MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
NAME : .............................................................. CLASS : ..............................
CHAPTER 4: RATIOS, RATES &
PROPORTIONS
4.1 RATIOS
Ratios
Compares two or three quantities measuared in the same unit.
Example: To compare quantities of
The ratio of a to b to c is 6000g to 9kg can be different units :
written as represented as - convert quantities to
a:b:c 6000 g : 9 kg the same unit
6 kg : 9 kg - reduce to the lowest
terms.
6:9
*Ratio has no units.
2:3
Equivalent ratios
When each part in a ratio is multiplied or divided by the same factor, the new ratio is an equivalent ratio to the
original ratio.
Eg:
A piece of paper are divided into 3 parts of same size. Ratio of black parts to white parts are shown below :
Black : White
1 : 2
• If each part divided into two more parts, then
Black : White
2 : 4
• If each part divided into 3 more parts, then
Black : White
3 : 6
The size of black parts and white parts always the same. So, ratio black parts to white parts are :
1 : 2 = 2 : 4 = 3 : 6
1 2 3
= =
2 4 6
Equivalent Ratio
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 1
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
Expressing ratios in the simplest form
To express a ratio in its simplest form
÷ each term of the original ratio by HCF or
x each term of the original ratio by LCM
÷ by HCF x by LCM
Example : Example :
i) Simplify 18 : 30 1 1
i) Simplify :1
6 3
18 : 30 = 18 : 30 Divide each term by 6
Convert the mixed numbers into
6 6 which is the HCF of 18 1 1 1 4
= 3 : 5 and 30
:1 = : improper fraction
6 3 6 3
ii) Simplify 3 : 6 : 12 1 4
= x6: x6 Multiply each term by 6
6 3
which is the LCM of 3 and 6
3 : 6 : 12 = 3 : 6 : 12
=1:8
3 3 3
= 1:2:4
iii) Simplify 1.5 : 0.45 : 3
1.5 : 0.45 : 3 = 1.5 x 100 : 0.45 x 100 : 3 x 100
= 150 : 45 : 300
= 150 : 45 : 300
15 15 15
= 10 : 3 : 20
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 2
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
4.2 RATES
Rate is a ratio involves two quantities with different units.
Rate is the special case of ratio which involves two different units.
A word ‘per’ or ‘/’ symbol are used to represent the rate..
Situation Rate Quantities involved
Aina bought 1kg fish for a price for Rm17 per kg Price and mass
RM17.
a) A car moved 15km in 30
minutes
b) The force applied to a
surface with an area of 2m2
is 486 N
c) Puan Jamilah used 3kg of
flour to make 2 cakes.
Conversion of units of rates
Example : Convert the following rates into the unit rates given in the bracker
a) The pressure force applied on a book is b) Fazlina can run 20 m/s
15 N/m2. ( N/cm2) (km/j)
15 N/m2 = 15 N
1 m2
= 15 N
1mx1m
= 15 N
100 cm x 100 cm
= 0.0015 N/cm2
c) The density of sea water is 1025 kg/m3. d) The maximum speed of a F1 racing car is 350
( g/cm3) km/h. ( m/s)
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 3
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
4.3 PROPORTIONS
Proportion is a relationship whereby two ratios or two rates are equal.
Write a proportion for these b) If 2 cakes require 500 g of c) If 10 pieces of biscuits
situation sugar, then 9 cake requires weighs 90 g, the 40 pieces
a) If 2 oranges worth RM3.00, 2250 g of sugar. of the same type of biscuits
then 8 oranges worth weighs 360 g.
RM12.00
RM3 = Rm12
2 8
Example :
a) State whether the following pairs of ratios are a proportion.
The length and mass of two ropes:
2 m , 100 g dan 8 m , 400 g
Solution :
Ratio for length Ratio for mass
2m:8m=2:8 100 g : 400 g = 100 : 400
=1:4 = 1:4
∴ The length and mass of 2 ropes are proportional.
b) State whether the price for an apple sell in Shop A and Shop B are proportion.
Shop A Shop B
RM3 for 2 apples RM15 for 10 apples
Ratio price of an apple : Ratio quantity of an apple
Shop A : Shop B = RM3 : RM15 Shop A : Shop B = 2 : 10
1 : 5 1 : 5
Both of the ratios are same. Then, the price of an apples for both of the shops are proportional.
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 4
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
Determinig an unknown value in a proportion
Contoh : The sell price for 4 coconut are RM10.
a) If Azizah bought 6 coconuts, how much do Azizah needs to pay?
b) If Azizah only have RM30, how many coconut that can be bought by her?
UNITARY PROPORTION
4 coconuts : 6 coconuts = 4 : 6 Let the price for 6 coconuts is RM x
= Rm 10 : ? Then,
Price for 1 coconut =Rm10 ÷ 4
= RM2.50 x 1.5
Then, the price for 6 coconuts are,
= 6 x RM2.50 4 coconuts = 6 coconuts
=RM15 RM10 RM x
x 15
x = 10 x 1.5
= 15
CROSS-MULTIPLICATION
Ratio of coconut = 4 : 6
Ratio for price = 10 : x
4 = 10
6 x
x = 10 x 6
4
= 15
∴ price for 6 coconuts = RM15
Exercise : There are 36 students in a class. The ratio of boys to girls is 5: 4. Calculate the number of boys.
UNITARY PROPORTION
CROSS-MULTIPLICATION
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 5
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
4.4 RATIOS, RATES AND PROPORTION
Determining the ratio of three quantities given two or more ratios of two quantities.
1. Given the ratios of a : b and b : c, the ratio of a : b : c can be determined by linking to the same value of the
common quantity b.
2. For the value of common quantity b that are different, change the values of b to the LCM of both these
values to determine the ratio of a : b : c
a:b b:c a:b:c
a) 2 : 3 3:7 2:3:7
b) 6 : 11 11 : 15
c) 2 : 7 3:5
d) 2 : 5 4:9
Determining the related ratios or values
i) Given a ratio of 2 quantities and value of 1 quantity.
The ratio of storybooks to reference books in a library is 5 : 6 . If there are 1500 storybooks in the library, find
the number of reference books.
Unitary method Cross-Multiplication method
Let R = the number of reference books Let R = the number of reference books
Storybooks : Reference books Storybooks : Reference books
5 : 6 5 : 6
1500 : R 1500 : R
5 parts = 1500 books
R = 1500
1 part = 1500 6 5
5 5 x R = 1500 x 6
= 300 R = 1500 x 6
5
6 parts = 6 x 300 R = 1800
= 1800
∴ The number of reference books = 1800 books ∴ The number of reference books = 1800
books
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 6
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
ii) Given a ratio of three quantities and a value of 1 quantity.
Mark , Azhar and Raju share a sum of money in the ratio of 6 : 9 : 5. Azhar received RM72. Find the amount of
money received by Mark and Raju respectively.
Determining the value related to a rate
The cost of electricity usage is 109 sen for 5 units. What is the cost of electricity usage for 50 units?
Solution :
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 7
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RATIOS, RATES AND PROPORTIONS WITH PERCENTAGES, FRACTIONS AND
DECIMALS
o Percentage is a fraction with 100 as its denominator.
o Percentage is a ratio comparing a part to the whole with the value of the shole set as 100. Percentage can
be expressed in the fraction or decimal form.
The number of red radishes to the number of white radishes in a basket is in the ratio of 3 : 7. Find the
percentage of white radishes in the basket.
Solution:
The ratio of the number of white radishes to the total of radishes = 7 : 10
7 7 x 10
=
10 10 x 10
70
=
100
= 70%
Hence, percentage of white radishes in the basket is 70%.
Determining the percentage of a quantity by applying the concept of proportions
A class has 25 students. 10 of the students are boys. What is the percentage of boys in the class?
Solution :
Let the percentage of boys in the class be m.
number of boys m
=
total number of students 100
X4
10 m
=
25 100
X4
m = 40
The percentage of boys in the class is 40%.
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 8
MATHEMATIC FORM 1 CHAPTER 4 : RATIOS, RATES & PROPORTIONS
Exercise
1. Rahim has RM400. He uses RM220 to buy pants and 2. The price of an item is RM45.60. If a discount of 25%
T-shirts. What is the percentage of money spent? is given, how much did the customer save? Hence,
find the price of the item after discount.
3. Rafi sold his bicycle for RM180 and made a loss of 3
4. Nadia bought 90 pieces of biscuits. She gave of the
10%. Calculate the original price of the bicycle. 5
biscuits to her friends. Then, she gave 18 pieces of
the biscuits to her brother. Find the percentage of
the biscuits remained with Nadia.
PREPARED BY TEACHER ILLY FARHANA HAFANDI (SSI) 9