Journal of Contemporary Rituals and Traditions

Vol. 1, No. 2 (2023), 67-76

DOI: 10.15575/jcrt.361

Harmony of Nature and Culture: Symbolism and Environmental

Education in Ritual

Sigit Fitro Prasetyo1*

1
UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia; Email: sigitfp97@[Link]
* Corresponding author

Received March 16, 2023; Accepted August 06, 2023; Published: September 10, 2023

Abstract
This study delves into the role of cultural rituals in environmental conservation and local wisdom,
with a specific focus on the Sundanese tradition of Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala
Manglayang. This ritual holds immense religious and environmental significance, making it an
ideal case study for understanding the potential of rituals in promoting environmental awareness
and conservation. The research addresses the social importance of preserving cultural heritage, as
well as the scientific relevance of exploring the symbiotic relationship between rituals and
environmental education. Employing qualitative methods, including interviews, direct observation,
and literature analysis, the study unveils the profound symbolism within Ruwatan Leuweung
Babakti Mandala Manglayang, which symbolizes the connection between humans and nature, as
well as their spiritual ties. This ritual instills a deep appreciation for the natural environment and
encourages the celebration of cultural diversity through these symbols. The findings reveal that the
ritual serves as more than just a religious practice, becoming a powerful means of fostering
environmental consciousness and preserving local heritage. By shedding light on the significance
of cultural rituals in environmental conservation and offering insights into their potential as tools
for education, this research contributes to the understanding of the inherent link between culture
and nature. The study's emphasis on the importance of preserving local wisdom in the face of global
challenges aligns with the journal's interdisciplinary focus on sustainability, culture, and
conservation, making it a valuable addition to the literature on environmental studies and cultural
preservation.

Keywords: Environmental Conservation; Environmental Education; Local Wisdom; Symbiotic

Relationship.

Introduction
Rituals hold a significant role in global communities, and many of them continue to
be practiced today. These rituals reflect cherished values and social norms and serve as
tools for preserving ancestral traditions and cultural heritage. Examples include India's
Kumbh Mela Festival, a major religious event where millions bathe in sacred rivers
seeking spiritual blessings (Buzinde, Kalavar, Kohli, & Manuel-Navarrete, 2014; Fibiger,
2015). Ecuador's “Inti Raymi” stands out as an ancient Inca celebration of the harvest
season with rich cultural symbolism (Carvache-Franco, Carvache-Franco, Borja Morán,
& Contreras Moscol, 2018). In Mexico, “Dia de Muertos” is a unique ritual honoring
ancestors' spirits (Zagal & Edwin, 2023). In various parts of Africa, such as Ghana, the
“Dipo” is an initiation ritual for girls becoming women dewasa (Abbey & Nasidi, 2023;
Boakye, 2010). These cultural rituals are upheld due to their vital role in preserving
identity, strengthening social bonds, and fulfilling spiritual and emotional needs (Beoku-
Betts, 1995; Marsh, 2004). Research and literature emphasize the cultural and social
values passed down through generations to support the sustainability and relevance of

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these rituals.
Rituals serve as not only cultural and spiritual expressions but also as tools for
environmental and nature conservation. Various societies worldwide have developed
specific rituals emphasizing the importance of preserving ecosystems as integral to their
way of life. For instance, Geng et al. (2017) research reveals the Naxi community's ritual
practices and use of plants contribute to conserving biodiversity and sacred forests in their
revered mountains. Another study by Hou (2016) illustrates how Tuvan rituals and
cultural beliefs support nature conservation in landscapes considered sacred in China.
Among Sundanese communities, certain rituals relate to ancestral myths and
environmental preservation. Success in conserving nature is influenced by local traditions
and ancestral wisdom more than Islamic doctrines of worship (Syukur & Qodim, 2017).
Balinese Hindu traditions also reflect environmental values. The Balinese Aga
community maintains traditional ecological knowledge and Tri Hita Karana beliefs,
maintaining the balance between humans, God, and nature, with customary law (Awig-
awig) playing a vital role in environmental preservation amid the global ecological crisis
(Qodim, 2023). These rituals play an essential role in teaching and reminding
communities about the significance of preserving nature as part of their cultural identity
and reflect local wisdom in sustainable environmental conservation.
In the Bandung region, specifically at the Batu Kuda tourist site on Mount
Manglayang, there exists a Sundanese tradition known as Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti
Mandala Manglayang. This tradition is routinely performed every year by the local
inhabitants around the mountain, and it is also attended by several regional officials and
cultural figures. The Ruwatan serves not only as a way to preserve and pay respect to the
mountain's natural environment but also as an effort to reintroduce Sundanese traditions
to the succeeding generations of the nation. With the awareness that humans coexist with
nature, this Ruwatan becomes vital as a means of safeguarding and honoring the
environment, as protecting nature also entails safeguarding humans from adverse effects
such as environmental degradation and floods due to unsustainable land clearance
practices.
The objective of this research is to delve deeper and comprehend the role of the
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang tradition in conserving the natural
environment and Sundanese cultural values in the Mount Manglayang area, Bandung
Regency. This tradition was chosen because of its cultural values, local knowledge, and
close relationship with the surrounding natural environment, making it a relevant cultural
ritual to be studied as a means of preserving cultural identity and ecosystem balance in
the region. This research contributes scientifically by providing profound insights into
how this ritual plays a role in preserving the mountain's natural environment and how
Sundanese traditions remain relevant and are passed down to the younger generations in
the face of environmental degradation challenges and lack of environmental awareness.
The results of this research are expected to contribute to efforts in conserving the natural
environment and local wisdom in the area and to inspire similar endeavors in nature and
cultural conservation in other locations with similar contexts.

Research Method
This research adopts a qualitative approach using methods of observation, in-depth
interviews, and literature review to gather the necessary data and information.
Observations were carried out at the site of Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala
Manglayang in the Mount Manglayang area, Bandung Regency, to directly observe and

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 Harmony of Nature and Culture: Symbolism and Environmental Education in Ritual | 69

record the implementation of the ritual and the community's interactions with the
surrounding environment. In-depth interviews were conducted with the local residents
around the mountain, several regional officials, and cultural figures involved in this
tradition to understand the perceptions, beliefs, and cultural values related to the ritual.
The literature review was conducted to support and reinforce the data obtained from
observations and interviews with information from theoretical sources and related
research. By using this qualitative method, this research aims to provide a comprehensive
overview of the role and significance of the Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala
Manglayang tradition in the context of environmental conservation and Sundanese
cultural values.

Results and Discussion

1. Religious and Environmental Values in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti
Mandala Manglayang
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang is a tradition and ritual that
encapsulates strong religious and environmental values. In this ruwatan ceremony,
Islamic elements are prominently featured and intertwine with the rich cultural values of
the Sundanese people.
Within Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang, Islamic practices take
center stage and constitute a significant part of the ritual. Participants recite specific
remembrances (dhikr) and prayers that are customary in Islam, such as “Lailahailallah”
and “Bismillahirrahmannirrahiim”. This illustrates that ruwatan is a form of worship and
ritual directed towards seeking closeness to Allah, seeking forgiveness, and seeking
protection from all calamities.
A crucial message conveyed through this ruwatan is the significance of worship and
adherence to Allah’s commandments as a manifestation of gratitude for all the blessings
bestowed, including the blessings of nature and the environment. The ruwatan event
serves as a moment for participants to contemplate and reflect, reminding them that as
creatures of Allah, they bear the responsibility of preserving and conserving nature as a
divine trust.
For example, in a quoted interview with one of the ruwatan participants:
It is of great importance for us to participate in this ruwatan as an expression of
obedience to Allah and gratitude for all His blessings. We firmly believe that by
worshiping and preserving the environment, we can coexist harmoniously with His
creations. (ED, Personal Communication, March 17, 2019)
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang also showcases an awareness of
the significance of environmental conservation. The selection of Mount Manglayang as
the ritual's venue, being a natural tourist attraction, symbolizes nature's integral role in
this event. Participants also bring offerings, comprising various foods and plants, as a sign
of reverence towards nature and the life-sustaining resources provided by Allah.

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Figure 1 Symbolic handover of red shoot tree saplings from Perhutani

Figure 1 represents the symbolic handover of red shoot tree saplings from Perhutani,
a tangible demonstration of collective commitment and responsibility in environmental
conservation. Through this scene, the importance of maintaining ecological balance and
respecting what Allah has provided as part of our living environment becomes evident.
The symbolic handover of red shoot tree saplings from Perhutani marks a concrete effort
in reforestation and restoring the sustainability of the environment, which may have been
disrupted by various human factors.
An essential and prominent element in environmental conservation efforts is the
planting of hundreds of red shoot tree saplings after the completion of the ritual
procession. This demonstrates the participants' commitment to actively engage in
reforestation and caring for what Allah has bestowed as part of their living environment.
The tree planting activity sends a message that environmental conservation is a shared
responsibility and must be upheld for future generations.
The planting of tree seedlings in this ruwatan reflects the importance of community
involvement in environmental conservation. In this way, the ruwatan tradition goes
beyond being merely a religious ritual but also becomes a tangible effort in
maintaining ecological balance and preserving natural resources for the future (KM,
Personal Communication, February 2, 2020).
The results of the observation show that all participants of the ruwatan
enthusiastically and wholeheartedly engage in the procession. They appear genuinely
committed to carrying out each ritual step and adhere to all rules that respect the
environment and the surrounding nature. The planting of red shoot tree seedlings becomes
the most anticipated moment for the participants, as they feel directly involved in the
conservation effort.
The results of this study indicate that Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala
Manglayang embodies strong religious values, with elements of Islamic beliefs being
dominant and forming a central part of the ritual. This finding is consistent with previous
research on the role of cultural rituals in shaping the religious and cultural identity of a

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 Harmony of Nature and Culture: Symbolism and Environmental Education in Ritual | 71

community (Tumbelaka, Lattu, & Samiyono, 2020). Participants in the ruwatan

emphasized the importance of performing religious acts and following Allah's
commandments as a form of gratitude for the blessings of nature and the environment
bestowed upon them. This aligns with Islamic teachings on humanity's responsibility to
protect the Earth as a trust from Allah (Quran, 2:30). Therefore, Ruwatan Leuweung
Babakti Mandala Manglayang can be seen as a religious ritual that imparts lessons on the
significance of worship with conscious regard for environmental conservation as an
expression of gratitude to Allah for His bounties.
In addition to the religious values, the findings of this research also highlight the
participants' awareness of the importance of environmental preservation. The choice of
Mount Manglayang as the location for the ritual, being a natural tourist destination,
signifies that the participants appreciate and respect nature as an integral part of the event.
In the ritual, participants bring offerings of food and plants as a form of reverence for
nature and the resources of life bestowed by Allah. This finding is consistent with
previous research on the role of cultural rituals in maintaining ecological balance and
biodiversity (Qodim, 2023; Syukur & Qodim, 2017). The symbolic gesture of the
symbolic handover of red shoot tree seedlings from Perhutani represents a collective
commitment and responsibility in environmental preservation, demonstrating that this
ritual goes beyond being merely a religious ritual but a tangible effort to safeguard the
environment as a legacy for future generations.
2. Symbolism in Ritual for Environmental Conservation
Symbolism in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang is an essential
aspect that signifies the close relationship between cultural traditions and environmental
conservation efforts. Through various symbols present in the ritual procession,
participants are symbolically guided to appreciate nature and preserve it. One of the most
prominent symbols in the ritual is the use of Parukuyan, Puncak manik, and Sesajen.
Parukuyan is the most important tool in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala
Manglayang. Its function as a container for charcoal, incense, and other materials
symbolizes reverence for ancestors and the human connection with Allah. Made from
yellow clay, Parukuyan is used in burning charcoal, producing red flames and white
smoke that carries meanings related to human attributes. Throughout this process,
Parukuyan holds significant representation in the ritual celebration, teaching about
environmental preservation and devotion to the Creator.
In addition to Parukuyan, another prominent symbol in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti
Mandala Manglayang is Puncak Manik. Puncak Manik is a cone or triangular-shaped rice
cone with yellow color. Inside it, white-colored rice is inserted, and at the very top of the
cone, a boiled egg is placed. The yellow color of Puncak Manik holds profound meanings
related to human character. Through this rice cone, it serves as a reminder of the
importance of having an open and generous heart. Every intention and purpose in
performing various actions should be carried out with a good and pure heart, and one
should be able to accept everything with an open heart. A pure heart is considered highly
essential and is regarded as the highest level to be attained.
With these two symbols, Parukuyan representing respect and the relationship
between humans and Allah, and Puncak Manik signifying an open and generous heart,
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang becomes a celebration that conveys a
powerful message about environmental conservation and deeper spirituality. Participants
of the ritual are reminded of their collective responsibility in preserving the environment

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and the significance of self-improvement and connection with the Creator.

Sesajen serves as one of the essential components in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti
Mandala Manglayang. Sesajen is a traditional Javanese and Sundanese cultural practice,
which involves the offering of various items, typically food, flowers, incense, and other
symbolic objects, to honor and appease ancestral spirits, deities, or other supernatural
beings. The term "sesajen" is derived from the Javanese word "sajen" or "sesaji," which
means an offering or tribute. Besides functioning as a symbol, Sesajen carries profound
meanings about life and the relationship with Allah. It represents a cultural heritage
passed down from ancestors that is still cherished and preserved to this day.
In the sesajen of Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang, various
components merge with their respective symbols. For example, the coconut tree holds the
meaning of life and time, teaching that human dedication should benefit fellow creations
of Allah in doing good deeds. The “bakakak” or grilled chicken symbolizes the necessity
of having an open and generous heart in living life. The “sisir enteung” represents
problem-solving and avoiding chaos. These symbolic elements in the sesajen carry
profound meanings that guide the participants of Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala
Manglayang to pursue a life of righteousness and kindness, harmoniously integrated with
their spiritual beliefs and cultural heritage.
There are various types of cigarettes that symbolize the equality of all human beings
and their unity. The “air tujuh rupa” (seven types of water) represents water used for
irrigation, emphasizing the importance of nurturing and providing attention so that
everything can grow and bear fruit. Furthermore, there are five types of water, namely
bitter coffee, sweet coffee, bitter tea, sweet tea, and plain water, which represent different
traits within human beings such as generosity, cheerfulness, sullenness, stinginess, and
kindness. Plain water, being pure water, signifies the importance of purifying the heart
and these traits before performing the five daily prayers. The presence of these various
symbolic elements in the ritual of Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang
underscores the message of unity, equality, and spiritual guidance that the participants
internalize in their cultural and environmental preservation practices.
The symbolism in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang plays a
significant role in conveying messages about environmental conservation and local
wisdom. Through traditional musical instruments such as kecapi and ngekngek, as well
as sesajen with symbolic materials, the participants of the ruwatan are directed to
appreciate nature, diversity, and local culture. This symbolism reminds the participants
of the importance of maintaining harmony with nature, preserving local cultural values,
and addressing environmental issues wisely. As a result, Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti
Mandala Manglayang becomes an event that is not only rich in religious significance but
also serves as an effective educational tool for environmental conservation through
symbolism in local culture.
The symbolism in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang plays a crucial
role in conveying messages about environmental conservation and local wisdom.
Through symbols such as Parukuyan, Puncak Manik, and Sesajen, the participants of the
ritual are directed to appreciate nature, diversity, and local culture. Previous research has
shown that symbolism in cultural rituals can serve as an effective means of education and
understanding of environmental values and conservation alam (Ardoin & Heimlich, 2021;
Niswatin, Wasino, Suyahmo, & Arsal, 2020; Swan, 1983). In the context of Ruwatan
Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang, this symbolism becomes a vital tool to raise
awareness among participants about the importance of maintaining harmony with nature,
preserving local cultural values, and addressing environmental issues wisely. Through

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 Harmony of Nature and Culture: Symbolism and Environmental Education in Ritual | 73

these symbolic messages, the tradition and ritual of ruwatan become an effective means
to teach and encourage community awareness to contribute to environmental
conservation.
The symbolism in Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang also contains
messages about spirituality and the values of goodness for humanity. The use of symbols
such as Puncak Manik, Sesajen, and various elements in the sesajen conveys the
importance of self-improvement, having a pure heart, and engaging with others in
kindness (ED, Personal Communication, March 17, 2019). Research on symbolism in
culture has shown that these symbols can have a positive impact on shaping cultural
identity and local wisdom (Hariyanto, 2017; Sulaeman, Rijal, Malawat, & Sere, 2021). In
the context of Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang, this symbolism
delivers a strong message about the significance of spirituality and the values of goodness
in living life, thereby reminding the participants of their responsibility in preserving
nature and the environment as part of Allah's creation.
3. Ritual as an Effort in Environmental and Cultural Education
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang is not merely a religious ritual
but also serves as an effective effort in environmental and cultural education. Through
various processions and symbolism present in the ruwatan, participants are encouraged to
better understand the importance of preserving the natural environment and conserving
local culture.
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang provides a unique platform for
educating the community about environmental preservation. Through the ruwatan
processions, such as planting hundreds of tree seedlings and using sesajen containing
symbols of nature, participants are prompted to realize the significance of maintaining
ecological balance and respecting the natural resources bestowed by God. During the
processions, ruwatan leaders also provide teachings and explanations regarding the
environmental and religious values embedded in each action taken, allowing participants
to comprehend and internalize the meanings behind each step in the ruwatan.
I feel greatly inspired by the tree planting activity in this ruwatan. It provides us
with the opportunity to directly contribute to environmental conservation and impart
the values of togetherness and environmental care to the younger generation (ET,
Personal Communication, July 19, 2020).
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang also serves as an effective means
of preserving local culture. Activities such as wearing traditional attire, using traditional
musical instruments, and singing Sundanese hymns help preserve the cultural heritage of
our ancestors and encourage the younger generation to recognize and appreciate the
richness of our local culture. By continuing this tradition, Sundanese culture continues to
thrive and evolve, avoiding the risk of extinction due to the impact of globalization that
tends to overshadow local culture.
The tradition is a tangible form of cultural preservation and teaches the younger
generation the importance of safeguarding the identity of our local culture. By
introducing and understanding this tradition, future generations can take pride in the
cultural richness passed down by their ancestors (ED, Personal Communication,
July 16, 2020).

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Figure 2 Children and young people who are enthusiastic when participating in the ruwatan

Figure 2 shows that all participants of the ruwatan, especially children and the
younger generation, appear enthusiastic and eager to participate in each stage of the ritual
related to environmental and cultural education. They demonstrate excitement and
interest while engaging in the processions, singing Sundanese hymns, and wearing
traditional attire. The planting of tree seedlings becomes a memorable moment for the
young participants, who seem delighted while sowing the seeds and feel directly involved
in environmental preservation.
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang has proven itself to be an
effective effort in environmental and cultural education. Through various symbolisms and
processions in the ruwatan, participants are not only invited to understand the importance
of environmental preservation but also to internalize the rich values of local culture. The
involvement of the younger generation in this ritual also opens opportunities for them to
know, love, and understand local wisdom, encouraging them to become agents of change
in preserving and strengthening the cultural identity of the region.
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang can serve as an example of an
effective approach in environmental and cultural education within the community. By
integrating religious values, environmental preservation, and local culture, ruwatan
becomes a holistic and meaningful celebration. The active participation of the
community, especially the younger generation, demonstrates that this activity has
successfully created awareness and inspired tangible actions to protect nature and
preserve traditional culture.
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang has successfully demonstrated
its effectiveness as an effort in environmental and cultural education within the
community. By employing rich symbolism and meaningful processions, the ruwatan is
able to effectively convey messages about environmental preservation and local wisdom
to the participants. Previous research has emphasized the significance of cultural
approaches in environmental education to achieve deeper and more sustainable
understanding (Sponsel, 1987; Zeyer & Kelsey, 2013). In the context of Ruwatan
Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang, this approach has proven successful, as the

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 Harmony of Nature and Culture: Symbolism and Environmental Education in Ritual | 75

participants, especially the younger generation, appeared enthusiastic and eager to engage
in every stage of the ruwatan related to environmental and cultural education. Therefore,
ruwatan can serve as an exemplary and effective approach in environmental and cultural
education efforts within the community.

Conclusion
Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang embodies strong religious
values, where participants engage in prayers and rituals as acts of reverence and obedience
to Allah. Additionally, the ruwatan reflects awareness of the importance of environmental
preservation. Participants demonstrate their commitment to caring for the environment by
involving the entire community in planting red shoot seedlings after the procession.
Moreover, ruwatan serves as an effort in environmental and cultural education, especially
for the younger generation, who learn about the richness of local culture and the
significance of preserving traditions and cultural identity.
Despite the strong religious and environmental values of Ruwatan Leuweung
Babakti Mandala Manglayang, this research faces some limitations. Firstly, the sample
size and research location are limited, focusing only on one ritual event in Mount
Manglayang. Research involving more locations and participants could provide a more
comprehensive understanding of the role of this tradition in environmental preservation.
Secondly, there are challenges in measuring the real impact of ritual on the sustainability
of the local environment and culture in the long run. Further studies with longitudinal
approaches are needed to observe the ongoing positive effects of ritual.

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Journal of Contemporary Rituals and Traditions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2023)