Physics 12; Summaries; Module 5

Isaac Learson
Projectile Motion
● analyse the motion of projectiles by resolving the motion into horizontal and vertical components, making the
following assumptions:
- a constant vertical acceleration due to gravity
- zero air resistance

● apply the modelling of projectile motion to quantitatively derive the relationships between the following
variables:
- initial velocity
- launch angle
- maximum height
- time of flight
- final velocity
- launch height
- horizontal range of the projectile (ACSPH099)

● conduct a practical investigation to collect primary data in order to validate the relationships derived above

● solve problems, create models and make quantitative predictions by applying the equations of motion
relationships for uniformly accelerated and constant rectilinear motion

Notation:
ux Initial Horizontal Velocity △x Horizontal Displacement (Range)

uy Initial Vertical Velocity △y Vertical Displacement (Height)

vx Final Horizontal Velocity θ Angle of Launch

vy Final Vertical Velocity t Time of Flight

ax Horizontal Acceleration (0ms-2) ay Vertical Acceleration (9.8ms-2)

General Rules: Vertical Components:

vy= uy+ayt
Horizontal Components:
vx= ux (ax= 0)

v 2 = u 2+2a Δy (s = Δy) vx2 = ux2 (ax= 0)

● A projectile: an object that has been launched, and y y y y

not propelled whilst in flight Δy = uyt+½ ayt2 Δx = uxt (ax = 0)

● Ignores air resistance, and assumes that object is
close to earth (g is a constant; 9.8ms-2) uy= usinθ (from triangle) ux = ucosθ (from triangle)
● Initial velocity (u) is broken into components:
Vertical (uy= Usin( θ )) and Horizontal (ux = Ucos( θ
))
Initia
● At the highest point, Uy = 0
● Ux is constant (ux = v)
vx=
u �
uy v
Half Flight:
- The initial vertical velocity is 0ms-1
- A half parabolic shape
- The vertical velocity increases at 9.8ms-2 (Highlighted
numbers) vx = Constant Number
- An object being shot from a height down to the floor
At 1 sec, vᵧ =
- Building roof to floor At 2 sec, vᵧ = -
- Building roof to a shorter building At 3 sec, vᵧ = -
- Shot at 0° to the horizontal At 4 sec, vᵧ = -
△
At 5 sec, vᵧ =
Full Flight:
- A complete parabolic trajectory
At 6 sec, vᵧ = -
- Vertical Velocity at the highest point is 0ms-1
- An object being shot from a height and landing at the △
same height
-
Shot
at θ°
to
the

horizontal
Circular Motion
● conduct investigations to explain and evaluate, for objects executing uniform circular motion, the
relationships that exist between:
- centripetal force
- mass
- speed
- radius

● solve problems, model and make quantitative predictions about objects executing uniform circular motion in
a variety of situations, using the following relationships:
- a =v2/r
- ΣF =m∣v∣2/r
- ω=Δθt

● analyse the forces acting on an object executing uniform circular motion in a variety of situations, for
example:
- cars moving around horizontal circular bends
- a mass on a string
- objects on banked tracks

● investigate the relationship between the total energy and work done on an object executing uniform circular
motion

● investigate the relationship between the rotation of mechanical systems and the applied torque τ =
r⊥F = rFsinθ

Notation:
Fc Centripetal Force (N) r Radius (m)

ac Centripetal Acceleration (ms-2) T Period (Time to complete a rotation)

v Velocity (ms-1) m Mass (kg)

g Gravity Constant (ms-2) θ Angle of …

ω Angular Velocity (rad s-1) aa Angular Acceleration (rad s-2)

τ Torque

Circular Motion Motion on a

T=1/f String
vt = 2πr / T
General Rules: Fc = mac
● An object that travels at a constant speed in a circle is ac,= 2πvt / T
Angular Velocity
undergoing uniform circular motion θ=v/r ac,= 4π2r / T2
ω (rad s-1) = △θ / △T
Angular Acceleration
aa (rad s-2) = △ω / △T
 ● Kinetic Energy = Ke = ½ mv2; a constant for an object undergoing uniform circular motion

Torque:
● Torque ( τ) is the rotational equivalent of force
● θ is the angle between the applied force and the lever:

F
Banked Tracks:
● When a car turns on a horizontal road F

● θ is th angle of the banking

F
Objects on a String: F
● Horizontal Circle
○ Fnet = FT,x = FT cosθ = mv2/r
● Vertical Circle FNx =
○ Fnet = FT + mg = mv2/r FN
Ffx = Ff

F
F
Ff
cos
Motion in Gravitational Fields
● apply qualitatively and quantitatively Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation to:
- determine the force of gravity between two objects (F =−GMm/r 2)
- investigate the factors that affect the gravitational field strength (g =GMm/r2)
- predict the gravitational field strength at any point in a gravitational field, including at the
surface of a planet

● investigate the orbital motion of planets and artificial satellites when applying the relationships
between the following quantities:
- gravitational force
- centripetal force
- centripetal acceleration
- mass
- orbital radius
- orbital velocity
- orbital period

● predict quantitatively the orbital properties of planets and satellites in a variety of situations,
including near the Earth and geostationary orbits, and relate these to their uses

● investigate the relationship of Kepler’s laws of Planetary Motion to the forces acting on, and the total
energy of, planets in circular and non-circular orbits using:
- v0=2πr/T
- r3T2=GM/4π2

● derive quantitatively and apply the concepts of gravitational force and gravitational potential energy
in radial gravitational fields to a variety of situations, including but not limited to:
- the concept of escape velocity
- total potential energy of a planet or satellite in its orbit
(U=−GMm/r)

● derive quantitatively and apply the concepts of gravitational force and gravitational potential energy
in radial gravitational fields to a variety of situations, including but not limited to:
- total energy of a planet or satellite in its orbit (E=−GMm 2/r)
- energy changes that occur when satellites move between orbits
- Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
● Notation
○ Fg; Gravitational Force
○ Fc; Centripetal Force
○ ac; Centripetal Acceleration
○ m; Mass of Orbiting Object, or Object 1
○ M; Mass of Centre Object, or Object 2
○ r; Radius of the Orbit
○ v; Velocity of Orbit
○ T; Period of Orbit
○ G; Gravity Constant (6.67x10-11)
○ g; Earths Gravitational Force, 9.8ms-2

● Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, F = GMm/r2

● The gravitational field at any point is g = F/m
● Gravitational field strength near a mass (point or spherical) is g = GM/r2
● Centripetal Force that keeps objects in orbit F = GMm/r2 = mv2/r
● Centripetal Acceleration of an orbiting object a = v2/r = GM/r2
● The period of an object in orbit T = 2πr/v or T2 = 4π2r3/GM
● Satellites
○ GeoStationary:
■ Weather and Communications
■ 36 000 km altitude
■ Stationary above a point on earth
○ GeoSynchronous:
■ Weather and Communication in Polar regions
■ 36 000 km altitude
■ Orbits in a big circle
○ Low-Earth Orbit (LEO):
■ Spying and Military
■ Better quality camera for more detail
■ Short periods
■ Low Altitude
● Kepler’s Law
1: All planets have an elliptical orbit around the sun
2: A line joins the planets to the Sun and sweeps out equal areas in equal times
(planets, therefore, move faster when close to the sun)
3: The square of the period of an orbit is proportional to the cube of the same
orbit’s radius (T2 ∝ r3)
● There is 0 GPO at r = ∞
● GPO of two systems is U = -GMm/r
● The kinetic energy of an orbiting object is K = 1/2mv2 = GMm/2r
● The total energy of an orbiting object is Etotal = U + K = -GMm/2r = U/2 = -K
● Escape Velocity of an object with M mass = Vesc = √❑
● Equations