8.

Applications of Integration

8.1 Finding the Average Value of a Function on an Interval

8.1.1 The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

Often times it will be important to find the average value of a function over some interval of time.
That is to say, there exists a rectangle whose area is exactly equal to the area under the region of the
curve.

3 2 1 1 2 3
f (x)

Theorem 8.1.1 — Mean Value Theorem for Integrals. If f is continuous on [a, b], then there
exists a number c in the closed interval [a, b] such that
Z b
f (x) dx =
a
200 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

3 2 1 1 2 3
f (x)

R Note that this theorem does not actually find c, but guarantees its existence.
 8.1 Finding the Average Value of a Function on an Interval 201

8.1.2 Average Value of a function

However, an important application of the above mean value theorem is to find that f (c) value which
is the average value of f on the interval [a, b].

Theorem 8.1.2 If f is integrable on the closed interval [a, b], then the average value of f (denoted
by fave ) of f on the interval is
fave =

R Do not mistake the average value of a function with the average rate of a function.
s(b) s(a)
• Average velocity is the average rate of change of position over time:
b a
• Using the theorem above:
Z b
1
vave = v(t) dt
b a a

⌅ Example 8.1 Find the average value of f (x) = 3x2 2x on the interval [1, 4].

50

40

30

20

10

f (x)

1 2 3 4
 202 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

Exercise 8.1 If f (x) = x3 has an average value of 12 on the interval [0, k], then k =

(A) 121/3

(B) 481/4

(C) 241/3

(D) 481/3

8.2 Connecting Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of Functions Using Integrals

Write the relationships below with an indefinite integral.
d
i. s(t) = v(t)
dt
d
ii. v(t) = a(t)
dt

⌅ Example 8.2 The velocity (in feet per second) of a particle moving along a line is

v(t) = 9 t 2,

where t is the time in seconds.

(a) What is the displacement of the particle on the time interval 1  t  4?

(b) What is the total distance traveled by the particle on the time interval 1  t  4?

Theorem 8.2.1 — Displacement vs. Distance Traveled. . If an object moves at a velocity v(t)
over an interval [a, b], then the following are true:
Z b
i. Displacement: dt
a
Z b
ii. Distance Traveled: dt
a
8.2 Connecting Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of Functions Using Integrals203

Exercise 8.2 Free Response. For 0  t  6, the acceleration of a particle moving along a
straight line is given by a(t) = 2t6. The velocity of the particle is given by v(t) and its position
4
is given by s(t). When t = 1, v(1) = 3 and s(1) = .
3

(a) Find the average velocity of the particle for the time period 0  t  6.

(b) When is the particle moving to the left? Explain.

(c) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from time t = 0 to t = 6.

(d) Find the time t at which the particle is farthest to the left. Explain.

⌅
204 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

Exercise 8.3 Free Response. The velocity v(t) (in feet per second) of a high-speed rail train is
positive over 0  t  60 seconds. The velocities at time t are given as ordered pairs.

(t, v(t)) : (0, 0), (10, 45), (20, 105), (30, 140), (40, 165), (50, 195), and (60, 210).

(a) Estimate the acceleration of the train at t = 25. Indicate units of measure.

Z 50
(b) Use a left Riemann sum with three subintervals of equal length to approximate v(t) dt.
20
Using correct units, explain the meaning of the integral in the context of this problem.

Z 50
(c) Evaluate v0 (t) dt. Using correct units, explain the meaning of the integral in the context
20
of this problem.

(d) Estimate the average velocity of the train over the 60 second period of time using a midpoint
Riemann sum with 3 subintervals.

⌅
 8.3 Using Accumulation Functions and Definite Integrals in Applied Contexts 205

8.3 Using Accumulation Functions and Definite Integrals in Applied Contexts

⌅ Example 8.3 A chemical flows into a storate tank at a rate of (180 + 3t) liters per minute, where

t is the time in minutes and 0  t  60. Find the amount of the chemical that flows into the tank
during the first 20 minutes.

Exercise 8.4 Water is leaking from a dam during a particular week at a rate modeled by the
t t2
function F given by F(t) = 5 + sin , where F(t) is measured in gallons per day and t is the
4 5
number of days since the start of the week on Sunday. How many gallongs of water leak from the
dam Tuesday through Thursday, days 2 through 4?

(A) 9.565

(B) 10.010

(C) 10.841

(D) 12.117

Exercise 8.5 The rate at which ants arrive at a picnic is modeled by the function A, where A(t)
is measured in ants per minute and t is measured in minutes. The graph of A for 0  t  30 is
shown in the figure below. How many ants arrive at the picnic during the interval 0  t  30?

8 (A) 8

(B) 70
6
(C) 120
4
(D) 140
2
A(t)

5 10 15 20 25 30

⌅
 206 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

8.4 Finding the Area Between Curves Expressed as Functions of x

It is our goal now to find A the area that lies between two curves as shown below.

g
x
a b

Theorem 8.4.1 — Area of Region Between Two Curves.. If f and g are continuous on [a, b]
and g(x)  f (x) for all x in [a, b], then the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f and g
and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is

A=

⌅ Example 8.4 Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x2 + 2, y = x, x = 0, and x = 1.

⌅ Example 8.5 Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x2 + 1 and the line y = 5.
 8.5 Finding the Area Between Curves Expressed as Functions of y 207

Exercise 8.6 The figure below shows the graphs of y = 2 4x x2 and y = 2x 1. What is
the area of the shaded region?

4 3 2 1 1 2

10

5
(A)
3
(B) 10

32
(C)
3
86
(D)
3
⌅

8.5 Finding the Area Between Curves Expressed as Functions of y

⌅ Example 8.6 Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x = 3 y2 and x = y + 1.
 208 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

Theorem 8.5.1 — Area of Region Between Two Curves.. If f and g are continuous on [a, b]
and g(y)  f (y) for all y in [a, b], then the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f and g
and the vertical lines y = a and y = b is

A=

Exercise 8.7 What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x = y2 2y and y = x + 2?

3
(A)
2
10
(B)
3
9
(C)
2
31
(D)
6
⌅

8.6 Finding the Area Between Curves That Intersect at More Than Two Points
⌅ Example 8.7 Find the area of the region between the graphs of f (x) = 3x3 x2 10x and
2
g(x) = x + 2x.
 8.7 Volumes with Cross-Sections - Squares and Rectangles 209

8.7 Volumes with Cross-Sections - Squares and Rectangles

⌅ Example 8.8 The base of a solid is a square in the first quadrant of side length s. For the solid,
each cross section perpendicular to the x axis is a square. What is the volume of the solid?

1.5

0.5

0.5 1 1.5 2

⌅ Example 8.9 Calculator. The base of a solid is the region in the first quadrant bounded by
2
the graph of y = 2 x and the x- and y-axes for 0  x  3. For the solid, each cross section
3
perpendicular to the y-axis is a rectangle whose height is five times its width in the xy-plane. What is
the volume of the solid?

2.5

1.5

0.5

1 2 3

The ideas of generating solids can be generalized to visualizing volumes as the accumulation of
surface areas or cross sections of an object.

Theorem 8.7.1 For cross sections of area A the volume of the solid is given by

V=
 210 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

8.8 Volumes with Cross Sections - Triangles and Semicircles

⌅ Example 8.10 The base of a solid is the region in the first quadrant between the graph of y = 2x
and the x-axis for 0  x  1. For the solid, each cross section perpendicular to the x-axis is a quarter
circle with the corresponding circle’s center on the x-axis and one radius in the xy-plane. What is the
volume of the solid?

1.5

0.5

0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

⌅ Example 8.11 (Calculator) Let R be the region in the first quadrant by the graph of y = x3 , the
line x = 2, and the x axis. R is the base of a solid whose cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis
are equilateral triangles. What is the volume of the solid?

0.5 1 1.5 2

p
3 2
R The area of an equilateral triangle with side length s is s .
4

8.9 Volume with Disc Method - Revolving Around the x- or y-Axis

Now that we know how to obtain areas between curves we can create surfaces and three dimensional
objects that take advantage of this symmetry. We will do so by revolving these areas around an axis
and thus turning an area into a volume.
8.9 Volume with Disc Method - Revolving Around the x- or y-Axis 211

⌅ Example 8.12 Suppose we want to find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region
bounded by the graph of p
f (x) = sin x on [0, p]
and x-axis about the x-axis.

1.5

0.5

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

0.5

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

0.5

1.5

Theorem 8.9.1 — Disk Method. To find the volume of a solid of revolution with the disk
method,
V=
It will be extremely important to note the axis of revolution.
 212 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

⌅ Example 8.13 Let R be the region enclosed by the graphs of f (x) = x2 , y = 4 and the y-axis. Find
the volume of the solid formed by revolving R about the y-axis.

2 1 1 2

8.10 Volume with Disc Method - Revolving Around Other Axes

⌅ Example 8.14 Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graphs
of f (x) = 2 x2 and g(x) = 1 about the line y = 1.

2.5

1.5

0.5

1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5

0.5
 8.11 Volume with Washer Method - Revolving Around x- or y-axis 213

Exercise 8.8 Let R be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of y = sin x, the x-axis,
and the vertical line x = 1. Which of the following gives the volume of the solid generated when
region R is revolved about the vertical line x = 1?
Z sin 1
(A) p (1 arcsin y)2 dy
0
Z 1
(B) p (1 arcsin y)2 dy
0
Z sin 1
(C) p (1 arcsin y) dy
0
Z sin 1
(D) p (1 (arcsin y)2 ) dy
0

8.11 Volume with Washer Method - Revolving Around x- or y-axis

This disk method can be extended to problems that generate solids of revolution that have gaps inside
them. Consider the following region and imagine it rotating it about the x-axis.

1.5
p
x
2
x
1

0.5

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.5

Theorem 8.11.1 — The Washer Method. In order to find the volume of a washer, we adapt the
equation of the disk.
V=
where R represent the outer radius of the solid and r the inner radius.
214 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

⌅ Example 8.15 Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graphs
of

p
y= x and y = x2

about the x-axis.

1.5
p
x
2
x
1

0.5

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.5

⌅Example 8.16 Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graphs
of y = x2 + 1, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1 about the y axis.

2.5

1.5

0.5

1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5

0.5
 8.12 Volume with Washer Method - Revolving Around Other Axes 215

8.12 Volume with Washer Method - Revolving Around Other Axes

p
⌅ Example 8.17 Let R be the region enclosed by y = 3
x and y = x2 . Write, but do not evaluate, the
integral that represents the volume when rotated about different axes.
(a) Revolve R about y = 3

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(b) Revolve R about y = 1.5

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(c) Revolve R about x = 3

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

1 2 3

1
(d) Revolve R about x =
2
216 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

1 0.5 0.5 1

⌅ Example 8.18 Let R be the region bounded above by the graph of y = 1 x2 and below by the
graph of y = x2 1, for 1  x  1. What is the volume of the solid generated when region R is
revolved about the horizontal line y = 3?

3
Exercise 8.9 Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of y = 3x and y = 4x2 for 0  x  .
4
What is the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about the line y = 4?
Z 3/4
(A) p [(4 3x)2 (4 4x2 )2 ] dx
0
Z 3/4
(B) p [(4 4x2 )2 (4 3x)2 ] dx
0
Z 3/4
(C) p (9x2 16x4 ) dx
0
Z 9/4
"✓ p ◆2 #
y ⇣ y ⌘2
(D) p 4 4 dy
0 2 3
⌅
 8.13 (BC ONLY) The Arc Length of a Smooth, Planar Curve and Distance Traveled
217

Exercise 8.10 The region shown in the figure is revolved about the x-axis, the y-axis, and the line
x = 3. Which of the following orders the volumes of the resulting solids from least to greatest?

f (x) = 9
8
g(x) = x2
6

0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

(A) y-axis, x-axis, x = 3

(B) x-axis, y-axis, x = 3

(C) y-axis, x = 3, x-axis

(D) x = 3, y-axis, x-axis

8.13 (BC ONLY) The Arc Length of a Smooth, Planar Curve and Distance Traveled

By now you can see that integrals can be used to find areas under a curve, volumes of a solid of
revolution, and ultimately the question is if they can be used to determine one dimensional objects,i.e.
length. In geometry, we talked about arc length s given by the formula

s = rq ,

where r is the radius of the circle and q is the degree measure in radians. However, can we find the
arc length for a curve that does not live in a circle? Consider the following
218 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

1 1 2 3 4
1

Theorem 8.13.1 — Arc Length. Let the function y = f (x) represent a smooth curve on the
interval [a, b]. The arc length of f between a and b is,
Z b
s=
a

Similarly, for a smooth curve x = g(y), the arc length of g between A and B is
Z B
s=
A

x3 1 1
⌅ Example 8.19 Find the arc length of the graph of y = + on the interval , 2 .
6 2x 2

0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

8.13 (BC ONLY) The Arc Length of a Smooth, Planar Curve and Distance Traveled
219

⌅ Example 8.20 Finding the arc length of the graph of (y 1)3 = x2 on the interval [0, 8].

2 4 6 8

p
⌅ Example 8.21 Find the arc length of the graph of y = ln(cos x) from x = 0 to x = .
4

1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5

Z 5p
Exercise 8.11 The length of a curve from x = 1 to x = 5 is given by 1 + 36x4 dx. If the
1
curve contains the point (1, 9), which of the following could be an equation for this curve?

(A) y = 2x3 + 7

(B) y = 6x2 + 3

36 5 9
(C) y = x +x+
5 5
(D) y = x3 + 8

⌅
220 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration
p
Exercise 8.12 Which of the following integrals gives the arc length of the graph of y = 2 cos x
between a and b, where 0 < a < b?
Z bq
p
(A) 1 + 4 cos2 x dx
a
Z br
1 p
(B) 1 + sin2 x dx
a x
s
Z b p
1 + sin2 x
(C) dx
a x
Z br
p 1 p
(D) 4 cos2 x + sin2 x dx
a x
⌅

Exercise 8.13 The figure shows the graphs of f (x) = 5 x3 and g(x) = 4x + 5. What is the
length of the curve y = f (x) between the points of intersection shown in the figure?

1 1 2 3
2

(A) 8

(B) 8.246

(C) 8.630

(D) 27.658

⌅
8.13 (BC ONLY) The Arc Length of a Smooth, Planar Curve and Distance Traveled
221

Exercise 8.14 Let f and g be the functions defined by f (x) = x4 4x2 + 2x + 2 and g(x) =
2 sin(px). Let A and B be two regions enclosed by the graphs of f and g as shown in the figure,
where A is the region on the left and B is the region on the right.

f (x)
g(x)
2

0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

(a) Find the sum of the areas of regions A and B.

(b) Region B is the base of a solid whose cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares.
Find the volume of the solid.

(c) Let h be the vertical distance between the graphs of f and g in region B. Find the rate at
which h changes with respect to x when x = 1.2

⌅
 222 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

8.14 (Skip) Volume: The Shell Method

8.14.1 The Shell Method
When thinking about the previous sections we found volumes by taking cross-sectional areas and
summing them together Z
V= Across section dr.

However, as seen in some past problems this can make the problems difficult depending on the
shape of the figure. Consider the volume of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the region
bounded by
y = x x3
and the x-axis (0  x  1) about the y-axis.

0.4
0.2

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0.2

Since this is rotated about the y-axis, this suggests we use the washer method. Do we use this
with respect to dx or dy?

What is the problem with these cross-sections?

Thus, we propose a different method. Instead of adding these infinitesimal area slices to create a
volumetric solid, we will add infinitesimal volumetric shells to make up a volume.
Z
V= dV

0.4
0.2

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0.2
8.14 (Skip) Volume: The Shell Method 223

Theorem 8.14.1 — The Shell Method. To find the volume of a solid of revolution with the shell
method, use the following

V=

⌅ Example 8.22 Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the region bounded
y2
by the graph of x = e and the y-axis (0  y  1) about the x-axis.

1
y2
x=e
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5

0.2

R Note that the problem above can still be solved using disks. However, that would mean using
the equation 8
>
<1, 1
0x
y= p e
> 1
: ln(x), <x1
e
224 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration

⌅ Example 8.23 Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graphs
of
y = x2 + 1, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1
about the y-axis.

2.5

1.5

0.5

1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5

R Note that we can still use the washer method here... but why? Just look at it
Z 1 Z 2 p
V =p (12 02 ) dy + p [12 ( y 1)2 ] dy
0 1

x2
⌅ Example 8.24 A solid is formed by rotating the graph of y = 1 on the interval [ 4, 4] about
16
the x-axis. Find the volume of said figure. Should we use the disk method or the cylindrical shell
method?

1.5

0.5

4 2 2 4
0.5

1.5
8.14 (Skip) Volume: The Shell Method 225

⌅ Example 8.25 Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the graphs
of y = x3 + x + 1, y = 1, and x = 1 about the line x = 2.

1 2 3 4

Exercise 8.15 The region shown in the figure is revolved about the x-axis, the y-axis, and the line
x = 4. Which of the following orders the volumes of the resulting solids from least to greatest?

1 1 2 3 4

(A) x-axis, x = 4, y-axis

(B) x-axis, y-axis, x = 4

(C) x = 4, x-axis, y-axis

(D) x = 4, y-axis, x-axis

⌅
226 Chapter 8. Applications of Integration
p
Exercise 8.16 Let A be the region bounded by the graphs of y = 4 x, y = 4, and x = 0. What is
3
the volume of the solid formed when A is revolved about the line x = ?
2

4p
(A)
5
16p
(B)
5
24p
(C)
5
56p
(D)
5
⌅

1
Exercise 8.17 Let R be the region enclosed by the graphs of y = (x 4)2 and y = 2. What is
8
the volume of the solid formed when R is revolved about the y-axis?
13p
(A)
3
19p
(B)
3
128p
(C)
3
256p
(D)
3
⌅
8.14 (Skip) Volume: The Shell Method 227

4 2
Exercise 8.18 Let T be the region bounded by the graphs of y = and y = 2 x.
x+2 5
(a) Find the area of the region.

(b) What is the volume of the solid formed when T is revolved about the y-axis?

(c) What is the volume of the solid formed when T is revolved about the x-axis?