A Level Chemistry A Exam Instructions
A Level Chemistry A Exam Instructions
* H 4 3 2 0 1 *
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INSTRUCTIONS
• Use black ink. You can use an HB pencil, but only for graphs and diagrams.
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If you need extra space use
the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question numbers must be clearly shown.
• Answer all the questions.
• Where appropriate, your answer should be supported with working. Marks might be
given for using a correct method, even if your answer is wrong.
INFORMATION
• The total mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ].
• Quality of extended response will be assessed in questions marked with an asterisk (*).
• This document has 28 pages.
ADVICE
• Read each question carefully before you start your answer.
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SECTION A
1 Several students titrate 25.00 cm3 of the same solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq) with
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).
A The burette readings are taken from the top of the meniscus instead of the bottom of the
meniscus.
B The conical flask is rinsed with water before carrying out the titration.
C An air bubble is released from the jet of the burette during the titration.
B The number of electrons lost by 20.05 g of calcium when it reacts with oxygen.
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3 0.80 g of element X is reacted with 0.40 g of O2 to form an oxide with the formula X2O3.
A Aluminium
B Titanium
C Germanium
D Molybdenum
What is the mass of Ca(OH)2 that completely neutralises 100 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 phosphoric
acid?
A 0.49 g
B 0.74 g
C 1.11 g
D 2.22 g
5 Which statement about elements in the d block of Period 4 of the periodic table is correct?
4
6 The equation for the combustion of C7H8 is shown in the following equation.
A −3914
B −692
C +692
D +3914
number of
molecules
energy
Which statement for this Boltzmann distribution curve is correct at a higher temperature?
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8 A graph is plotted of ln(k) against 1 /T.
(k = rate constant, T = temperature in K)
A +1.5 × 10−7
B +2.22 × 10−6
C +6.62
D +457
9 The reversible reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is shown below.
In the equilibrium mixture, the partial pressure of N2 is 18.75 MPa and the partial pressure of H2 is
2.50 MPa.
The total pressure is 25 MPa.
A 1.2 × 10−4
B 0.048
C 0.075
D 21
6
10 The equation for the reaction of ICl and H2 is shown below.
The rate constant k for this reaction is 1.63 × 10−6 dm3 mol−1 s−1.
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
11 20 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid is added to 10 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide.
A 1.00
B 1.18
C 1.30
D 1.48
12 Iodide ions, I−(aq), react with MnO4−(aq). The unbalanced equation is shown below.
A 1:3
B 1:2
C 1:1
D 3:2
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13 Which statement(s) is/are correct when a catalyst is added to a system in dynamic equilibrium?
1 The rates of the forward and reverse reactions increase by the same amount.
A 1, 2 and 3
B Only 1 and 2
C Only 2 and 3
D Only 1
1 The 2nd ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than the 2nd ionisation energy of
calcium.
A 1, 2 and 3
B Only 1 and 2
C Only 2 and 3
D Only 1
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15 Which statement(s) for the complex ion [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ is/are correct?
3 It is six-fold coordination.
A 1, 2 and 3
B Only 1 and 2
C Only 2 and 3
D Only 1
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SECTION B
(a) Relative atomic mass is defined as ‘the weighted mean mass compared with 1/12th mass of
carbon-12’.
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[2]
(ii) Calculate the total number of ions in 1.74 g of magnesium bromide, MgBr2.
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(c)* Table 16.1 shows some physical properties of magnesium, bromine and magnesium bromide.
Electrical conductivity
Substance Melting point / °C
Solid Liquid
Magnesium 711 Good Good
Bromine −7 Poor Poor
Magnesium bromide 650 Poor Good
Table 16.1
Explain the physical properties shown in Table 16.1 using your knowledge of structure and
bonding. [6]
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(d) The enthalpy change of hydration of bromide ions can be determined using the enthalpy
changes in Table 16.2.
Table 16.2
On the dotted lines, add the species present, including state symbols.
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Mg2+(g) + 2Br–(g)
Mg+(g) + 2Br(g) + e–
Mg(g) + 2Br(g)
Mg(s) + 2Br(g)
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Mg2+(aq) + 2Br–(g)
MgBr2(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2Br–(aq)
[2]
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(ii) Using your completed energy cycle in 16(d)(i), calculate the enthalpy change of hydration
of bromide ions.
(iii) Write the equation for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium bromide and calculate the lattice
enthalpy of magnesium bromide.
Equation ............................................................................................................................
Calculation
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17 Methanol, CH3OH, can be made industrially by the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen, as
shown in equilibrium 1.
(a) Predict the conditions of pressure and temperature that would give the maximum equilibrium
yield of CH3OH in equilibrium 1.
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State two ways that the use of catalysts helps chemical companies to make their processes
more sustainable and less harmful to the environment.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................................
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[2]
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(c) Standard entropy values are given below.
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(d) At 298 K, the free energy change, ∆G, for the production of methanol in equilibrium 1 is
−2.48 × 104 J mol−1.
R = gas constant
T = temperature in K.
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18 This question is about reactions and uses of the weak acids methanoic acid, HCOOH, and
ethanoic acid, CH3COOH.
(a) A student adds magnesium metal to an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH.
A redox reaction takes place.
Write the overall equation for this reaction and explain, in terms of oxidation numbers, which
element has been oxidised and which element has been reduced.
Equation ...................................................................................................................................
Oxidation ..................................................................................................................................
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Reduction .................................................................................................................................
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[3]
(b) The Ka values of HCOOH and CH3COOH are shown in Table 18.1.
Table 18.1
Complete the equilibrium and label the conjugate acid-base pairs as A1, B1 and A2, B2.
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(c) Use Table 18.1 to answer the following questions.
[2]
(ii) The student plans to make a buffer solution of pH 4.00 from a mixture of CH3COOH(aq)
and sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa(aq).
The student mixes 400 cm3 of 0.204 mol dm−3 CH3COOH(aq) with 600 cm3 of
CH3COONa(aq).
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19 Standard electrode potentials for four redox systems are shown in Table 19.1.
Redox
Half-equation E ө/ V
system
1 CO2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− HCOOH(aq) −0.11
2 HCOOH(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− HCHO(aq) + H2O(l) −0.03
3 Ag+(aq) + e− Ag(s) +0.80
4 MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e− Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.51
Table 19.1
(a) A student sets up a standard cell in the laboratory based on redox systems 3 and 4.
Draw a labelled diagram to show how this cell could be set up to measure its standard cell
potential at 298 K.
[3]
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(b) A student warms a mixture of methanal, HCHO, and acidified potassium manganate(VII).
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(c) Methanoic acid, HCOOH, can be used in a fuel cell. As with all fuel cells, the fuel (HCOOH) is
supplied at one electrode and the oxidant (oxygen) at the other electrode.
Using the information in Table 19.1, deduce the half-equation for the reaction at the oxygen
electrode, and calculate the standard electrode potential for the oxygen half-cell.
half-equation .............................................................................................................................
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20 A student investigates the reaction between ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(l) and methanol, CH3OH(l),
in the presence of an acid catalyst. The equation is shown below.
(a) The student carries out an experiment to determine the order of reaction with respect to
CH3COOH.
The student uses a large excess of CH3OH. The temperature is kept constant throughout the
experiment.
The student takes a sample from the mixture every 20 minutes, and then determines the
concentration of the ethanoic acid in each sample.
From the experimental results, the student plots the graph below.
5.0
[CH3COOH] /10–3 mol dm–3
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time / min
(i) Explain why the student uses a large excess of methanol in this experiment.
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(ii) Use the half-life of this reaction to show that the reaction is first order with respect to
CH3COOH.
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(b) The student carries out a second experiment to determine the value of Kc for this reaction.
The student mixes 9.6 g of CH3OH with 12.0 g of CH3COOH and adds the acid catalyst.
Kc = ......................................................... [4]
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21 This question is about halogens.
(a) A student adds a solution of bromine in an organic solvent to two test tubes.
The student adds aqueous sodium chloride to one test tube, and aqueous sodium iodide to
the other test tube.
The student shakes the mixtures, allows them to settle, and records the colour of the organic
layer in each mixture.
Explain how the student’s results provide evidence for the trend in reactivity of the halogens
down group 17(7) and write an ionic equation for any reaction that takes place.
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(b) Chlorine is used in water treatment.
State one benefit and one risk of using chlorine in water treatment.
Benefit ......................................................................................................................................
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Risk ...........................................................................................................................................
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[1]
(c) Compound A contains bromine and fluorine only, and has a boiling point of 41 °C.
Under the conditions used, 1 mol of gas molecules has a volume of 29.0 dm3.
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22 (a)* B and C are compounds of two different transition elements.
Analyse the results to identify B to H, and construct ionic equations for the formation of
products D to H. [6]
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Additional answer space if required
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(b) A compound of nickel, J, has the formula (NH4)2 [Ni(SCN)x(NH3)y] and contains SCN− and
NH3 ligands.
x = ...............................................................
y = ...............................................................
[3]
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(c) Sodium sulfite(IV), Na2SO3, is used as a preservative in some foods.
Food safety legislation allows a maximum of 850 mg Na2SO3 per kg of burger meat.
Step 1 The Na2SO3 from 525 g of burger meat is extracted to form a solution containing
SO32−(aq) ions.
Step 2 The solution from step 1 is made up to 250.0 cm3 in a volumetric flask with water.
25.0 cm3 of this diluted solution is pipetted into a conical flask.
Step 3 The pipetted solution from step 2 is acidified with dilute sulfuric acid and then
titrated with 0.0100 mol dm−3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
Analyse the results to determine whether the burger meat complies with food safety
legislation.
[5]
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ADDITIONAL ANSWER SPACE
If additional space is required, you should use the following lined page(s). The question number(s)
must be clearly shown in the margin(s).
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Electrode potentials indicate the tendency of a species to be reduced. Methanal can be oxidized by acidified potassium manganate(VII), resulting in a redox reaction where manganese ions reduce, facilitated by a positive cell potential difference. This evidences spontaneous reaction feasibility, as the potential for KMnO4 reduction (+1.51 V) exceeds methanal oxidation potential .
Increasing the temperature shifts the peak of the Boltzmann distribution curve to the right and decreases its height, indicating that more molecules have higher energy. This results in a greater proportion of molecules having sufficient energy to surpass the activation energy barrier for a reaction, thus increasing the reaction rate .
The electron configuration of d-block elements, such as Cr having the configuration 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1, influences their chemical properties by affecting their oxidation states and their ability to form coordination complexes. This unique filling of the 3d orbitals before the 4s orbital leads to variable oxidation states and colorful compounds due to d-d transitions. Elements like Fe2+ with unpaired electrons show magnetic properties due to the structure of the 3d sub-shell .
In the reaction between magnesium and ethanoic acid, magnesium is oxidized as it loses electrons to form Mg2+ ions. At the same time, the hydrogen ions from the ethanoic acid gain electrons to form hydrogen gas, indicating a reduction process .
Elements in Group 2, like magnesium and calcium, show increasing ionization energies down the group. The second ionization energy of magnesium is greater than calcium, indicating more energy is required to remove the second electron due to the smaller atomic radius and higher nuclear charge. This affects their reactivity and structural properties, with lighter elements being less reactive toward water than heavier ones .
The enthalpy change for the combustion of C7H8 can be calculated using the enthalpies of formation. Using the equation ΔH_combustion = ΣΔH_f(products) - ΣΔH_f(reactants), given ∆fH(C7H8) = +12, ∆fH(CO2) = -394, and ∆fH(H2O) = -286, the calculation yields ΔH_combustion = [7(-394) + 4(-286)] - [12], which equals -3914 kJ mol−1 .
Using a large excess of one reactant, in this case, ensures that its concentration remains effectively constant throughout the reaction. By analyzing the concentration change over time of the non-excess reactant, typically a linear or constant half-life indicates first-order kinetics with respect to that reactant due to its direct proportionality to reaction rate .
The complex ion [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ exhibits properties like cis-trans and optical isomerism due to the spatial arrangement of the chelating ligand, ethylenediamine. Such isomerism affects the chemical reactivity, stability, and interaction with other molecules, crucial for applications in catalysis or drug design .
Errors such as taking burette readings from the top of the meniscus instead of the bottom, or releasing an air bubble from the jet of the burette during the titration, can lead to incorrect titre values. Additionally, rinsing the pipette with water before filling it with NaOH(aq) could dilute the solution, affecting accuracy .
Adding a catalyst to a system in dynamic equilibrium increases the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, meaning it does not affect the concentrations of reactants and products and thus does not shift the position of equilibrium. However, it allows the system to reach equilibrium faster by lowering the activation energy for both reactions .