Example 1

Solution
We first use the way O and S vary with H to create a r/ship between [(S/∆t) + (O/2)] and O, as in
Table 1.

We can use the data in Table 1 to plot [(S/∆t) + (O/2)] against O (Figure 1).

The calculation now progresses as in Table 2. The values of I, and thus (I 1+I2)/2, are known.
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The first value of O is 0.6 m /s, and from this the first value of [(S/∆t) + (O/2)] can be
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determined via the graph in Figure 1 (giving a value of 1.8 m /s, as indicated). So, for the first
time step, [(S2/∆t) + (O2/2)] is calculated from equation, giving 1.8 – 0.6+ 0.7 = 1.9 (circled in
Table 2). The corresponding value of O is determined from Figure 1, working this time from the
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y-axis to the x-axis, giving 0.65 m /s (boxed in Table 2).

So now, we know O after the first time step. For the next time step, [(S 1/∆t) + (O1/2)] is 1.9, and
[(S2/∆t) + (O2/2)] is calculated again from equation: 1.9-0.65+0.9 = 2.15.

Table 1: Variation with H

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 Figure 1: Graph of S/∆t + O/2 against O

Table 2: Routing calculation (extract)

Figure 2: Inflow (given) and outflow (calculated) hydrographs

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O2 is again determined from Figure 1, giving 0.76 m /s - the outflow at 2 min. The calculation
proceeds in this way until all the values of O have been determined. The resulting outflow
hydrograph is given in Figure 2.

Example 2

Assume friction factor (f) of the rising main be 0.02

Determine the flow rate, the head, and the power supplied at the operating point.
Solution
The system characteristic is given by
Total head required = static lift + Friction losses + Local losses + Velocity head
This can be expressed as:

So,

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Thus, H = 20 + 90Q

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From this, we can determine the relationship between H and Q for the pipe system (the system
characteristic).

The system characteristic is plotted together with the pump characteristic. The operating point is
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where the lines cross; at this point, flow rate is 0.26 m /s.

At the operating point, head is 26 m.

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Pump efficiency has been plotted on Figure (ppt). At a flow rate of 0.26 m /s, efficiency is 57%.
So,

 In systems with few hydraulic discontinuities (i.e., fittings), the velocity head may be
insignificant in relation to the losses and is ignored. In this example, velocity head was
significant and so was rightly included.
 In another case, instead of discharging to atmosphere at a MH, the rising main outlet
might be “drowned,” for example, submerged in a tank into which the liquid is being
pumped. In this case, the static lift must be measured up to liquid surface in the tank. This
surface is unlikely to have a velocity; thus, velocity head will not be included. However,
there will be exit losses at the point where the rising main discharges to the tank.

Example 3
For Example above (page 14), what would be the flow rate, head, and power supplied at the
operating point if an additional pump, identical to the first, was arranged in parallel?

Solution
The pump characteristic for the pumps in parallel is determined by doubling the flow rate for
each value of H:

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The characteristic for two pumps in parallel can be plotted, together with the system
characteristic (and, for the purposes of illustration, the characteristic for one pump). At the
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operating point, flow rate is 0.34 m /s, and head is 30 m.

As has already been pointed out, care is needed when handling efficiency for pumps in parallel.
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The flow rate in each pump is 0.17 m /s; therefore, the efficiency of each pump (Figure on page
13) is 54%. So,

Example 4
The peak inflow to a sewerage pumping station is 50 L/s. What capacity sump and duty/standby
pumps will be required if the number of starts is limited to 10 per hour? How long will the pump
operate during each cycle?

Solution
For minimum sump volume, Qo = 2Q1, so
Capacity of duty pump, Qo = 100 L/s
Capacity of standby pump, Qo = 100 L/s
Pump sump volume (equation 4),

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 Assignment
1. A detention tank on a sewerage scheme is rectangular in plan: 25 m × 4 m. It is being operated in
such a way that the only outflow is over a weir. The flow rate over the weir is given by the
standard expression for a rectangular weir, in which C D = 0.63. The width of the weir is 1.5 m.
Consider the following case. Initially inflow is zero, and the water surface is at the level of the
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weir crest. Then inflow increases at a uniform rate over 12 min to 0.9 m /s, and reduces
immediately at the same rate back to zero. Determine peak outflow, using a time step of 2 min.

2. A pumping system has a static lift of 15 m. The pump characteristics are listed below, together
with the total losses in the rising main (velocity head can be neglected).

Determine the flow rate, head delivered, and power supplied to the pump at the operating point.
If the diameter of the rising main is 250 mm, are conditions suitable for scouring of deposited
solids? If the rising main became rougher with age, would the flow rate, and head, increase or
decrease?

3. For the same system as above, if an additional identical pump is operating in parallel, determine
the total flow rate, head delivered, and power supplied to the pumps at the operating point.
Which arrangement, one pump or two in parallel, uses power more efficiently?

4. A pumping station sump is being designed to suit an inflow of 30 L/s. What rate of pumped
outflow would give the minimum sump volume? What sump volume would then be required if
the pump was to operate at (1) 6 starts/hour and (2) 12 starts/hour? At 12 starts/hour there is 5
minutes between each start. For how much of that time is the pump operating, and for how long
is it idle?