· All strokes should be black and of consistent density compatible with line work.

· Care should be taken that sufficient spaces exist between characters and parts of characters to ensure that 'filling
in' will not take place during reproduction.

CHARACTER STYLE
No particular style or lettering is recommended, the aim should be to produce legible and unambiguous characters.
Vertical and sloping characters are both suitable for general use but the presentation should be consistent on any one
drawing sheet, i.e. vertical and sloping letters should not be mixed.

Capital letters(upper case) are preferred to lower case as they are less congested and are less likely to be misread
when reduced in size. It is recommended that lower case letters be restricted to instances where they form part of a
standard symbol, code or abbreviation.

EXAMPLES OF CHARACTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/01
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - [Link]
 Term Abbreviation or Symbol Term Abbreviation or Symbol

Across flats AF Minimum MIN

Assembly ASSY Not to scale * (in a note) NTS

Centres CRS Number NO

Centre line on a view and across the centre
line ℄ Pattern number PATT NO.

Centre line in a note CL Pitch circle diameter PCD

Centre of gravity CG Radius (in a note) RAD

Chamfered, or chamfer (in a note) CHAM Radius (preceding a dimension) R

Cheese head CH HD Reference REF

Countersunk / countersink CSK Required REQD

Countersunk head CSK HD Right hand RH

Counterbore CBORE Round head RD HD

Cylinder or Cylindrical CYL Screw (or screwed) SCR

Diameter (in a note) DIA Sheet (refering to a drawing sheet) SH

Diameter (preceding a dimension) Ø Sketch (pretix to a drawing number) SK

Dimension DIM Specification SPEC

Drawing DRG Spherical SPHERE

Spherical diameter (only preceding a
Equally spaced EQUI SP SØ
dimension)
External EXT Spherical diameter (only preceding a
SR
dimension)
Figure FIG Spotface SFACE
Full indicated movement FIM Square (in a note) SQ
Hexagon HEX Square (preceding a dimension) □
Hexagon head HEX HD Sri Lanka Standards Institution SLSI
Insulated or Insulation INSUL Standard STD
Internal INT Taper (on diameter or width)
International Organization for
ISO Thread THD
Standardization
Least material condition LMC Thick THK
Left hand LH Tolerance TOL
Long LG Typically or typical TYP
Machine MC Undercut UCUT
Material MATL Volume VOL

Maximum MAX Weight WT

Maximum material condition MMC

COMMONLY ACCEPTED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA. DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/02

REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA

 TYPES OF LINE
PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/03
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA
 All lines should be black and dense. It is important that all the lines on a drawing including those added in any
revisions,should be consistent density and reflectance.
The lines on any one drawing sheet should preferably be entirely in pencil or entirely in ink. If a mixture of pencil and ink is
used, every effort should be make to ensure that uniform density and reflectance are maintained.

The thickness of lines should be chosen according to the size and type of the drawing from the following range.
0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.14, and 2mm

Dashed lines should comprise dashed of consistence length and spacing, approximately to the proportion shown in DRG.
NO. - SJP/ED/03. They should start and end with dashes in contact with the hidden or visible lines from which they
originate, except when the hidden line continues a visible line.
Dashed lines should also meet with dashes at tangent point and corners.

Chain lines should comprise alternate long and short dashes, of consistence length and spaces. They should start and
end with long dash. Where angles are formed in chain lines, long dashes should meet at corners. Where chain lines meets
arcs they should join at the tangent point with a long dash.
Centre lines should extend only a short distance beyond the feature unless required for dimensioning or other purposes. In
general they should not extend through the spaces between views, except when clarity would be enhanced. They should
not terminate at another line of drawing.

Where centre lines define points or angles they should cross one another at long dash portions of the line.

APPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS TYPES OF LINE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. SJP/ED/04
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/05
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA
 There are two systems known as FIRST ANGLE and THIRD ANGLE,
both based on a framework of planes at right angles. Both are
approved internationally and have equal status.

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

With reference to the font view - A, the other views are as follows:

The view from above - D, is placed underneath;

The view from below - E, is placed above;
The view from the left - B, is placed on the right;
The view from the right - C, is placed on the left; and
The view from the rear - may be placed on the left, or on the right, as
convenient.

In First Angle Projection each view shows what would be seen by looking on
the far side of an adjacent view.

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

With reference to the front view - A, the other views are arranged as
follows:

The view from above - D, is placed above;

The view from below - E, is placed underneath;
The view from the left - B, is placed on the left;
The view from the right - C, is placed on the right; and
The view from the rear - may be placed on the left, or on the right, as
convenient.

In the THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION each view shows what would be

seen by looking on the rear side of an adjacent view.

SYSTEMS OF PROJECTION
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/06
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA
 B

(d)
B
A
(a) A

B
(e)
A

A (b)

B
A
(c) B A
(f)

6 PICTORIAL VIEWS OF SOME OBJECTS SHOWN ABOVE. SKETCH ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS AS PER BELOW INSTRUCTIONS USING
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION.
YOU NEED TO USE SQUARE RULED PAPER.
(1) THE FRONT ELEVATION LOOKING IN THE DIRECTION OF ARROW "A".
(2) AN END ELEVATION LOOKING IN THE DIRECTION OF ARROW "B".
(3) THE PLAN PROJECTED FROM VIEW "A".

FREE HAND SKETCHES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
DRAWN BY - N. S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/07
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA
 594
10

10

420
25

50 100

50
25 10
RUBBER STAMP
PROJECTION SYMBOL
MAIN TITLE OF DRAWING SCALE

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION SYMBOL THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION SYMBOL

LAYOUT OF DRAWING PAPER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/08
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYAEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA
STAGE - 1 STAGE - 2

STAGE - 3 STAGE - 4

STEP 1 - Sketch your orthographic views the way you intend drawing them. In your rough sketch indicate the
overall lengths, heights, widths of each view. Position the orthographic views evenly spaced within the
framework of the margin. Draw lightly the rectangles enclosing the views.
Draw all centre lines.

STEP 2 - Draw all circles or arcs as it is easier to draw straight lines to a circle rather than drawing circles or
arcs on to a straight line.

STEP 3 - Finally draw outlines of the views. Do not try to complete one view before proceeding to another. It is
much better to draw parts of each view, which are aligned along horizontal or vertical lines and work on each of
the views in some sort of rotation.

STEP 4 - Add hidden lines and rub out unnecessary construction lines. After checking the drawing carefully,
darken all the outlines using a soft pencil.
Add dimensions, subtitles, notes, main title, scale and projection symbol.

SETTING OUT AN ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, PREPARED BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DATE - 07.07.2020
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, DRAWN BY - N.S. PATHINAYAKE DRG. NO. - SJP/ED/09
UNIVERSITY OF SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA.
REVIEWED BY - S.S.G.C. SIRIWARDANA