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K Home   Chapter 4 - SPACE 7 6

Lessons Table of Contents Confidence Levels Notes Bookmarks Chapter 4 - SPACE
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High

e Discussions Medium
Introduction Low
k Lessons
Space programs are a critical aspect of modern civilization and play a vital
g Flashcards role in driving scientific research, technological advancements, and national Continue 
security. In India, the space program has been instrumental in achieving
r Practice
remarkable milestones and bolstering the country's scientific and Category
Resources
technological capabilities.
" Fundamentals of Science and
As a first step, the Department of Atomic Energy set up the Indian National Technology BOOK
Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962. Dr. Sarabhai and Dr.
Ramanathan were in charge of this group. On August 15, 1969, the Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was set up. ISRO's main goal is to
develop space technology and find ways to use it to meet different national
needs. It is one of the world's six biggest space agencies. In 1972, the
Department of Space (DOS) and the Space Commission were created, and
on June 1, 1972, ISRO became part of DOS.

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), the country's primary

space agency, has been at the forefront of India's space exploration efforts.
ISRO has launched a series of satellites for various purposes, such as
communication, meteorology, remote sensing, and navigation, among others.

The space program has been an essential factor in India's economic and
social development, contributing to the country's growth and improving the
quality of life for its citizens. India's satellite-based communication system
has been crucial in bridging the digital divide and enhancing the country's
communication infrastructure.

Moreover, India's space program has also played a significant role in

advancing the country's defense capabilities. The satellite-based surveillance
system and missile technology developed by ISRO have been instrumental in
strengthening India's security apparatus.

India has achieved several significant milestones in its space program. In

2008, India successfully launched its first lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1,
which discovered water on the Moon. In 2014, the Mars Orbiter Mission
(MOM) made India the first country to successfully send a spacecraft to Mars
in its first attempt. Moreover, ISRO's successful satellite launches have
enabled the country to become a reliable launch partner for other nations.

In conclusion, the space program has been instrumental in India's scientific,

economic, and social development. The achievements of India's space
program have made the country a significant player in the global space race,
and ISRO's innovations have contributed significantly to various sectors.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2008

1. The space shuttle which successfully carried Sunita Williams to

space:

(a) Challenger (b) Atlantis (c) Discovery

(d) Columbus

2. Sunita Williams, renowned astronaut of Indian origin, spent a

record of days in space

(a) 195 (b) 185 (c) 200

(d) 160

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Let us understand the basic concepts.
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What is an Orbiter?
K Home   Orbiters
Chapter 4 - SPACE
fly around the planet making observations like weather and
7 6

Study Plan mapping, and often acting as communications relays for experiments on the
u Rate Your Confidence
surface.
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e Discussions

k Lessons

g Flashcards

r Practice What is a Rover?

Category
Resources Rover is a planetary surface exploration device designed to move across the
" Fundamentals of Science and
solid surface on a planet or other planetary mass celestial bodies.
Technology BOOK

What is a Lander?

Landers are designed to reach surface of a planet and survive long enough
to telemeter data back to Earth. Some landers are stationary, other carry a
rover.

What is an Orbit?

An orbit is a regular, repeating path that one object in space takes around
another one. An object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite can be
natural, like Earth or the moon. Many planets have moons that orbit them. A
satellite can also be man-made, like the International Space Station.

What Shape Is an Orbit?

Orbits come in different shapes. All orbits are elliptical, which means they are
an ellipse, similar to an oval.

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An object's momentum and the force of gravity have to be balanced for an
orbit to happen. If the forward momentum of one object is too great, it will
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speed past and not enter into orbit. If momentum is too small, the object will
K Home   Chapter 4 - SPACE 7 6
be pulled down and crash. When these forces are balanced, the object is
u Study Plan always falling toward the planet, but because it's moving sideways fast
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enough, it never hits the planet.
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Now that we have a basic understanding of what is an orbit, let us understand
e Discussions the different types of orbits.

Geostationary Orbit (GEO) – Satellites in GEO circle Earth above the equator
k Lessons
from West to East, travel at the exact same rate as the Earth and hence
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appear to be stationary over a fixed position. GEO are quite far away from the
g
Earth. Ex: telecommunication satellites.
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1. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) – relatively closer to Earth’s surface (160- Category
Resources
1000km above Earth). Their plane is a bit tilted. It is a commonly used
" Fundamentals of Science and
orbit. Ex: satellite imaging, international space station (ISS).
Technology BOOK

2. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) – wide range of orbits anywhere

between LEO and GEO

3. Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) – usually travel past

Earth from north to south rather from west to east, passing roughly over
the Earth’s poles Sun synchronous orbit (SSO). Synchronous with the
Sun, this satellite will always visit the same spot at the same local time.

4. Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or transfer orbits – special kind

of orbit used to get from one orbit to another. Satellites are not placed
directly on their final orbit. Used to reach GEO.

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K Home   Chapter 4 - SPACE 7 6

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Rate Your Confidence
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e Discussions

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g Flashcards

r Practice
Category
Now let us understand another term that keeps coming up in the newspapers
" Resources Fundamentals of Science and
- Lagrange points (L-points) – These are specific points far out in space
Technology BOOK
where gravitational fields of Earth and Sun combine in a way that spacecraft
that orbit them remain stable and can thus be anchored related to Earth.

Next, let us understand the different types of Launch Vehicles with the help of
which we send our satellites into space.

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

Ÿ Was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit satellites into Polar and
Sun Synchronous Orbits.

Ÿ PSLV is the third generation launch vehicle of India (after SLV and
ASLV)

Ÿ It was the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid

stages

Ÿ Used in: Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 (PSLV C-11), Mars Orbiter

Spacecraft in 2013 (PSLV C-25)

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

Ÿ Was developed to launch the heavier INSAT class of

Geosynchronous satellites into orbit.

Ÿ This is a fourth generation launch vehicle.

Ÿ GSLV Mk II is the largest launch vehicle developed by India, which

is currently in operation.

Ÿ GSLV MkIII-M1 successfully injected Chandrayaan- 2, India’s

second Lunar Mission, in to the planned Orbit on July 22, 2019

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)

Ÿ Smallest launch vehicle

Ÿ It is getting built on a completely commercial, Launch on Demand

Philosophy

Ÿ Launched ISRO’s earth observation satellite EOS-07 and two co-

passenger satellites Janus-1 and AzaadiSat2

Launch Vehicle Mark (LVM)

Ÿ It is capable of launching class of satellites into Geosynchronous

Transfer Orbit and payloads into Low Earth Orbit

Ÿ LVM3-M2 mission was completed through this for a foreign

customer OneWeb, through NewSpace India Limited.

Small Launch Vehicle (SLV)

Ÿ The first rocket developed by ISRO

Ÿ It was followed by Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle

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Ÿ Both used carry small satellites to Low Earth Orbit
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IMPORTANT SPACE MISSIONS
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1. ADITYA – L1
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First dedicated Indian mission to study the Sun. The Satellite will Rate Your Confidence
j Game Center be placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1) (which is
1.5 million km from the Earth) of the Sun-Earth system. Aditya-L1
e Discussions
Support Cell has been set up at Uttarakhand to bring all data on board
India’s first dedicated solar space mission to a single web-based
k Lessons
interface.

g Flashcards Launch date: January 2023

Practice Launch Vehicle: PSLV-XL

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Category
Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre
" Resources Fundamentals of Science and
2. GAGANYAAN Technology BOOK
India's first manned space mission to send 3 people for 7 days. It
will circle Earth at a low-earth-orbit at an altitude of 300-400 km from
earth for 5-7 days. Gaganyaan orbital spacecraft project was kicked off
in August 2018. Was expected to be launched in 2022, year of 75th
anniversary of India’s Independence. Mission delayed due to in view of
the coronavirus pandemic. Total 3 flights will be sent into orbit: (2
unmanned flights and one human spaceflight) First unmanned mission
is planned in December 2021 (Heavy lift launcher, GSLV MkIII rocket
with a modified top portion will be used). Russia and France is helping
us with training and equipment. Second unmanned flight is planned in
2022-23 (Female robot – Vyommitra will be sent)

3. NISAR Satellite

NISAR :- NASA-ISRO SAR - NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture

Radar

Launch Date :- 2024; Baseline Mission Duration: 3 years

Purpose :- NISAR will observe Earth’s land and ice-covered

surfaces globally ; will measure Earth’s changing ecosystems, dynamic
surfaces, and ice masses providing information about biomass, natural
hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater, and will support a host of
other applications. The partnership agreement was signed between
NASA and ISRO in September, 2014.

4. Chandrayaan – 1

India's first mission to Moon. Launch Date : October 22, 2008

Launched from : Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota;

Launch Vehicle : PSLV - C11

Mission life : 2 years

5. Chandrayaan – 2

Launch Vehicle : GSLV-Mk III - M1; It comprised of an Orbiter,

Lander (Vikram) and Rover (Pragyan) to explore the unexplored South
Pole of the Moon. Launch Date : July 22, 2019; Launched from : Satish
Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota. ISRO had planned the landing on
the South Pole of the lunar surface. However, the lander Vikram hard-
landed in September last year. Its orbiter, which is still in the lunar orbit,
has a mission life of seven years.

6. Chandrayaan – 3

India's third mission to Moon. It is likely to be launched in 2023.

Unlike its predecessor, Chandrayaan-3 will not have an orbiter.

7. Mars Orbiter Mission

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India's first mission to the Red Planet. Commonly referred to as
Mangalyaan-1. Launch Vehicle : PSLV C-25; Launch Date : November
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5, 2013; Launch Site : Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota; Mars
K Home   Chapter 4 - SPACE 7 6
Orbit Insertion Date : Sept 24, 2014. Mars Orbiter has lost
u Study Plan communication with the ground stations bring its life to an end in
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October, 2022.
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8. SPANDEX (Space Docking experiment)
e Discussions
Astronauts will stay for around 15-20 days. Extension of
Gaganyaan mission. Docking – this is necessary to transfer humans
k Lessons
from one spacecraft to another. It also joins two structures and converts
Flashcards
them into a single large unit. Two experimental modules will be sent to
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the space by 2023. If successful, then after US, Russia and China, India
r Practice will be the 4th to own its own space station
Category
Resources
9. Samudrayaan Mission
" Fundamentals of Science and
Working on deep ocean mission. Name of the vehicle – Matsya. Technology BOOK
Manned mission to go until 6000 m for deep sea exploration of
polymetallic nodules for up to 72 hours under sea. It is a part of the
Ministry of Earth Sciences’ pilot project for deep ocean mining for rare
minerals. Project has been undertaken by the National Institute of
Ocean Technology. Launch of Indian Space Association.

10. NavIC (Navigation in Indian Constellation)

NavIC, also known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite

System (IRNSS), is made up of 7 satellites and a network of ground
stations that work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. There are eight
satellites in all, but only seven of them are still working. There are four
satellites in the geosynchronous orbit and three in the geostationary
orbit. The first satellite in the constellation, IRNSS-1A, was sent into
space on July 1, 2013, and the eighth satellite, IRNSS-1I, was sent into
space in April 2018. In 2016, India's Prime Minister changed the name
of IRNSS to NavIC after the seventh launch of the constellation's
satellite (IRNSS-1G). It was approved by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) as part of the World-Wide Radio Navigation System
(WWRNS) for use in the Indian Ocean Region in 2020.

11. ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation

HQ – BENGALURU

CHAIRMAN – S. SOMNATH

ESTABLISHMENT – 15TH AUGUST, 1969

FOUNDER – VIKRAM SARABHAI

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) Thiruvananthapuram :

Lead centre of ISRO responsible for design and development of launch
vehicle technology.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota,

Andhra Pradesh – (the Spaceport of India) - responsible for providing
Launch Base Infrastructure for Indian Space Programme.

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai: Father of the Indian Space Program.

India’s first mirror telescope has been commissioned in June 2022

in Uttarakhand. It has been commissioned atop Devasthal, Uttarakhand.
This telescope which is the largest in Asia will help survey the sky and
make it possible to observe several galaxies and other astronomical
objects. Built by astronomers from India, Belgium and Canada. Liquid
mirror telescopes are those which have mirrors which reflective liquid.

TYPES OF SATELLITE SERIES BY INDIA

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Satellite a machine that is launched into space and moves around earth or
another body in space. It is an artificial object which has been intentionally
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placed into orbit, the fly above the clouds, dust and molecules in the
K Home   Chapter 4 - SPACE 7 6
atmosphere that block the view from ground level. All the satellites have at
u Study Plan least two parts in common which is an antenna and power source. The
Rate Your Confidence
antenna sense and receives information and the power source can be a solar
j Game Center panel or a battery. A satellite orbits earth when its speed is balanced by the
pull of earth’s gravity. The two most common types of orbit are geostationary
e Discussions
and Polar. A geo stationary satellite travels from west to east over the
equator. It moves in the same direction and at the same rate earth spinning. It
k Lessons
looks like it is standing still since it is always above theSame location while
Flashcards polarOrbiting satellites travel in a north-south direction from pole to pole.
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Communication satellites allow radio, television and telephone transmission
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to be sent live anywhere in the world. The satellite use microwaves and radio Category
Resources waves for transmitting signals. Examples include Indian national satellite
" Fundamentals of Science and
series and GSAT satellite series.
Technology BOOK
Navigation satellites are designed expressly to aid the navigation of sea and
air traffic via. It allows small electronic receivers to determine the location to
high precision using time signals transmitted along the line of sight by radio
from satellites. Currently the global positioning system, GPS and the Russian
GLONASS are only globally operational GNSS.

Remote sensing satellites are used for observing and measuring our
environment from a distance. The output is usually an image representing the
scene being observed. Examples include Indian remote sensing satellite
series.

Space exploration satellites and actually not satellites at all. They are known
as space probes. It takes so long for the satellites to reach their destinations.
Jupiters rings were discovered by a space exploration satellite. examples
include Chandrayaan-1, Mars orbiter Mission- Mangalyaan.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2009

1. The Headquarters of Indian Space Research Organisation is at

(a) Trivandrum (b) New Delhi (c) Bangalore

(d) Ahmedabad

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2013

2. India in 2008 successfully put CHANDRAYAAN-1 into its initial

orbit by

(a) PSLV- C12 (b) PSLV- C11 (c) PSLV-

14 (d) GSLV-D3

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2014

3. Which one of the following satellites was successfully launched by

the ISRO’s polar satellite Launch vehicle (PSLV-c24) on 4thApril 2014??

(a) IRNSS-1B (b) GSAT-14 (c) INSAT-

3D (d) SARAL

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2015

4. Which Space Agency has successfully launched the world’s first all
electric satellites in March 2015?

(a) Russia Federal Space Agency. (b) China National

Space Administration.

(c) SpaceX (d) European

Space Agency.

5. Indian Space Research Organization was recently conferred

‘space Pioneer Award’ by the National space Society (NSS) of which

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country over the historic feat on successfully sending an orbit to Martian
atmosphere in its very first attempt?
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K Home   Chapter 4 - SPACE

(a) France (b) European Union (c) 7 6
China (d) USA
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2017 Rate Your Confidence
j Game Center
6. The Hubble telescope of NASA is located in.

e Discussions (a) NASA headquarters (b) Space

(c) Iceland (d) Canada

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7. Juno is the name of a:
g Flashcards
(a) Solar powered space craft (b) Hydrogen
r Practice fuelled space craft
Category
Resources (c) Atomic powered submarine (d) Hydrogen fuelled
" Fundamentals of Science and
submarine
Technology BOOK
8. NASA rediscovered India's lunar spacecraft that was lost in
the space during the past eight years known as:

(a) Chandrayan – I (b) Chandrayan – II (c) Mangalayaan –

I (d) Mangalayaan – II

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2018

9. Recently a star, Icarus was seen by NASA’s Hubble Space

Telescope. What was the approximate time taken by Icarus’ light to
reach the Earth?

(a) Nine billion years (b) Ten million

years

(c) Seven trillion years (d) One hundred

years

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2019

10. Which space agency has recorded the first ―marsquake, ‖ quake
on the mars due to volcanic eruptions or land tides?

(a) JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)

(b) NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

(c) ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)

(d) Chines Space Agency

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2021

11. Which of the following Indian organisations was awarded the

Gandhi Peace Prize in 2014?

(a) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

(b) Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC).

(c) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

(d) Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB).

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – CLAT, 2022

When we hear the name SPACE, only one organization comes to mind: the
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO), located in Bengaluru, is the country’s first space
agency. ISRO was founded in 1969 with the goal of developing and utilizing
space technology for national development while also conducting planetary
exploration and space science research. The space research operations
began in India in the early 1960s, at a time when satellite applications were
still in the experimental stages in the United States. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the
founding father of India’s space programme, rapidly recognized the benefits

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of space technologies after the live transmission of the Tokyo Olympic Games
across the Pacific by the American satellite `Syncom-3; demonstrated the
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K Home   power of communication

Chapter 4 - SPACE
satellites. The ISRO has launched various
7 6
spacecrafts like the
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Chandrayaan, Astrosat, Microsat, GSAT etc. The Government of India has Rate Your Confidence
also approved a regional spaceborne navigation system, which will consist of
j Game Center
seven satellites. Out of these, four of them will be placed in geosynchronous
e Discussions inclined orbit of 29° relative to the equatorial plane. Such an arrangement
would mean all seven satellites would have continuous radio visibility with
k Lessons Indian control stations.

Flashcards
12. Name the first dedicated mission launched by ISRO for studying
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the celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands
r Practice simultaneously.
Category
(a) Amazonia (b) Astrosat
" Resources Fundamentals of Science and
(c) Gaganyaan — 1 (d) Lunar Polar Technology BOOK
Exploration Mission

13. APPLE, the first communication satellite of ISRO was launched

from:

(a) Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (b) TERLS,

Thiruvananthapuram

(c) Kourou, French Guiana (d) SSLV Launching

Station, Tamil Nadu

14. Name the spacecraft that has been successfully sent into the
space to probe into the planets in the solar system.

(a) Sputnik 19 (b) Cosmos 482 (c) Pioneer-E

(d) Mariner 10

15. The first successful Nuclear Bomb test conducted by India in 1974,
is called the:

(a) Prithvi (b) Pokhran-II (c) Smiling Buddha

(d) Surya

16. NaviC covers India and region extending:

(a) 1,500 Km (b) 2,000 Km (c) 7,000 Km

(d) 1,000 Km

Antrix Corporation Limited

Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL), based in Bengaluru, is a company owned
by the Indian government and run by the Department of Space. Antrix
Corporation Limited was founded in September 1992 as a private limited
company owned by the Government of India. It was created as a marketing
arm of ISRO to promote and sell space products, technical consulting
services, and technologies made by ISRO. Another important goal is to help
India build up its industrial space-related capabilities.

Antrix is the commercial and marketing arm of ISRO. It sells space products
and services to customers all over the world. With state-of-the-art facilities,
Antrix provides end-to-end solutions for many space products. This includes
the supply of hardware and software, from simple subsystems to complex
spacecraft, for communications, earth observation, and scientific missions;
space-related services, such as remote sensing data service and transponder
lease service; launch services using operational launch vehicles (PSLV and
GSLV); and mission support services. Antrix will handle ISRO's business
deals with foreign customers for satellites and launch vehicles.

NSIL – NewSpace India Limited

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Indian Space Research Organisation's commercial arm, NewSpace India
Limited (NSIL), is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Indian
  
government (ISRO). It was set up on March 6, 2019, and is run by the
K Home   Chapter 4 - SPACE 7 6
Department of Space (DoS) and the 2013 Company Act. The main goal of
u Study Plan NSIL is to get more people from the private sector to take part in Indian space
Rate Your Confidence
programmes. NSIL will work on building up the ability of local businesses to
j Game Center make things for space.

Discussions
e Project Netra
k Lessons Under the project, the ISRO plans to build many observational facilities, such
as connected radars, telescopes, data processing units, and a control centre.
g Flashcards
They can find, track, and catalogue objects as small as 10 cm and as far
r Practice away as 3,400 km, which is about the same as a space orbit of about 2,000
km. Category

" Resources Fundamentals of Science and

Why the project is important:
Technology BOOK
With this project, India will be able to do space situational awareness (SSA)
like other space powers. SSA is used to "predict" threats to Indian satellites
from space junk.

The ultimate goal of NETRA is to take a picture of the GEO, or geostationary

orbit, where communication satellites work at a distance of 36,000 km. India
would join other countries in trying to find space junk, warn people about it,
and get rid of it.

Bhuvan Portal
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and MapmyIndia have worked
together to make a geospatial portal called "Bhuvan" that is unique to India. It
is a type of web portal used to find and access geographic information
(geospatial information) and related geographic services (display, editing,
analysis, etc.) over the Internet.

GAGAN (GPS AIDED GEO Augmented

Navigation)
It is a Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) that was made by the
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and the Airports Authority of
India (AAI) to provide the best navigational services possible over Indian FIR
(Flight Information Region), with the ability to expand to FIRs nearby. GAGAN
is a network of satellites and ground stations that make corrections to the
GPS signal and give you a better idea of where you are. It is the first time a
system like this has been made for India and other countries nearby. In 2015,
the DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation) approved the GAGAN
System for operations in Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV 1) and en-
route (RNP 0.1). Space-based augmentation systems are only available in
India (GAGAN), the United States (WAAS), Europe (EGNOS), and Japan
(MSAS).

Conclusion
In conclusion, the study of science and technology has become a crucial
aspect of modern society, and it continues to shape our daily lives in various
ways. This book has explored four critical fields of science and technology,
namely biotechnology, space exploration, defense technology, and
information technology. Biotechnology has transformed our understanding of
living organisms, allowing us to manipulate genes and cells to enhance
human health and agriculture. The field of space exploration has opened up
new frontiers in science, enabling us to explore and learn about our universe.
The advancements in defense technology have been critical in maintaining
global peace and security. Lastly, the field of information technology has

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revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct
business.
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K Home   As Chapter
we move 4 - forward,
SPACE it is essential to continue to invest in science and 7 6
technology to improve our lives and make progress towards a better future.
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The challenges we face, such as climate change, pandemics, and security Rate Your Confidence
threats, require innovative solutions that can only be achieved through
j Game Center
science and technology. It is imperative to prioritize education and research in
e Discussions these fields to empower the next generation of scientists, engineers, and
technologists to continue pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and
k Lessons innovation.

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