Statistical Tool
ANOVA
ANalysis Of VAriance
ANOVA
Definition
The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
is used to determine whether there are any
statistically significant differences between the
means of two or more independent (unrelated)
groups (although you tend to only see it used
when there are a minimum of three, rather than
two groups).
ANOVA
USE
The one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) is used to determine whether there
are any statistically significant differences
between the means of three or more
independent (unrelated) groups.
ONE WAY - ANOVA
A one-way ANOVA has just one independent variable. For
example, difference in IQ can be assessed by Country, and
County can have 2, 4, 20, or more different categories to
compare.
One-way ANOVA: Are there differences in GPA by grade level
(freshmen vs. sophomores vs. juniors)?
TWO WAY - ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA (are also called factorial ANOVA) refers to an ANOVA
using two independent variables. A 2-way ANOVA can examine
differences in IQ scores (the dependent variable) by Country
(independent variable 1) and Gender (independent variable 2). Two-
way ANOVA can be used to examine the interaction between the two
independent variables. Interactions indicate that differences are not
uniform across all categories of the independent variables. For
example, females may have higher IQ scores overall compared to
males, but this difference could be greater (or less) in European
countries compared to North American countries.
Two-way ANOVA: Are there differences in GPA by grade level (freshmen
vs. sophomores vs. juniors) and sex (male vs. female)?
ANOVA
What does this test do?
The one-way ANOVA compares the means between the
groups you are interested in and determines whether any of
those means are statistically significantly different from
each other. Specifically, it tests the null hypothesis:
ANOVA
The level of measurement of the variables and assumptions of
the test play an important role in ANOVA.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES must be categorical (nominal or ordinal)
level of measurement
DEPENDENT VARIABLE must be a continuous (interval or ratio) level of
measurement.
SAMPLE PROBLEM One way ANOVA
Independent Variables
G1: Computer Aided Instruction
G2: Cooperative Learning
G3: Modularized Learning
Dependent Variable
Result of scores
SAMPLE PROBLEM One way ANOVA
Scores of 5 students for each group
Computer Aided Instruction
5 2 3 4 7
Cooperative Learning
9 7 4 3 8
Modularized Learning
8 6 6 5 9
SAMPLE PROBLEM One way ANOVA
x1 x1 ^2 x2 x2 ^2 x3 x3 ^2
5 25 9 81 8 64
2 4 7 49 6 36
3 9 4 16 6 36
4 16 3 9 5 25
7 49 8 64 9 81
21 103 31 219 34 242
SAMPLE PROBLEM One way ANOVA
GIVEN x 1 = 21
x 1
2
= 103
x 2 = 31
x 2
2
= 219
x 3 = 34
x 3
2
= 242
STEPS in computing ANOVA
STEP 1: COMPUTE TOTAL SUM OF SQUARES
( x)
2
SST = x 2 − 1 2 3
x 2
= x 2
+ x 2
+ x 2
N
x =x +x +x
1 2 3
(86) 2 N = n1 + n2 + ... + nk
= 564 −
15 n1 = no. of sample s in group1
n2 = no. of sample s in group 2
SST = 70.93 n3 = no. of sample s in group3
STEPS in computing ANOVA
STEP 2: COMPUTE SUM OF THE SQUARES BETWEEN GROUPS
( x ) ( x ) ( x ) ( x)
2 2 2 2
= + + −
1 2 3
SS B
n1 n2 n3 N
( 21) ( 31) ( 34 ) ( 86 )
2 2 2 2
= + + −
5 5 5 15
SS B = 18.53
STEPS in computing ANOVA
STEP 3: COMPUTE SUM OF THE SQUARES WITHIN GROUPS
SSW = SST − SS B
= 70.93 − 18.53
SSW = 52.4
STEPS in computing ANOVA
STEP 4: COMPUTE THE MEAN SQUARE BETWEEN GROUPS
SS B
MS B = k = number of groups
k −1
k =3
18.53
=
3 −1
=
18.53
2 MS B = 9.27
STEPS in computing ANOVA
STEP 5: COMPUTE THE MEAN SQUARE WITHIN GROUPS
SSW
MSW =
N −k
52.4
= MSW = 4.37
15 − 3
52.4
=
12
STEPS in computing ANOVA
STEP 6: COMPUTE THE F – RATIO
MS B
F=
MSW
9.27
=
4.37
F = 2.12