1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background

With the gradual evolution of human beings, their unceasing needs are increasing too. And,
one of them is shelter. Initially, people started living in the caves. Then, with their movements
they lived in temporary shelters like those made of trees and bushes. Afterwards, they made
colonies for which they had to made permanent houses. Permanent houses consisted of
masonry structure i.e., mud, stones, timber, straw, dongs etc. It was not necessary then to
know the stability of the shelter. But now is the different scenario. Population is increasing
day by day and in the developing countries like ours, the rate of growth is high. Unfortunately,
the land doesn’t increase with the time or population. That led in building of high-rise
buildings. So, it has been necessary now a days to consider the stability, permissible
deflections, cracks, forces and moments of the structures to ensure the safety of the buildings.
Earthquake has added an extra attention in the design of the structure. One can see the Gorkha
Earthquake occurred in 25th April, 2015 at 11:56:26 NST. It burst with the magnitude of 7.8
Richter with its focal point located 8.2 km downward with Mercalli intensity of grade IX
(Violent). The total damage was estimated to be $5 billion and total deaths to be 8,959 with
23,447 casualties. Its epicenter was east of Lamjung District. It is the worst natural disaster
to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal –Bihar earthquake. Hundreds of thousands of people
were made homeless with entire villages flattened, across many districts of the country.
Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu
Valley. Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the
Indian Plate under thrusts the Eurasian Plate. The convergence rate between the plates in
central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year.
So, it is significant to consider the earthquake effect (seismic effect), unique loading patterns,
bearing capacity of the subsurface and other effects like wind, snow for the seismic design
and analysis of multistory buildings. A designer has to deal with various structures ranging
from simple ones like curtain rods and electrical poles to more complex one like multi storied
frame buildings, shell, roof, bridges etc. the structures transfer the load acting on it ultimately
to the ground through its members. Structural analysis deals with the analyzing internal forces
in the members of the structures.
We decided to select our project in Kathmandu valley since it lies in seismic zone ‘V’
according to its seismic severity. Earthquake load dominates wind load and governs the
lateral design loading. The report strictly follows Indian Standards with limit state design
philosophy in general.
This project has been undertaken as a partial requirement for B.E. degree in Civil
Engineering. This project contains structural analysis, design and detailing of residential
building located in Kathmandu district. All the theoretical knowledge of analysis and design
acquired on the course work are utilized with the practical application.

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 1.2. Theme of the Project Work
This group under the project has undertaken the structural design, earthquake resistance and
ductile detailing of residential building. The main aim of the project work under the title is
to acquire the knowledge and skill to emphasis on practical application besides the utilization
of analytical methods and design approaches, exposure and application of various available
codes of practices.

1.3. Objective
The specific objectives of the project work are:
• Identification of structural arrangement of the plan.
• Modeling of the building for the structural analysis.
• Detail structural analysis using SAP2000 v20.
• Design of structural components.
• Detailing of structural members and their system.
1.4. Scope
This project work provides us the information about how to analyses and design the
multistorey earthquake resistant building.
1.4.1. Work Scope
1. Study architectural drawing and fixing structural system of the building to carry all the live
load, dead load and lateral loads.
2. Calculation of loads including lateral loads.
3. Preliminary design of structural elements.
4. Identification of loads and load cases.
5. Calculation of shear force, bending moment to determine size of the building components.
6. To be familiar with different software and the structural analysis of building by SAP2000 for
different cases of loads.
7. Determination of fundamental time period by SAP2000 v20.
8. Review of analysis output for design of different components.
9. Design of beam, column, slab and foundation by limit state method by following different
codes.
10. Final detailing of individual members and preparation of drawing to be applicable in fields.
1.4.2. Field Scope
1. In developing cities like Kathmandu, there is land crisis in present situation which is
increasing day by day so as an engineer it will be challenging for us to minimize it. This can
be solved up to some extent by designing/constructing multistorey building for commercial,
residential purposes etc.
2. Also, our country lies in earthquake prone area which causes loses of lives and property
which can be counteracted by seismic design of building.
3. Estimation and costing of the building can be done.
4. The evaluation of benefit cost ratio, payback period gives the information about the feasibility
of our project.

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 1.5. Literature Review
All engineering designs are based on past knowledge and experience. Either we perform a
conservative design or introduce entirely new concepts, it becomes necessary to support or
justify our actions with reference to pre-existing knowledge. This project, having a
conventional design approach, is invariably based on certain established practices. The
literatures relevant to this project are discussed below.
1. Nepal National Building Code (NBC 000-1994)
This code aims to standardize building construction practices in a way that is practicable in
the Nepalese context. But its development is relatively recent and it still lacks many
documents (codes) required to support it. To compensate for this unavailability, the code
frequently refers to Indian Standard codes. This code has classified the sophistication in
design and construction into the following four types:
I. International state-of-art
II. Professionally engineered structures
III. Buildings of restricted size designed to simple rules-of-thumb
IV. Remote rural buildings where control is impractical
This project belongs to type-II according to this classification. Furthermore, this code allows
the use of international codes provided their use also meets the NBC requirements. Hence,
using IS codes for this project is justified.
2. Indian Standard (IS) codes
The following IS codes shall be referred to in particular:
i. IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice.
This code forms the main basis for the design of RCC structures in this region. It includes
the design of structural elements such as beams, columns, slabs, staircase and footings. It also
mentions the design criteria for limit states of flexure, shear, compression and torsion and for
limit states of serviceability (i.e., deflection and cracking).
ii. IS 875: 1987 (Reaffirmed 1997) Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Building and Structures
Part 1: Dead Loads – Unit Weights of Building Materials and Stored Materials
Part 2: Imposed Loads
Part 5: Special Loads and Combinations
The codes provide information for estimation of design loads on the structures. The part-1
provides the unit weights of several construction materials as well as the materials that are
commonly stored in building. The part-2 presents data for live loads that may be assumed for
various building types; it does not deal with the loads occurring in the construction phase and
those caused due to special vibrations. Part-5 deals with load effects due to temperature, earth
pressure, hydrostatic pressures etc. It also prescribes various load combinations. Parts 3 and
4 deal with wind and snow loads and are not relevant to the present design.
iii. IS 1893(Part 1): 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Part 1:
General Provisions and Buildings)

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This code deals with the assessment of seismic loads on various structures and design of
earthquake resistant design of buildings. It deals with the mechanics of seismic engineering
insofar as it is concerned with the methods of determining seismic loads and the effects
various irregularities in a building can have upon its seismic response.
3. Bureau of Indian Standards Special Publications (SP)
SP 16: Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-1978
This handbook explains the use of formulae mentioned in IS 456 and provides several design
charts (for rectangular cross-sections) which can greatly expedite the design process if done
manually. This shall be particularly useful in the preliminary design.
4. Resources from National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering (NICEE),
Kanpur, India
Design Example of a Six Storey Building
This document presents a long example which elaborately demonstrates the complete design
of a building in accordance with the various IS codes mentioned above. It thus serves as a
valuable guide in manually designing a building.
5. Textbooks on RCC Design, Earthquake Engineering and other books
i. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design (Jain A.K.)
This textbook has been written in the Indian context and they present the practice as laid
down by IS 456, SP 16 and SP 24 in a pedagogical manner.
ii. Dynamics of Structures (Clough R.W. & Penzien J.)
iii. Dynamics of Structures (Chopra A.K.)
Structural dynamics forms the very basis of earthquake engineering. These books present the
subject in detail, with adequate explanations and examples, which will be essential in
understanding the seismic codes.
6. Old Reports on the same subject
The report prepared by different past year student group helps to find the procedure that is
involved for the design and analysis of structural components.
7. Structure Design of R.C.C. Building Component
It helps to study the stepwise process for the analysis and the design of r.c.c. buildings.
8. Techno Civil Universe (Vol. 5)
The article prepared by different professor, lecturer and the students of IOE will be beneficial
for the study of damage caused by the recent earthquake and helps to find the fault in the
design of a structure.