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Algebra, Trigonometry, and Calculus Guide

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Melissa Vargas Chavez
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5 views1 page

Algebra, Trigonometry, and Calculus Guide

Uploaded by

Melissa Vargas Chavez
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

FORMULARIO Identidades Trigonométricas 𝑑 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎

VER 3.1 (𝑢 ) = 𝑣𝑢𝑣−1 ln𝑎 + ln𝑢 ∙ 𝑢𝑣 ∙ ∫ = ln | |+𝐶


Prof. Eder Vieyra Sánchez
sin 𝜃 csc 𝜃 = 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 = 1 Derivadas Trigonométricas 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
(evieyras@[Link]) ∫ 2 = ln | |+𝐶
tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = 1 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑎 − 𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
ALGEBRA (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 ∙
Exponentes sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Integral por partes
tan 𝜃 = 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎0 = 1 cos 𝜃 (cos 𝑢) = −sin 𝑢 ∙ ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑛 ∙ 𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛+𝑚 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 U sigue criterio LIATE (Logaritmo, inv.
1 (tan 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢 ∙
= 𝑎 −𝑛 tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 trigonométrica, algebraica, trigonométrica,
𝑎 𝑛𝑛 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 2 sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃 (cot 𝑢) = −csc2 𝑢 ∙ exponencial)
= 𝑎 𝑛−𝑚 2 cos 2 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑚 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑛𝑚
𝑛 𝑚 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 ∙ tan 𝑢 ∙ Integrales de productos seno-coseno
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 ∙ 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 Utilizar las siguientes identidades:
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 ∙ cot 𝑢 1
( ) = 𝑛 Sistema Polar 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sen 𝑚𝑥 sen 𝑛𝑥 = (cos[(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥]
𝑏 𝑏 (x,y) Integrales 2
𝑛
√𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑚/𝑛 − cos[(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)])
(r,) 1
Logaritmos ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 sen 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = (sen[(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥]
log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑁 2
y ∫ 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + sen[(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)])
log10 𝑁 = log 𝑁
1
log 𝑒 𝑁 = ln 𝑁 cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = (cos[(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥]
log a𝑀𝑁 = log 𝑎 𝑀 + log a 𝑁  2
∫(𝑢 ± 𝑣 ± 𝑤 ± ⋯ )𝑑𝑥 + cos[(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)])
𝑀
log 𝑎 = log a 𝑀 − log a𝑁 x
𝑁 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥
log a𝑁 𝑥 = 𝑥log 𝑎 𝑁 Sustituciones trigonométricas (a>0)
log b N Cartesiano-Polar: 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
log a N = 𝑦 ± ∫ 𝑤𝑑𝑥 ± ⋯ Para la forma √𝑎 2 − 𝑢2 , sea 𝑢 = 𝑎 sen θ ,
log b a Polar-Cartesiano: 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 )
𝑛+1
Productos notables 𝑥
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 ; 𝑛 ≠ −1
CÁLCULO 𝑛+1
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 1 √𝑎 2 − 𝑢2 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃
(𝑎 + 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
Derivadas 𝑥
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎 3 + 3𝑎 2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3 c=constante
(𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎 3 − 3𝑎 2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑏3 𝑑
(𝑐) = 0 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
TRIGONOMETRÍA 𝑑 𝑎𝑥
(𝑐𝑥) = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎 Para la forma √𝑎 2 + 𝑢2 , sea 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan θ ,
CO=Cateto Opuesto

𝑑 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
(𝑐𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑐𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎 2 + 𝑢2 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
(𝑢 ± 𝑣 ± 𝑤 ± ⋯ ) = ± ± ±⋯
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
 (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
CA=Cateto Adyacente 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Teorema de Pitágoras 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 Para la forma √𝑢2 − 𝑎 2, sea 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec θ ,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 ( ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 ) ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
sin 𝜃 =
𝐶𝑂
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 √𝑢2 − 𝑎 2 = { 𝑎 tan 𝜃, 𝑠𝑖 𝑢 > 𝑎
𝐻 (𝑢 ) = 𝑛𝑢 𝑛−1 −𝑎 tan 𝜃, 𝑠𝑖 𝑢 < −𝑎
𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝜃 = Derivadas de Log y exp ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝐻
𝐶𝑂 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
tan 𝜃 = (ln 𝑢) = ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sen 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝐶𝐴 𝑑 log 𝑎 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
cot 𝜃 = (log 𝑎 𝑢) = , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝐶𝑂 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝐻 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
sec 𝜃 = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝐶𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐻 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
csc 𝜃 = (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑢ln 𝑎 ∫ = tan−1 + 𝐶
𝐶𝑂 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

Common questions

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The Pythagorean theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse H (opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides (CO^2 + CA^2 = H^2). Trigonometric functions relate to this through definitions: sin θ = CO/H, cos θ = CA/H, and tan θ = CO/CA. These definitions depend on the relationship established by the Pythagorean theorem .

The derivatives of basic trigonometric functions—d(sin u)/dx = cos u du/dx, d(cos u)/dx = -sin u du/dx, and d(tan u)/dx = sec^2 u du/dx—highlight their oscillatory behavior. These derivatives reflect the periodic nature and instantaneous rate of change, capturing how each function transitions through its cycle, which is essential in various wave and harmonic motion applications .

The polar coordinate system extends Cartesian coordinates by representing points in terms of a radius and angle (r, θ), allowing for a more intuitive interpretation of complex numbers. Complex numbers in polar form, r(cos θ + i sin θ), align naturally with the exponential form re^(iθ), which simplifies operations like multiplication, reflecting the natural growth and rotation inherent in their geometric representation .

The expression log_a(MN) can be simplified using the property of logarithms: log_a(MN) = log_aM + log_aN. This is based on the logarithm property that states the log of a product is the sum of the logs of the factors .

The substitution method is effective for integrals like √(a^2 - u^2) by using trigonometric identities, such as setting u = a sin(θ), whereby √(a^2 - u^2) becomes a cos(θ). This substitution simplifies the integral to a form that exploits the identity sin^2θ + cos^2θ = 1, making the integral easier to handle .

The differentiation of a^u with respect to x is a^u ln(a) du/dx, while for e^u, it is simply e^u du/dx. The additional factor ln(a) in a^u stems from the change of base property in logarithms, which is absent in e^u since it's natural exponent .

The relationship between a^n and a^m can be expressed using the property a^n × a^m = a^(n+m). This shows that when multiplying exponential expressions with the same base, one can add their exponents to simplify the expression .

For integrals involving products like sin(mx)cos(nx), it is recommended to use trigonometric identities for simplification: sin(mx)cos(nx) = 1/2 (sin((m+n)x) + sin((m-n)x)). This expression allows separation into simpler integrals based on known sin and cos integral formulas .

The LIATE rule (Logarithmic, Inverse trigonometric, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential priorities) guides choosing u and dv in integration by parts to simplify complex integrals. By prioritizing logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions, this methodology focuses first on reducing components that, when differentiated, help simplify the integral expression of products like polynomials and logarithms by relegating complicated parts to dv where possible .

The expression (a + b)^2 expands to a^2 + 2ab + b^2, while (a - b)^2 expands to a^2 - 2ab + b^2. The key difference is the sign of the middle term: '+ 2ab' for (a + b)^2 reflects amplification of positive interaction between terms, and '- 2ab' for (a - b)^2 reflects a reduction .

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