Scribd
Upload
19 views7 pages

Biomedical Signal Processing Guide

This document discusses biomedical signal processing and signal modeling. It covers topics such as memory and correlation, impulse response, frequency response, modeling signals as sums of sine waves, noise removal, and nonlinear modeling of signals. It contains 12 chapters that provide background and examples of analyzing different types of biomedical signals.

Uploaded by

Chuyên Mai Tất
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views7 pages

Biomedical Signal Processing Guide

This document discusses biomedical signal processing and signal modeling. It covers topics such as memory and correlation, impulse response, frequency response, modeling signals as sums of sine waves, noise removal, and nonlinear modeling of signals. It contains 12 chapters that provide background and examples of analyzing different types of biomedical signals.

Uploaded by

Chuyên Mai Tất
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Biomedical Signal

Processing and
Signal Modeling

Eugene N. Bruce
University of Kentucky

A Wiley-lnterscience Publication
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
Contents

Preface xi
Chapter 1 The Nature of Biomedical Signals 1
1.1 The Reasons for Studying Biomedical Signal
Processing 1
1.2 What Is a Signal? 3
1.3 Some Typical Sources of Biomedical Signals 5
1.4 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time 9
1.5 Assessing the Relationships Between Two Signals 11
1.6 Why Do We "Process" Signals? 13
1.7 Types of Signals: Deterministic, Stochastic, Fractal and
Chaotic 14
1.8 Signal Modeling as a Framework for Signal Processing 18
1.9 What Is Noise? 20
1.10 Summary 22
Exercises 23

Chapter 2 Memory and Correlation 29


2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Properties of Operators and Transformations 30
2.3 Memory in a Physical System 35
2.4 Energy and Power Signals 42
2.5 The Concept of Autocorrelation 44
2.6 Autocovariance and Autocorrelation for DT Signals 50
v
VI CONTENTS

2.7 Summary 55
Exercises 55

Chapter 3 The Impulse Response 63


3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Thought Experiment and Computer Exercise:
Glucose Control 65
3.3 Convolution Form of an LSI System 68
3.4 Convolution for Continuous-Time Systems 79
3.5 Convolution as Signal Processing 87
•

3.6 Relation of Impulse Response to Differential


Equation 87
3.7 Convolution as a Filtering Process 94
3.8 Impulse Responses for Nonlinear Systems 97
3.9 The Glucose Control Problem Revisited 99
3.10 Summary 100
Exercises 101

Chapter 4 Frequency Response 109


4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Biomedical Example (Transducers for Measuring
Клее Angle) 110
4.3 Sinusoidal Inputs to LTIC Systems 112
4.4 Generalized Frequency Response 118
4.5 Frequency Response of Discrete-Time Systems 125
4.6 Series and Parallel Filter Cascades 130
4.7 Ideal Filters 131
4.8 Frequency Response and Nonlinear Systems 133
4.9 Other Biomedical Examples 134
4.10 Summary 138
Exercises 139

Chapter 5 Modeling Continuous-Time Signals as Sums of


Sine Waves 147
5.1 Introduction 147
5.2 Introductory Example (Analysis of Circadian
Rhythm) 148
5.3 Orthogonal Functions 150
5.4 Sinusoidal Basis Functions 151
5.5 The Fourier Series 152
CONTENTS VII

5.6 The Frequency Response and Nonsinusoidal Periodic


Inputs 161
5.7 Parseval's Relation for Periodic Signals 163
5.8 The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) 164
5.9 Relationship of Fourier Transform to Frequency
Response 168
5.10 Properties of the Fourier Transform 169
5.11 The Generalized Fourier Transform 174
5.12 Examples of Fourier Transform Calculations 175
5.13 Parseval's Relation for Nonperiodic Signals 177
5.14 Filtering 178
5.15 Output Response via the Fourier Transform 181
5.16 Summary 185
Exercises 186

Chapter 6 Responses of Linear Continuous-Time Filters to


Arbitrary Inputs 193
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 Introductory Example 194
6.3 Conceptual Basis of the Laplace Transform 196
6.4 Properties of (Unilateral) Laplace Transforms 200
6.5 The Inverse (Unilateral) Laplace Transform 205
6.6 Transfer Functions 209
6.7 Feedback Systems 215
6.8 Biomedical Applications of Laplace Transforms 221
6.9 Summary 225
Exercises 226

Chapter 7 Modeling Signals as Sums of Discrete-Time


Sine Waves 231
7.1 Introduction 231
7.2 Interactive Example: Periodic Oscillations in the
Amplitude of Breathing 232
7.3 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series 233
7.4 Fourier Transform of Discrete-Time Signals 238
7.5 Parseval's Relation for DT Nonperiodic Signals 242
7.6 Output of an LSI System 244
7.7 Relation of DFS and DTFT 248
7.8 Windowing 250
VIII CONTENTS

7.9 Sampling 255


7.10 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 261
7.11 Biomedical Applications 267
7.12 Summary 271
Exercises 272

Chapter 8 Noise Removal and Signal Compensation 279


8.1 Introduction 279
8.2 Introductory Example: Reducing the ECG Artifact in
an EMG Recording 280
8.3 Eigenfunctions of LSI Systems and the Z-Transform 282
8.4 Properties of the Bilateral Z-Transform 286
8.5 Poles and Zeros of Z-Transforms 289
8.6 The Inverse Z-Transform 291
8.7 Pole Locations and Time Responses 295
8.8 The Unilateral Z-Transform 295
8.9 Analyzing Digital Filters Using Z-Transforms (DT
Transfer Functions) 298
8.10 Biomedical Applications of DT Filters 300
8.11 Overview: Design of Digital Filters 303
8.12 IIR Filter Design by Approximating a CT Filter 305
8.13 IIR Filter Design by Impulse Invariance 307
8.14 IIR Filter Design by Bilinear Transformation 309
8.15 Biomedical Examples of IIR Digital Filter Design 311
8.16 IIR Filter Design by Minimization of an Error
Function 315
8.17 FIR Filter Design 321
8.18 Frequency-Band Transformations 331
8.19 Biomedical Applications of Digital Filtering 333
8.20 Summary 338
Exercises 339

Chapter 9 Modeling Stochastic Signals as Filtered


White Noise 345
9.1 Introduction 345
9.2 Introductory Exercise: EEG Analysis 346
9.3 Random Processes 348
9.4 Mean and Autocorrelation Function of a Random
Process 354
9.5 Stationarity and Ergodicity 356
CONTENTS IX

9.6 General Linear Processes 363


9.7 Yule-Walker Equations 369
9.8 Autoregressive (AR) Processes 373
9.9 Moving Average (MA) Processes 381
9.10 Autoregressive-Moving Average (ARMA) Processes 383
9.11 Harmonic Processes 386
9.12 Other Biomedical Examples 388
9.13 Introductory Example Continued 390
9.14 Summary 391
Exercises 393

Chapter 10 Scaling and Long-Term Memory 399


10.1 Introduction 399
10.2 Geometrical Scaling and Self-Similarity 401
10.3 Measures of Dimension 405
10.4 Self-Similarity and Functions of Time 410
10.5 Theoretical Signals Having Statistical Similarity 414
10.6 Measures of Statistical Similarity for Real Signals 418
10.7 Generation of Synthetic Fractal Signals 422
10.8 Fractional Differencing Models 424
10.9 Biomedical Examples 426
10.10 Summary 430
Exercises 432

Chapter 11 Nonlinear Models of Signals 435


11.1 Introductory Exercise 435
11.2 Nonlinear Signals and Systems: Basic Concepts 438
11.3 Poincare Sections and Return Maps 446
11.4 Chaos 447
11.5 Measures of Nonlinear Signals and Systems 451
11.6 Characteristic Multipliers and Lyapunov Exponents 456
11.7 Estimating the Dimension of Real Data 460
11.8 Tests of Null Hypotheses Based on Surrogate Data 472
11.9 Other Biomedical Applications 474
11.10 Summary 480
Exercises 481

Chapter 12 Assessing Stationarity and Reproducibility 485


12.1 Introduction 485
X CONTENTS

12.2 Assessing Stationarity of a Random Process from a


Sample Function 486
12.3 Statistical Properties of Autocovariance Estimators 490
12.4 Statistical Properties of the Periodogram 492
12.5 Analysis of Nonstationary Signals 496
12.6 Nonstationary Second-Order Statistics 497
12.7 Summary 508
Exercises 509

Bibliography 511

Index 517

Common questions

Powered by AI

Digital filter design methodologies include IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) filters, which mimic analog filters using techniques like impulse invariance and bilinear transformation, and FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filters, which ensure linear phase response and stability. These filters are crucial for removing noise or extracting features in biomedical signals like ECG or EEG recordings, improving diagnostic capabilities . Specific applications include removing baseline drift or high-frequency noise in medical diagnostics .

Chaos theory helps in identifying patterns and predicting system behavior that appears random yet follows deterministic laws in nonlinear biomedical signals. Concepts like Lyapunov exponents help quantify the rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories, offering insights into system stability. Applications include cardiac arrhythmias and brain wave studies, where understanding chaotic dynamics can lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies . This involves recognizing chaotic attractors within physiological data, providing critical information about the underlying health status .

The Laplace Transform is instrumental in simplifying differential equations governing biomedical systems to algebraic equations, facilitating signal analysis in the s-domain. It enables the study of system behavior over time, including stability and response characteristics, crucial for system control and design . Biomedical applications include analyzing circuits in medical devices or modeling physiological processes like respiratory dynamics .

Nonlinearities introduce complexities like harmonic generation and signal distortion that standard linear filters cannot address. Advanced techniques like adaptive filtering or nonlinear modeling methods, such as using Volterra series, can handle these challenges . Moreover, understanding the specific nonlinearity through characteristic multipliers or Lyapunov exponents assists in designing filters that adapt to changing signal properties, ensuring effective signal processing in biomedical applications .

Z-transforms are pivotal in analyzing discrete-time signals and designing digital filters for biomedical applications. They facilitate system analysis in the z-domain, enabling the characterization of system behavior via poles and zeros. This helps ensure stability and desired performance criteria in designing filters for noise reduction or signal enhancement, essential in processing ECG/EEG signals . Biomedical implications include designing real-time processing systems that accurately capture physiological signals amidst inherent noise .

Stationarity is crucial for the valid application of various statistical analyses and signal processing techniques. It signifies that a signal's statistical properties do not change over time, which simplifies modeling and prediction. Stationarity can be assessed by examining sample functions for consistency in variance and mean over time . Techniques like calculating autocovariance and examining the periodogram can statistically evaluate stationarity, aiding reliable interpretation of biomedical data .

In biomedical systems, convolution is used to understand and design control mechanisms such as glucose regulation. The impulse response of a system can be convoluted with an input signal (like glucose intake) to predict the system's output, which is blood glucose levels over time . Through convolution, the relationship between the insulin release and glucose absorption can be mathematically modeled, allowing for improved control strategies for diabetes management .

Stochastic models like ARMA processes are pivotal for modeling biomedical signals that exhibit randomness due to physiological variability or measurement noise. These models help in predicting future signal values and understanding underlying structures by examining autocorrelation and spectral density . This has applications in areas such as cardiac arrhythmia detection and neural signal analysis, where patterns in seemingly random signals need quantifying and interpreting .

The Fourier Transform converts biomedical signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, providing insight into frequency components. Its properties, such as linearity, time shifting, and frequency shifting, facilitate the manipulation and analysis of signals to filter noise or extract meaningful patterns . This is crucial in analyzing EEG or ECG signals where specific frequency bands are associated with physiological or pathological states .

Deterministic signals are predictable with precise mathematical relationships, often used where system parameters are known. Stochastic signals contain randomness requiring probabilistic models to infer data trends, typical in physiological variations. Fractal signals exhibit self-similarity across scales and are used to model complex physiological processes with inherent scale-independent features . Understanding these differences allows for appropriate modeling strategies, enhancing the accuracy of biomedical signal interpretations .

You might also like