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS
tSl-s
,d ubZ daiuh vkSj ,d u, mRikn dks
foKkiuksa ij [kpZ djus ds fy, ,d iqjkuh daiuh dh rqyuk esa vfèkd jkf'k
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks igys ls gh viuk czkaM LFkkfir dj pqdh gSA
blh rjg] ;fn fdlh czkaM us
cktkj ij dCtk dj fy;k gS vkSj mldk miHkksäk vkèkkj cgqr cM+k gS] rks
mls foKkiu ij cgqr vfèkd [kpZ djus dh vko';drk ugha gks ldrh gSA
uokxarqdksa dks cktkj ds lkFk-lkFk viuh cktkj fgLlsnkjh dk foLrkj djus
dh t:jr gksrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa çfrLi/kkZ cgqr [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
166
dksdk dksyk ,d LFkkfir czkaM gksus ds ckotwn foKkiu ij cgqr vfèkd [kpZ
djrk gS rkfd vius çfrLi/khZ isIlh ls viuh cktkj fgLlsnkjh u [kks,A
foKkiu çlkfjr gksus dh la[;k Hkh ctV fuèkkZfjr
djrh gSA
;fn mRikn vf}rh; gS vkSj cktkj esa vU;
mRiknksa ¼tSl]s eSxh½ ls vyx gS] rks foKkiu ctV NksVk gksrk gSA gkyk¡fd]
;fn lHkh czkaM ,d gh çdkj ds mRikn ¼tSls] nareatu½ dh is'kd'k djrs gSa]
rks foKkiu ij mudk [kpZ vfèkd gksrk gSA
iii

,d çHkkoh foKkiu vfHk;ku dks rS;kj ,oa fMtkbu djus esa lcls [Link]
pj.k dk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh xzkgd ds
lkeus vkus okyh <sj lkjh tkudkjh dks ns[krs gq, ;g vkSj Hkh egÙ[Link] gks
tkrk gSA cgqr lkjh lwpuk vO;oLFkk gksrh gS vkSj miHkksäk vius fjeksV
daVªky
s dk mi;ksx djds vklkuh ls foKkiuksa dks Vîwu dj ldrs gSaA blfy,]
jpukRed lkexzh ds fodkl vkSj mlds forj.k ij tksj fn;k tkrk gS] tks
fdlh fn, x, foKkiu dks nwljksa ls vyx djrk gSA foKkiu dh ykxr Hkh
rsth ls c<+ x;h gSA n'kZdksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, rS;kj fd, x,
rjhdksa esa ls ,d gS foKkiu dks euksjatu ds lkFk feykuk - vkmViqV
^foKkiu* ¼foKkiuksa dks bruk euksjatd cukuk fd yksx mUgsa ns[kuk pkgrs gSa½
;k czkM
a sM euksjatu ¼tc czkM
a ,d fgLlk gksa] fdlh vU; çdkj ds euksjatu ds
fy, tSls fdlh fQYe esa dsaæh; ik= fdlh fo'ks"k mRikn dks yksdfç; cukus
ds fy, mi;ksx djrs gSa½A
,d çHkkoh lans'k og gksrk gS tks czkaM@mRikn dks n'kZdksa ds lkFk HkkoukRed
:i ls tksM+rk gksA vfèkdka'k foKkiu ,tsafl;ka bl Lrj ij yxh gqbZ gSaA
çHkkoh foKkiu lans'k mRiUu djus ds vkèkkj vuqu; ds {ks= esa fd, x,
'kksèkdk;Z fd;s x;s gSaA lans'k fuekZ.k ds nkSjku vuqu; dk foLrkj laHkkouk
e‚My fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksxh gksrk gSA vkb, igys bl e‚My dks ns[ksa vkSj
foKkiu esa lans'k fuekZ.k ds ekeys esa bls dSls ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
;g e‚My ,d nksgjh
çlaLdj.k e‚My gS ftls ¼1983½ }kjk çLrkfor fd;k
x;k gSA e‚My ds vuqlkj vuqu; ;k –f"Vdks.k ifjorZu ds nks ekxZ gSa -
dsaæh; ekxZ vkSj ifjèkh; ekxZA fy, x, ekxZ ds vkèkkj ij lans'k ds çlaLdj.k
dk çdkj fHkUu gksrk gSA dsaæh; ekxZ esa lans'k esa çLrqr tkudkjh dk
lkoèkkuhiwoZd vkSj O;ofLFkr çlaLdj.k gksrk gS] tcfd ifjèkh; ekxZ esa lwpuk
dk vuqekuh ¼ekufld 'k‚VZdV½ çlaLdj.k gksrk gS tks lans'k esa ç;qä ladsrksa
dks è;ku esa j[krk gSA
tSlk fd fp= 7-4 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] O;ofLFkr çlaLdj.k rc gksrk gS tc
eqík gekjs fy, [Link] gksrk gS vkSj gekjs ikl tkudkjh dks lalkfèkr djus
dk le; gksrk gS] tcfd ifjèkh; çlaLdj.k egRoghu eqíksa ds fy, gksrk gS ;k
tc gekjs ikl xgjkbZ ls çfØ;k djus ds fy, i;kZIr lalkèku ugha gksrs gSaA-

167
vkb, vc bl e‚My dks foKkiuksa ij ykxw djsaA ;fn miHkksäk fdlh mRikn esa
#fp j[krs gSa vkSj mlesa 'kkfey gSa ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] dqN fo'ks"k fo'ks"krkvksa okyk
,d eksckby Qksu½] rks os blds foKkiu esa lans'k dks O;ofLFkr :i ls lalkfèkr
djsaxsA bl çdkj] vR;fèkd 'kkfey n'kZdksa dks yf{kr djrs le; lans'k esa rdZ
etcwr vkSj rdZlaxr :i ls vkd"kZd gksus pkfg,A pwafd vuqekuh çlaLdj.k gks jgk
gS] blfy, joS;k cnyuk vklku gksrk gS] vfèkdka'k foKkid miHkksäkvksa dks
çlaLdj.k ds ifjèkh; eksM esa èkdsy nsrs gSaA ;g lans'k dh [Link]Ùkk ds ctk;
vkd"kZd e‚My tSls lrgh ladsrksa ;k lqanj LFkkuksa tSls fod"[Link] dk mi;ksx djds
fd;k tkrk gSA
lans'k ds esa lans'k dks jpukRed rjhds ls rS;kj djuk 'kkfey
gSA bls Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl jpukRed fodkl dk mís';
miHkksäk dks O;Lr j[kuk gS ¼Åij ppkZ dh xbZ bZ,y,e ds vkèkkj ij½A foKkiuksa
esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dqN jpukRed lans'k [Link];k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa -
• foKkiu vihy ds :i esa ykHkksa dk mi;ksx djuk] dqN ,slk tks lHkh foKkiuksa
dk fgLlk gSA blds vykok] vihy lkFkZd vkSj foÜoluh; gksuh pkfg,] vkSj
vfr'k;ksfä[Link] ugha gksuh pkfg,A fofHkUu Qsfodksy ds foKkiu Hkh fiNys dqN
o"kksZa esa cgqr vkd"kZd jgs gSaA
• ,d vR;fèkd çsjd cM+k fopkj dks fodflr djuk tks vf}rh;] vuqie]
[Link]; vkSj ;knxkj gksA ÞD;k py jgk gS --- Q‚x py jgk gSÞ ¼Q‚x
fMvksMksjsaV ds fy,½ ;k ÞikSj-jc-ikSjÞ ¼lQZ ,Dlsy eSfVd fyfDoM fMVts±V ds
fy,½ ;k ÞgSo , czsd] gSo , fdV-dSVÞ tSlh fufgr lkexzh ,oa oLrq,a cgqr
yksdfiz; vkSj e'kgwj gks xÃ gaSA VkbVu us viuh lLrh ?kfM+;ksa ds ekè;e ls
ÞTokW; vkWQ fxf¶VaxÞ ij viuk è;ku dsafær fd;k gS] tSls ;qxy dykÃ ?kM+h
ÞcaèkuÞA vktdy ,;j daMh'kuj ;k o‚Ç'kx e'khu tSl bysDVª‚fud mRiknksa ds
dÃ foKkiu cktkj esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSa] tks mudh vuwBh rduhd ;k ÅtkZ
dh cpr tSlh lqfoèkkvksa dks mtkxj djus ij è;ku dsafær djrs jgrs gSaA
• geus vHkh-vHkh ns[kk fd 'kfä'kkyh okD;ka'kksa ds vykok] 'kfä'kkyh bestjh ;k
Çtxy dk mi;ksx djuk Hkh vke lans'k [Link];k¡ ekStwn gSaA
168
• ijksidkfjrk] 'kÉenxh ls cpus] l{ke fn[kus dh bPNk] miyfCèk dh
vko';drk] vkRe-Nfo] vkRe-o`f)] igpku ;k csgrj lacaèkksa tSls miHkksäkokn
vfHk;ku dks pykus okys fofoèk ekuoh; ç[Link] ,oa ea'kkvksa dk mi;ksx
jpukRed lkexzh esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkSan;Z mRiknksa ds
fy, fd;s tk jgs foKkiu vDlj lQyrk ;k miyfCèk dks mtkxj djrs gSaA
dÃ foKkiu ;g crkrs vkSj fn[kkrs gSa fd dSls fdlh fo'ks"k mRikn dk
mi;ksx djuk vkidks LekVZ] gksf'k;kj ;k LoLFk cukrk gS] ;k vkidks yksdfç;
cukrk gSA
• 'kSaiw] gs;j v‚;y] fMVts±V] dksd vkSj isIlh tSls foKkfir mRikn vkSj çfrLièkÊ
mRikn ds chp varj dks mtkxj vkSj js[kkafdr djuk] tgka foKkfir mRikn
ykxr çHkko'khyrk] [Link]Ùkk vkfn tSls fofHkUu vk;keksa ij rqyukRed :i ls
csgrj fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
fufgr lkexzh ds vykok] ;g Hkh gS tks [Link] gSA
lans'k ds dk;Z izn'kZu ,oa fu"iknu dk rkRi;Z fopkj vkSj lkexzh dks okLrfod
foKkiu esa ifjoÆrr djuk gksrk gSA dsoy bruk gh ugha tks dgk tkrk gS]
cfYd og dSls dgk tkrk gS] ;g Hkh foKkiuksa ds çHkkoh gksus ds fy, [Link]
vkSj vko';d gksrk gSA fopkj dks lkeus j[kus dk lgh rjhdk vkSj çk:i
[kkstuk egÙ[Link] gksrk gSA lans'k ds dk;Zizn'kZu ,oa fu"iknu gsrw mRikn dks
Þfof'k"VÞ yksxksa ds fu;fer thou esa j[kuk ;k thou 'kSyh esa lqèkkj djuk
tSlh vyx-vyx 'kSfy;k¡ gksrh gSaA dqN foKkiu Qsfodksy *,fy;u* foKkiu
tSls dYiuk ds rRoksa dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSa tgka ,fy;al us [Link] dks
pqukSrh nh fd os i`Foh ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k dks pwl ysaxs] ftldk eqdkcyk vafre
xksan *Qsfodksy* dk mi;ksx djds fd;k x;k FkkA
foKkiu vius mRikn ;k lsok ds vklikl
ds fuekZ.k ij Hkh Hkjkslk djrs gSaA vufxur foKkiu lqanjrk dh Hkkoukvksa dks
cqurs gSa ¼xksnjst gs;j dyj ds ^firk gekjs fy, igys uk;d gksrs gSa vkSj
uk;d dh dHkh dksbZ mez ugha gksrh*½] I;kj ¼VkbVu ?kfM+;ka vkSj rfu"d ToSyjh
foKkiu] dSMcjh flYd foKkiu½] vkSj ftKklk ¼^fjySDl bV~l vkbZ-Qksu*
foKkiu( dkSu cusxk djksM+ifr us rhu Hkkxksa esa ,d dgkuh lqukdj n'kZdksa esa
mRlqdrk iSnk dh½A dqN foKkiu 'kkafr] d#.kk ¼eSudkbaM QkekZ foKkiu esa
[Link]'k prqFkÊ eukrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gS] LVkj LiksVZ dk Mªhe 11 ds fy, ,d
pkSdhnkj dks egkekjh ds nkSjku vius lHkh ç;klksa ds fy, fo'ks"k eglwl djkus
dk foKkiu½] vkSj [kq'kh ¼dksdk dksyk [kqyh [kq'kh½ dks fpf=r djrk gSA
lqj{kkdh Hkkouk ¼tSls thou chek ;k E;wpqvy QaM ds fuos'k ds foKkiu½ vkSj
jksekap ;k eLrh ¼ekmaVsu Mîw foKkiu ^Mj ds vkxs thr gS*½ dk mi;ksx
xzkgdksa dh #fp txkus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls foKkiu gSa tks vius
miHkksäkvksa dks HkkoukRed :i ls vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, eka-cPps ds fj'rs dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA ,fj;y dk ^'ks;j n yksM Q‚j bDoy Lyhi* vkSj fgeky;
csch ds;j dk gkfy;k foKkiu ftlesa f'k{kd fnol ds volj ij ek¡ dks
igyh f'k{kd ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gS] blds vPNs mnkgj.k gSaA dqN
foKkiu udkjkRed Hkkoukvksa dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSa tSls Mj ¼LoLFk rsy
foKkiu tks mnkgj.k ds fy, ân; jksxksa dk Hk; iSnk djrs gSa½] Øksèk vkSj
mnklhA
dqN foKkiunkrk gkL; dk mi;ksx O;kolkf;d vO;oLFkk dks nwj djus ds
fy, Hkh djrs gSaA vewy ds vkmVMksj foKkiu bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSaA 169
dk Hkh vkerkSj ij mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ foKkiu
xhr viuh eèkqj èkquksa ;k vkd"kZd rqdcanh ds dkj.k dkQh yksdfç; gSaA
oksMkQksu dk ^;w ,aM vkbZ*] vewy dk ^esjks xe*] ,;jVsy dk ^gj ,d nksLr
t:jh gksrk gS* vkSj ctkt dk ^cqyna Hkkjr dh cqyna rLohj--- gekjk ctkt*
dqN ,sls foKkiu gSaA ,eMh,p ds ^nknk th*] okf'kax ikmMj fujek dh ^Mkaflax
xyZ]* Vhoh foKkiu esa fyTtr ikiM+ dh cuh tSls lHkh
çfl) ik= gSa tks vius lacafèkr mRikn dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA
/;ku vkdf"kZr djus okys okD;ka'kksa dk mi;ksx Hkh vke gSA fizaV foKkiuksa esa
n`"Vkrksa ij /;ku vkdf"kZr djus esa cgqr egRo gksrk gSA blds ckn lqf[kZ;ksa esa
vkrs gSa ftUgsa laf{kIr] ljy ,oa vkd"kZd gksus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blh
rjg] [Link] ljy ysfdu vk'kLr djus okys gksus pkfg,A
;g è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd bestjh] laxhr vkSj laosxkRed vihy dk
mi;ksx foKkiu dh v‚fM;al çkslsflax dks vuqekuh eksM esa ys tkus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS ¼tSlk fd bZ,y,e }kjk le>k;k x;k gS½A foKkiu lans'k dks
fØ;kfUor djus ds dqN vU; rjhds gSa tks vuqu; ds {ks= esa fd, x, O;kid
'kksèk ls mèkkj fy, x, gSaA foKkiu dks ykxw djrs le; è;ku esa j[ks x,
dkjdksa ij - esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS ¼gksoySaM] 1954½A
bu dkjdksa dks la{ksi esa çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ^dkSu D;k dgrk gS vkSj
fdl çHkko ls\* lans'k dk lzksr] lapkjd dkSu gSA ^D;k* lans'k dh lkexzh gS]
ftldh ppkZ ge igys dj pqds gSaA ^dkSu* yf{kr n'kZdksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA
çHkko y{; ds fopkj] è[Link]] –f"Vdks.k ;k O;ogkj esa mRiUu ifjorZu gSaA
vkb, ge dqN lzksr lacafèkr dkjdksa ij fopkj djsa tks foKkiuksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA
- tc yf{kr n'kZd fdlh fo'oluh; lzkr s dks foKkiu
dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, ;k lkexzh forfjr djrs gq, ns[krs gSa] rks bldh vfèkd
çHkko'khyrk gksrh gSA blfy,] foKkiuksa esa ge ns[krs gSa fd ^M‚DVj* ;k
oSKkfud tSls fo'ks"kK viuh ç;ksx'kkykvksa ;k Dyhfudksa esa foKkiu lkexzh
forfjr djrs gSaA pkgs og LokLF; is; gks ;k xzksFk V‚fud ;k nar mRikn ;k
;gka rd fd lkSan;Z mRikn( ge ,d fo'ks"kK ;k rduhdh Kku okys fdlh
O;fä dks fn[kkus okyk foKkiu ns[krs gSaA foKkiu ml mRikn ds fuekZrkvksa
dh vf}rh; rduhdh fo'ks"kKrk dks Hkh js[kkafdr djrs gSaA czkM a dh Js"Brk ds
lacaèk esa çLrqr djds foÜoluh;rk Hkh c<+kbZ tkrh gSA
vkidks fuf'pr :i ls ,sls foKkiu ;kn gksaxs tks viuh çHkko'khyrk ds fy,
lkaf[;dh; MsVk çLrqr djrs gSa ¼tSls] 99-9% [Link] dks ekjrs gSa ;k csgrj
çfrj{kk çnku djrs gSa!½A vkSj vU; dkjd gSa tks
lans'k ds lzksr ds lkFk iwjh rjg ls tqM+s gq, gSaA lsfyfczVh ,aMkslZesaV dk
mi;ksx mudh ilan vkSj vkd"kZ.k ds lkFk-lkFk muds ç'kaldksa ds mu ij
foÜokl ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA e'kgwj gfLr;ksa esa ldkjkRed çHkko vkSj
izfraek igys ls gh ekStwn tks yf{kr xzkgdksa dks eukus esa enn djrk gSA
lans'k fu"iknu dh ,d vkSj ubZ iafä vke yksxksa ¼tks vR;fèkd foÜoluh; gSa
D;ksafd os Hkjkslsena gSa½ mRikn dk leFkZu dj jgs gSaA bl [Link] esa
vDlj ns[ks tkrs gSaA dbZ otu ?kVkus ds dk;ZØeksa esa ns[kk
x;k fd tgka os yksx tks ml fo'ks"k otu ?kVkus ds dk;ZØe dk mi;ksx
djds 'kkjhfjd :i ls ifjofrZr gks x, gSa] bldh çHkkodkfjrk dk leFkZu
djrs gSaA bls ç[Link] lk{; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dqN daifu;ka foKkiu-fuekZ.k
çfr;ksfxrk,a Hkh 'kq: dj jgh gSa] tks vxj vPNh rjg ls dh tkrh gSa rks czkaM
170
esa xzkgd dh vkokt dks ,dh—r djus vkSj mlds ewY; dks c<+kus esa enn
fey ldrh gSA
foKkiuksa ds ;s lHkh fofHkUu çk:i foKkiuksa dh ykxr vkSj çHkko'khyrk dks
çHkkfor djrs gSaA foKkiu çHkko'khyrk esa lans'k fuekZ.k vkSj fu"iknu ,d
[Link] dne gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g çfØ;k uSfrd fopkjksa ds fcuk ugha gSA lHkh
foKkiu fuekZrkvksa ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd os lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro ds
fy, viuh foKkiu lkexzh dh leh{kk djsa vkSj ;g fd os lkekftd vkSj
dkuwuh ekunaMksa ds Hkhrj gSaA
iv

ftu ekè;eksa ls lans'k çlkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS] os dbZ gS]a vkSj çR;sd
ekè;e ds vius Qk;ns vkSj uqdlku gSaA foKkiu lans'k dks laçsf"kr djus ds
fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fofHkUu ehfM;k çdkjksa esa v‚fM;ks-fotqvy ehfM;k
¼Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks½] fçaV ehfM;k ¼if=dk,a vkSj lekpkj i=½] baVjusV ehfM;k
¼lks'ky ehfM;k] osclkbV] bZ-esy½] VsyhQksu vkfn 'kkfey gSaA vkt dh nqfu;k
esa lkekftd çpkj lans'kksa dks laçsf"kr djus esa ehfM;k vkSj osclkbV ,d
[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Vsyhfot+u foKkiuksa esa] ge vius mRikn dh
fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj ykHkksa dks ukVdh; :i ls laçsf"kr dj ldrs gSaA if=dk,a vkSj
lekpkj i= tSls fçaV ehfM;k Hkh czkaM ds fy, çHkkoh gSa ysfdu rLohjsa] lqf[kZ;ka
vkSj lkexzh vkd"kZd gksuh pkfg,A jsfM;ks foKkiuksa esa dFkkokpd dh vkokt]
laxhr vkfn [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
lans'k ds fMt+kbu ds ckn lans'k dks ys tkus ds fy, lgh ekè;e@ehfM;k dk
p;u djuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA mi;qä ehfM;k dk p;u djuk tks çHkkoh gksus
ds lkFk-lkFk fdQk;rh Hkh gks] fuEufyf[kr [Link] dh vko';drk gksrh gS&
• ehfM;k dh igqap] vko`fÙk] çHkko vkSj tqM+ko dk fuèkkZj.k
• çeq[k ehfM;k çdkjksa esa ls pquuk
• fof'k"V ehfM;k ek/;eksa dk p;u
• ehfM;k dk le; pquuk
fofHkUu ehfM;k çdkjksa dh dk fopkj-foe'kZ ;g r;
djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd dkSu lk ehfM;k çdkj foKkiu ds mís'; dks çkIr
djus esa enn djsxkA ljy 'kCnksa esa] igqap foKkiu ds laidZ esa vkus okys yksxksa dh
la[;k gSA ckjackjrk yf{kr n'kZdksa esa ,d O;fä }kjk foKkiu çkIr djus dh la[;k
gSA çHkko dk rkRi;Z gS fd ;fn fdlh fo'ks"k ekè;e esa foKkiu yf{kr n'kZdksa esa
Hkkxhnkjh] #fp] czkM a esa foÜokl vkfn mRiUu djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
bysDVª‚fuDl ds ckjs esa ,d foKkiu dk Q+S'ku if=dk esa vfèkd egRo ugha gks
ldrk gSA u;k mRikn y‚Up djrs le; igqap eq[; ekunaM gSA gkyk¡fd] tc ,d
gh mRikn ds fy, ckt+kj esa dbZ f[kykM+h gksrs gSa] rks mRikn dks miHkksäkvksa dh
Le`fr esa j[kus ds fy, vko`fÙk dks Hkh c<+kus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ds fy, çR;sd laHkkfor ehfM;k çdkj ds
Qk;ns vkSj uqdlku ds vkdyu dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftldk mi;ksx lans'k
çlkfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA yf{kr n'kZdksa ds çdkj ds vkèkkj ij
fdl ekè;e dh lcls vfèkd igqap gksxh] ;g ns[kus dh t:jr gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ;fn yf{kr n'kZd fdlh mRikn ds fy, fdlku gSa] tSls gkoZsfLVax e'khu ;k
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moZjd] rks foKkiu dks fcycksMZ ;k gksfMZax ds :i esa 'k‚fiax e‚y esa j[kuk çHkkoh
ugha gksxkA LFkkuh; lekpkj i=ksa esa fçaV foKkiu ;k xkao ds LFkkuh; cktkj esa
gksfMZax vfèkd çHkkoh gks ldrs gSaA bl çdkj] igyh pht fdlh ds yf{kr n'kZdksa
rd igqap jgh gS vkSj og Hkh ykxr çHkkoh rjhds lsA ckgjh foKkiuksa dks çnf'kZr
djus ds fy, lgh lkoZtfud LFkku dk p;u djus dk vFkZ mu LFkkuksa dh igpku
djuk gksxk tgk¡ yf{kr n'kZd dkQh le; O;rhr djrs gSaA fofHkUu ehfM;k çdkjksa
ds is'ksojksa vkSj foi{kksa dh leh{kk dks rkfydk 7-1 esa la{ksfir fd;k x;k gSA

Vh-oh- cM+s iSekus ij [Link] esa enn Vhoh foKkiu ds fuekZ.k vkSj
djrk gS( vko`fÙk ds :i esa çlkj.k dh dqy ykxr cgqr
çfr ,Dlikstj+ de ykxr vfèkd gS] n'kZdksa dh p;ukRedrk
dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gS( lhfer gS( foKkiu dh vO;oLFkk
–f"V] èofu vkSj xfr ds lkFk dks nwj djus dh pqukSrh] foKkiu
laosnh vihy( ikfjokfjd dks laoknkRed cukus vkSj blesa
n'kZdksa dks yf{kr fd;k tk 'kkfey djus dh pqukSrh( 30
ldrk gS( çHkko'kkyh lsdaM dk ,Dlikstj ml lwpuk
dgkfu;k¡ lqukbZ tk ldrh gSa( dks lhfer dj ldrk gS ftls
mu mRiknksa ds fy, lcls çsf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS
mi;qä ftUgsa çn'kZu dh
vko';drk gksrh gS( ;k tc
igys-ckn ds çHkkoksa dks
mtkxj djus dh vko';drk
gksA
jsfM;ks LFkkuh; çHkko'khyrk( mPp dsoy Jo.k ds :i esa laosnh
HkkSxksfyd p;ukRedrk( vihy dks de djrk gS( de
xzkgd mi-[kaMksa rd igqapuk Hkkxhnkjh vkSj è;ku] cM+s iSekus
¼;kf=;ksa ds fy, HkhM+-HkkM+ dk ij dojst dh deh( {[Link]
le;] nsj jkr ;qokvksa dk tksf[ke( yf{kr n'kZdksa rd
y{;hdj.k vkfn½( ykxr igqapus ds fy, dbZ LVs'kuksa ij
çHkkoh] xzkeh.k {ks=ksa rd ,d lkFk foKkiu dh vko';drk
igqapus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA gksrh gS( [Link] fcanqvksa ij tkus
ds fy, Jksrk foKkiuksa ij nksckjk
ugha tk ldrs( n'kZdksa ds è;ku
ds fy, jsfM;ks foKkiuksa dks
vfèkd vko`fÙk dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
lekpkj i= fdlh fn, x, HkkSxksfyd {ks= lekpkj i= ds vkèkkj ij]
esa mPp igqap] lekpkj i= ds foKkiu LFkku egaxs gks ldrs gSa(
Hkhrj foKkiu vkdkj vkSj fo'kky foKkiuksa lfgr vU;
IyslesaV dk yphykiu( foKkiunkrkvksa dh vO;oLFkk ds
,dkfèkd ,Dlikstj ds :i esa f[kykQ çfrLièkkZ( [kjkc QksVks
ikBd foKkiu ij fQj ls iqu#Riknd( de 'ksYQ thou(
172
tk ldrs gSa( ckt+kj dh lekpkj i=ksa dh ?kVrh ikBd
cnyrh okLrfodrk ds vkèkkj la[;k( vui<+ yksxksa ds fy,
ij foKkiu dks 'kh?kzrk ls mi;qä ugha gksrs gSaA
cnyus dk yphykiu( n'kZdksa
dh [kir ds fy, tYnh ls
j[kk tk ldrk gSA
if=dk n'kZdksa dh mPp HkkSxksfyd vU; fçaV ehfM;k foKkiuksa dh
vkSj tulkaf[;dh; rqyuk esa mPp ykxr( v[kckj ds
p;ukRedrk( if=dk dh foKkiuksa dh rqyuk esa n'kZdksa dh
foÜoluh;rk ds vkèkkj ij [kir ds fy, vfèkd le;
vfèkd foÜoluh;( yack ¼lIrkg ls eghuksa rd½ ysrk gS(
thou( ikBd dh Hkkxhnkjh foKkiu IyslesaV vkSj çk:i dk
vfèkd gS vkSj blfy, lhfer yphykiu( vui<+ yksxksa
foKkiu ij vfèkd è;ku ds fy, mi;qä ugha gksrs gSaA
fn;k tkrk gS( if=dkvksa ds
csgrj [Link]Ùkk okys isij
csgrj jax iu#Riknd vkSj
[Link]-jaxhu foKkiuksa dh
vuqefr nsrs gSa ¼lekpkj i=ksa
ds foKkiuksa ds foijhr½A
Mk;jsDV bZ-esy oS;fä—r vkSj yf{kr] mPp ^tad esy* dh Nfo ftlesa xzkgdksa
;k esy v‚fM;al p;ukRedrk( xzkgd dk MsVk cuk, j[kuk 'kkfey ugha
lkexzh dk yphykiu] vfèkd gSA
ldkjkRed çfrfØ;k mRiUu
djrk gS] lkexzh dh yackbZ esa
yphykiu D;ksafd LFkku
vlhfer gS( vfHk;ku ds çfr
çfrfØ;k dh çHkko'khyrk dk
vkdyu djuk vklku( vius
foKkiu lans'k dh çLrqfr ij
foKkiunkrk dk vfèkd
fu;a=.k( foKkiu vfHk;ku
çfrLifèkZ;ksa ls fNik gqvk gSA
vkmVMksj de ykxr] ckj-ckj dksbZ xzkgd v‚fM;al
,Dlikst+j] fLFkfrxr p;ukRedrk ugha] laosnh vihy
p;ukRedrk vPNh gS] blds dh deh] jpukRedrk ds fy,
fy, fdlh midj.k ds lhfer LFkku gksrk gSA
LokfeRo vkSj lapkyu dh
vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
fMftVy] vR;fèkd laoknkRed] lkexzh vkSj ,Dlikstj dk mPp
eksckby vkSj okLrfod le; esa ifjorZu ds n'kZd fu;a=.k fuos'k ij de
lks'ky ehfM;k fy, mÙkjnk;h] de ykxr] izfrykHk& D;ksafd yf{kr xzkgd
ekdZsfVax vfèkd tqM+ko vkSj vkd"kZd( fof/k gS ,oa gks ldrk gS fd og
xzkgdksa ds lkFk lacaèk cukrk jkth ugha gksA
gS( O;kid igqapA
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tc ls fMftVy] eksckby] baVjusV vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k dk mNky vk;k gS] rc ls
T;knkrj foKkiunkrk vius foKkiuksa dks j[kus ds fy, foKkiu ehfM;k ds feJ.k
ds fy, tk jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;w-Vîwc ij ,d ohfM;ks ns[krs le; Vhoh
foKkiu Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSa] vkSj lkFk gh baLVkxzke ;k Qslcqd ij gS'kVSx ds
lkFk ekdZsfVax vfHk;ku 'kq: fd, tk tkrs gSaA
vxyk dne djuk gksrk gSA og ,d lVhd
eap dk p;u djuk ftl ij foKkiu lans'k dk lapkj fd;k tk,xkA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ;fn pquk x;k ehfM;k Vsyhfotu gS] rks fof'k"V ehfM;k laokgd fcx c‚l ;k
d‚esMh 'kks fon dfiy gks ldrk gSA fçaV ehfM;k ds çdkj esa laokgd bafM;k VqMs
;k Vkbe ;k lfjrk ;k jhMlZ MkbtsLV gks ldrs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k laokgd
Qslcqd ;k fV~oVj ;k ;wVîwc gks ldrk gSA pquko fQj ls laokgd dh yf{kr
cktkj igqap ij fuHkZj djrk gS] tks cnys esa bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd gekjs
yf{kr xzkgd dgka vfèkd le; fcrkrs gSaA laHkkfor laokgdksa ds n'kZdksa@ikBdksa dh
[Link]Ùkk vkSj ek=k dk xgu fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d gtkj laHkkfor
miHkksäkvksa rd igqapus dh ykxr ij dke fd;k tkrk gSA çfr gtkj O;fä;ksa ij
de ykxr dh is'kd'k djus okys ek/;e dks çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA
tc ehfM;k laokgdksa dk QSlyk fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;k foKkiu
dks le; ds lkFk dSls fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkuk gS] ;g Hkh r; fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ
mRiknksa dh ekax ekSleh gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa xeÊ ds eghuksa esa ,;j
daMh'kuj ;k dwyj ;k jsfÝtjsVj dh fcØh c<+ tkrh gSA bysDVª‚fuDl tSls dbZ
mRiknksa dh [kjhn Hkh R;ksgkj ds le;] [kkldj fnokyh ds nkSjku pje ij gksrh
gSA bl çdkj] eghuksa ds vkèkkj ij tc vfèkdka'k fcØh gksrh gS] mu eghuksa ds
nkSjku vfèkd foKkiu fuèkkZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA dbZ gksVy vkSj ;k=k cqfdax
osclkbVksa ds foKkiu xfeZ;ksa ds eghuksa ds nkSjku fn, tkrs gSAa dqN QeZsa iwjs o"kZ
foKkiu djrh gSa] ysfdu ekax dk ekSle vfèkd gksus ij ,d u;k foKkiu tkjh
djrh gSaA fMftVy vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k us daifu;ksa dks gekjs vklikl gksus okyh
?kVukvksa ij rqjar çfrfØ;k nsus] lfØ; n'kZdksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus vkSj orZeku
ckrphr esa layXu gksus dh vuqefr nh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dksdk dksyk us czkthy
esa ,d vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k tgka mlus dksd ds fMCcs ds vanj QSaVk cspkA czkthy esa
,d dq[;kr gkseksQksfcd Lyj ^fnl dksd bt QSaVk* gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd ,d
O;fä ^lkekU;* fn[k ldrk gS ysfdu okLro esa leySafxd gSA ;g vfHk;ku
varjkZ"Vªh; ,ythchVh ± xkSjo fnol ij 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj [Link] xkyh
dks xoZ ds çrhd esa cnyus esa enn dhA dksfoM-19 y‚dMkmu ds nkSjku mcj dk
foKkiu] ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk] ^mcj dh lokjh u djus ds fy, èkU;okn* Hkh ,slk gh
,d vPNsle; vkSj vPNsmís'; dk foKkiu vfHk;ku FkkA
v
vkt ds vR;fèkd çfrLièkÊ [Link] okrkoj.k esa daifu;ksa ds fy, vius foKkiu
vfHk;ku dh çHkko'khyrk dk vkdyu djuk vko';d vkSj [Link] gksrk gSA ;fn
fdlh foKkiu dks cukus vkSj mls ehfM;k ij y‚Up djus esa fd, x, fuos'k ls
czkaM yksdfç;rk vkSj [kjhn O;ogkj ds ekeys esa dksbZ fjVuZ ugha feyrk gS] rks
foKkiu dks çHkkoh ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA foKkiu çHkko'khyrk dks ekiuk
lokZsifj gS rkfd ;g irk yxk;k tk lds fd foKkiu esa fuos'k mfpr gS ;k ughaA
ekiu esa foKkiuksa esa [Link] lapkj ds çHkko vkSj fcØh vkSj equkQs ij çHkko dk
vkdyu djuk 'kkfey gSA
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lapkj çHkko dk vkdyu mRikn tkx:drk ;k xzkgdksa dh ojh;rk ds iwoZ vkSj ckn
ds vkdyu ds ekè;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gS - tks fd foKkiu pykus ls igys vkSj
foKkiu pyus ds ckn mRikn ds ckjs esa xzkgdksa dh tkx:drk ;k mudh ilan dks
ekiuk gSA
fcØh vkSj ykHk ij foKkiuksa dk çHkko bldh çHkko'khyrk dk ,d vfèkd mís';[Link]
ewY;kadu gSA gkykafd] bldk vkdyu djuk eqf'dy gSA tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd
fcØh vkSj ykHk foKkiu ds vykok dbZ dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSa] tSls mRikn dh
iSdsftax] bldh fo'ks"krk,a] ewY; fuèkkZj.k vkfnA fcØh vkSj ykHk çHkkoksa dk vkdyu
djus ds fy, {ks= ç;ksxkRed vè;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
fofHkUu cktkj {ks=ksa ds fy, foKkiu ij fuos'k fofoèk gks ldrk gS vkSj çR;sd {ks=
esa fcØh dk rqyukRed ewY;kadu foKkiu ds çHkko dks çdV dj ldrk gSA blh
rjg] fofHkUu ehfM;k ds ekè;e ls j[ks x, foKkiuksa dh Hkh rqyuk dh tk ldrh
gSA gkykafd] foKkiu çHkko'khyrk dk vkdyu [kkldj fMftVy ekdZsfVax ds ;qx
esa ,d tfVy vkSj dfBu dke gSA

fjä LFkku Hkjsa

1½ foLrkj laHkkouk e‚My ,d-------- çlaLdj.k fl)kar gSA
2½ vuqu; dk foLrkj laHkkouk e‚My ds vkèkkj ij] vfèkdka'k foKkiunkrkvksa dk
y{; v‚fM;al çkslsflax dks ----- eksM esa LFkkukarfjr djuk gSA
3½ ,d foKkiu vfHk;ku dks fodflr djus dk igyk dne --------- ij [Link];
ysuk gSA
4½ --------- ehfM;k dk mi;ksx jk"Vªh; Lrj ij cM+s iSekus ij [Link] ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS-
5½ -------- ds ewY;kadu ds fy, iwoZ vkSj ckn dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSA
6½ -----] -------] ------] ehfM;k vkSj ------ foKkiu ds 5 ,e gSa
7½ vfèkdka'k baVjSfDVo ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ --------- gSA
8½ M‚DVjksa ;k oSKkfudksa dks foKkiuksa esa 'kkfey djus ls ---------- c<+ tkrk gSA
9½ fofHkUu ehfM;k çdkjksa ds -----] -------- vkSj ------- dk fopkj-foe'kZ ;g r;
djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd dkSu lk ehfM;k çdkj foKkiu ds mís'; dks
çkIr djus esa enn djsxkA

VkjxsV (TARGET) tkurk gS fd muds xzkgd dc ls xHkZorh gSa!

VkjxsV ,d vesfjdh [kqnjk fuxe gS] tks fdjkus dk lkeku vkSj ?kjsyw vko';d
oLrqvksa ls ysdj diM+s] lkeku vkSj bysDVª‚fuDl rd mRiknksa dh ,d foLr`r
J`a[kyk csprk gSA o"kZ 2012 esa vlarq"V xzkgd dh ,d dgkuh us ehfM;k dk è;ku
viuh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;kA fefu;kiksfyl esa ,d gkbZ Ldwy dh Nk=k ds firk bl
ckr ls ijs'kku Fks fd mudh csVh dks muds LFkkuh; fu;ksftr LVksj }kjk ekr`Ro
diM+ksa vkSj f'k'kq mRiknksa ij NwV nh tk jgh FkhA fu;ksftr us iksLV czk's kj ds
ekè;e ls cPpksa ds diM+s] Mk;ij] csch Q+uÊpj vkfn ds foKkiu Hksts FksA tc
175
çcaèkdksa ls blds ckjs esa iwNk x;k] rks mUgksaus Li"V :i ls ekQh ekaxh] gkyk¡fd
dqN fnuksa esa firk gh Fks tks ekQh ek¡xrs gq, okil vk,A mudh csVh okLro esa
xHkZorh Fkh vkSj fu;ksftr us ,slk djus ls igys gh irk yxk fy;k Fkk!
xHkZorh xzkgdksa ij iwath yxkuk csgn ykHknk;d gksrk gSA mUgsa cgqr dqN [kjhnus
dh t+:jr gS vkSj vkerkSj ij ;g lc ,d gh txg ls [kjhnuk ilan djrs gSaA
ekrk-firk cuus ds ckn ;g mUgsa LFkk;h xzkgd cukrk gSA fu;ksftr us ,d
lkaf[;dhfon~] ,aMª;w iksy dks dke ij j[kk vkSj mls laHkkfor xHkZorh xzkgdksa dh
igpku djus dk dke lkSaikA [kjhnkjh O;ogkj iSVuZ ds vkèkkj ij] iksy 25 çeq[k
oLrqvksa@mRiknksa ds lkFk vk,] ftlls mUgsa xzkgdksa dks ^xHkkZoLFkk iwokZuqeku Ldksj*
nsus esa enn feyhA tks xzkgd bu 25 mRiknksa ls [kjhnkjh djsaxs mUgsa xHkZorh ds
:i esa oxÊ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj xHkkZoLFkk ds eghus ds fy, cgqr lVhdrk
ds lkFk 'kwU; Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA rc fu;ksftr] muds xHkkZoLFkk ds eghus ds
vkèkkj ij] fo'ks"k NwV vkSj dwiu çnku djsxkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] iksy us ns[kk fd
xHkkZoLFkk ds igys 20 g¶rksa ds fy, efgykvksa us eYVhfoVkfeu dk LV‚d fd;k]
vkSj fu;r rkjh[k ds djhc vkrs gh mUgsa fcuk xaèk okys lkcqu] yks'ku vkSj
e‚bLpjkbt+j esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;kA çlo dh fu;r rkjh[k ds djhc] xHkZorh
efgyk,a d‚Vu c‚y] gSaM lSfuVkbt+j vkSj o‚'kDy‚Fk ds cgqr lkjs cM+s cSx [kjhnrh
gSaA
miHkksäk O;ogkj ds ,sls iSVuZ dks tkuus ls fu;ksftr dks vius laHkkfor
nh?kZdkfyd xzkgdksa ¼tYn gh ekrk-firk cuus okys½ dh igpku djus esa enn feyh]
ftUgsa rc f'k'kq mRiknksa ds fy, v‚Q+j vkSj NwV ds lkFk yf{kr fd;k x;k FkkA bl
xHkkZoLFkk Ldksj dh lVhdrk ds dkj.k ,d fd'kksjh dks vius ifjokj dks crkus ls
igys fj;k;rh ekr`Ro diM+ksa ds fy, dwiu çkIr gq,!
dsl LVMh MsVk ekbfuax ds c<+rs mi;ksx vkSj yf{kr xzkgdksa ds vkdM+ksa dk
lk>kdj.k dks n'kkZrh gSA vkt ds lwpuk ;qx esa Kku [Link] gSA vfèkdka'k
daifu;ka xzkgd MsVk dk mi;ksx dj jgh gSa ¼tSls os mRikn tks os baVjusV ij [kkst
jgs gSa] os ftu foKkiuksa ij fDyd dj jgs gSa] os ftu LFkkuksa ij tk jgs gSa] os
xwxy ekufp= [kkst ds vkèkkj ij½ muds fy, foKkiuksa dks vuqdwfyr djus ds
fy, mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA dbZ ckj vkius ns[kk gksxk fd fdlh [kkl xwxy lpZ ds
ckn vkidks vius bZesy ;k lks'ky ehfM;k ij blh rjg ds mRiknksa ds foKkiu
feyrs gSaA bl çdkj] gekjh v‚uykbu xfrfofèk;ka vkSj fMftVy infpà fdlh dk
è;ku ugha tkrk gS] ysfdu okLro esa foKkiunkrkvksa ds fy, ewY;oku lalkèku gSaA

vkb, bl bdkbZ esa geus tks dqN lh[kk gS] mls lkjkaf'kr djsaA
• foKkiu] ehfM;k ls lacafèkr gksr gS vkSj lQy foKkiu dSls cuk, tk ldrs
gSaA
• cnyrs le; esa tgka baVjusV ehfM;k dk cksyckyk gS] foKkiu ds {ks= esa Hkh
Hkkjh cnyko vk;k gSA ,d çHkkoh foKkiu fodflr djuk vko';d vkSj
egÙ[Link] gS D;ksafd daifu;ka foKkiu vkSj [Link] esa cgqr iSlk fuos'k djrh
gSaA
• ,d çHkkoh foKkiu fodflr djus ds pj.k ikap ,e foKkiu ls lacafèkr gSa tks
foKkiu ds fe'ku ;k mís'; ij [Link]; ys jgs gSa] ctV ¼iSlk½ vkoafVr dj jgs
176
gSa] foKkiu vfHk;ku ¼lans'k fuekZ.k vkSj fu"iknu½ fodflr dj jgs gSa] txg
ds fy, lgh ehfM;k dk p;u dj jgs gSa foKkiu vkSj fofHkUu iwoZ vkSj ckn
ds ekiksa ds ekè;e ls foKkiuksa dh çHkko'khyrk dk ewY;kaduA
• ,d vkSlr miHkksäk Vhoh] jsfM;ks] lekpkj i=] if=dk] lks'ky ehfM;k]
eksckby] ;gka rd fd v‚Vks-fjD'kk ;k 'k‚fiax dkVZ ;k Vª‚yh ds fiNys fgLls
ij Hkh foKkiuksa dh vfèkdrk ds laidZ esa vkrk gS] cgqr lkjh tkudkjh
vO;oLFkk gksrh gSA lQy foKkiu os gksrs gSa tks miHkksäkvksa dks laKkukRed
vkSj HkkoukRed :i ls vkdf"kZr djds vO;oLFkk esa dVkSrh djus esa l{ke gksrs
gSa] mudk è;ku vkdf"kZr djrs gSa] mUgsa 'kkfey djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa foKkfir
mRikn [kjhnus ds fy, jkth djrs gSaA ;g çsjd foKkiu lans'kksa dks mRiUu
djds vkSj mUgsa mfpr ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ ij j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA iwjh çfØ;k
esa –f"Vdks.k ifjorZu vkSj vuqu; ds euksoSKkfud vkèkkj dh le> dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA

foKkiu] T;knkrj if=dkvksa] lekpkj i=ksa vkSj osclkbVksa esa çnf'kZr

gksrs gSaA
mu [Link] dh igpku djrk gS ftuls ,d
O;fä@laHkkfor miHkksäk okLrfod xzkgd cuus ls igys xqtjrk gSA ;s voLFkk,¡ gSa
, - è;ku] vkbZ - #fp] Mh - bPNk vkSj , - dkjZokghA
,d nksgjk çlaLdj.k e‚My tks lkeus
j[krk gS fd vuqu; ;k –f"Vdks.k ifjorZu ds nks ekxZ gSa - dsaæh; ekxZ vkSj ifjèkh;
ekxZA fy, x, ekxZ ds vkèkkj ij lans'k ds çlaLdj.k dk çdkj fHkUu gksrk gSA
;g n'kkZrk gS fd foKkiu dks le; ds lkFk dSls fuèkkZfjr fd;k
tkuk gSA
fofHkUu lks'ky ehfM;k ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks yf{kr
djrk gSA ;g ,d rjg dk v‚uykbu foKkiu gS tgka foKkiu fofHkUu lks'ky
ehfM;k usVodZ ij j[ks tkrs gSaA
ml lVhd IysVQ‚eZ dk p;u djuk ftl ij
foKkiu lans'k laçsf"kr fd;k tk,xkA

1½ ,d çHkkoh foKkiu fodflr djus ds fy, tks Hkh dne mBk, tkrs gSa] muesa
ls fdl pj.k ;k pj.k esa vfèkdre jpukRedrk dh vko';drk gksrh gS rFkk
D;ks\a
2½ çHkko e‚My dk inkuqØe D;k gS\
3½ çHkkoh foKkiu cukus ds fy, –f"Vdks.k ifjorZu ds fl)karksa dk mi;ksx dSls
fd;k tkrk gS\
4½ fofHkUu foKkiu ehfM;k ds ykHkksa ,oa gkfu;ksa esa rqyuk dhft,A

177
Conway, J. (March 3 2021). Coca-Cola Co.: ad spend 2014-2020. Retrieved
from [Link]
spending-worldwide/
Hovland, C. I. (1954). Effects of the mass media of [Link] G.
Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 1062–1103).
Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Kotler, P. (1984). Marketing Essentials. Northwestern University: Prentice-
Hall, Inc.
Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, J. & Wong, V. (1999).Principles of
Marketing.2nd edition. N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of [Link] Hall.
(Chapter 15)
Mahapatra, S. (29th January 2014). The changing face of the Indian
advertisements. Retrieved from [Link]
advertisements/
Stewart, D.W. & Pavlou, P.A. (2009).The effects of Media on marketing
communications. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.) Media effects: Advances
in theory and research (p. 362-401; Chapter 18). New York: Routledge.
Petty, R.E., Brinol. P. & Priester, J.R. (2009). Mass Media Attitude Change:
Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. In J. Bryant
& M. B. Oliver (Eds.) Media effects: Advances in theory and research (p.
125-164; Chapter 7). New York: Routledge.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to
persuasion: Application to advertising. In L. Percy & A. Woodside (Eds.),
Advertising and Consumer Psychology (pp. 3–23). Lexington, MA: D. C.
Heath
Pitch (2019). Pitch Madison Advertising Report 2019. Retrieved from
[Link]
[Link]
advertising-campaign/
[Link]
advertising#j
[Link]
the-most-effective-ad-campaigns/?sh=a8db958320c2
[Link]
-tips-for-creating-a-more-effective-advertising-strategy/?sh=229de4fd5d07
[Link]
advertising-media-with-their-advantages-disadvantages-4-answers/13747
[Link]
and-advantages/

178
[Link]
90s-now-they-are-set-to-soar/[Link]
[Link]
a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did/?sh=41d1ba5e6668 (Case
study of TARGET)

• Advertising strategies for successful advertisements:

[Link]
[Link]/watch?v=iDdgZbQJ1mA
[Link]
• Persuasion and advertising:
[Link]

1½ vlR;] vius Lo;a ds czkaM ds ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+kuk foKkiu dk y{; gSA
2½ vlR;] laikndh; ds :i esa foKkiuksa dks foKkiu-çlkj dgk tkrk gS
3½ lR;
4½ lR;
5½ vlR;
6½ vlR;] foKkiu LokLF; tkx:drk dks Hkh c<+krs gSa vkSj gks ldrk gS fd
fcØh esa fcYdqy Hkh o`f) u gksA

fjä LFkku Hkjsa

1½ nksgjh
2½ vuqekuh
3½ foKkiu mís';
4½ Vsyhfotu
5½ foKkiu çHkko'khyrk
6½ fe'ku] iSlk] lans'k vkSj eki
7½ fMftVy vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
8½ lzksr fo'oluh;rk
9½ igqap] vko`fÙk vkSj çHkko

179

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