Global North and Global South

Not to be confused with Northern Hemisphere or Southern

Hemisphere.

Global North and Global South are terms that denote a method of
grouping countries based on their defining characteristics with
regard to socioeconomics and politics. According to the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the
Global South broadly comprises Africa, Latin America and the
Caribbean, Asia (excluding Israel, Japan, and South Korea), and
Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand).[1][2][a] Most of the
Global South's countries are commonly identified as lacking in their
standard of living, which includes having lower incomes, high levels
of poverty, high population growth rates, inadequate housing,
limited educational opportunities, and deficient health systems,
among other issues.[b] Additionally, these countries' cities are
characterized by their poor infrastructure.[c] Opposite to the Global
South is the Global North, which the UNCTAD describes as broadly
comprising Northern America and Europe, Israel, Japan, South
Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.[1][2][a] As such, the two terms
do not refer to the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern
Hemisphere, as many of the Global South's countries are
geographically located in the former and, similarly, a number of the
Global North's countries are geographically located in the latter.[3]

More specifically, the Global North consists of the world's

developed countries, whereas the Global South consists of the
world's developing countries and least developed countries.[2][4]
The Global South classification, as used by governmental and
developmental organizations, was first introduced as a more open

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 and value-free alternative to “Third World”,[5] and likewise
potentially “valuing” terms such as developed and developing.
Countries of the Global South have also been described as being
newly industrialized or in the process of industrializing, many of
them are current or former subjects of colonialism.[6]

Generally, the Global North and the Global South correlate with the
Western world and the Eastern world, respectively.[7] The two
groups are often defined in terms of their differing levels of wealth,
economic development, income inequality, and strength of
democracy, as well as by their political freedom and economic
freedom, as defined by a variety of freedom indices. Countries of
the Global North tend to be wealthier, less unequal, more
democratic, more peaceful, and capable of exporting
technologically advanced manufactured products, among other
characteristics. In contrast, countries of the Global South tend to be
poorer, more unequal, less democratic, less peaceful, and heavily
dependent on their largely agrarian-based economic primary
sectors.[d] Some scholars have suggested that the inequality gap
between the Global North and the Global South has been narrowing
due to the effects of globalization.[8] Other scholars have disputed
this position, suggesting that the Global South has instead become
poorer vis-à-vis the Global North in this same timeframe.[9][10][11]

Since World War II, the phenomenon of “South–South cooperation”

(SSC) to “challenge the political and economic dominance of the
North” has become more prominent among the Global South's
countries.[12][13][14] It has become popular in light of the
geographical migration of manufacturing and production activity
from the Global North to the Global South,[14] and has since
influenced the diplomatic policies of the Global South’s more
powerful countries, such as China.[14] Thus, these contemporary

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 economic trends have “enhanced the historical potential of
economic growth and industrialization in the Global South” amidst
renewed targeted efforts by the SSC to “loosen the strictures
imposed during the colonial era, and transcend the boundaries of
postwar political and economic geography” as an aspect of
decolonization.[15]

Definition
The terms "Global North" and "Global South" are not strictly
geographical, and are not "an image of the world divided by the
equator, separating richer countries from their poorer
counterparts."[3] Rather, geography should be more readily
understood as economic and migratory, in the "wider context of
globalization or global capitalism."[3]

In general, definitions for Global North and Global South, do not

refer to the geographical North or the geographical South.[3] The
Global North broadly comprises Northern America and Europe,
Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand, as per the
UNCTAD.[1][2][a] The Global South broadly comprises Africa, Latin
America and the Caribbean, Asia excluding Israel, Japan, and South
Korea, and Oceania without Australia and New Zealand, also
according to the UNCTAD.[1][2][a] Some, such as Australian
sociologists Fran Collyer and Raewyn Connell, have argued that
Australia and New Zealand are marginalized in similar ways to other
Global South countries, due to their geographical isolation and
location in the Southern Hemisphere.[16][17]

The Global South is generally seen as home to China, India,

Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan, which, along with Nigeria and
Mexico, are the largest Southern states in terms of land area and

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 population.[18]

The term Global North is often used interchangeably with

developed countries. Likewise, the term Global South with
developing countries.[2] Characteristically, most countries in the
Global South are commonly identified as lacking in their standard of
living, these include having: lower incomes, high levels of poverty,
high population growth rates, limited educational opportunities,
deficient health care systems, among other issues.[b] Also, cities in
the Global South are identified for their poor infrastructure.[c]
Economies of the Global North are diversified, whereas Agriculture
sector happens to be the major contributor of economy activity in
the Global South.[d]

Development of the terms

Carl Oglesby used the term "global south" in 1969, writing in
Catholic journal Commonweal in a special issue on the Vietnam
War. Oglesby argued that centuries of northern "dominance over
the global south […] [has] converged […] to produce an intolerable
social order."[20]

The term gained appeal throughout the second half of the 20th
century, which rapidly accelerated in the early 21st century. It
appeared in fewer than two dozen publications in 2004, but in
hundreds of publications by 2013.[21] The emergence of the new
term meant looking at the troubled realities of its predecessors, i.e.:
Third World or Developing World. The term "Global South", in
contrast, was intended to be less hierarchical.[3]

The idea of categorizing countries by their economic and

developmental status began during the Cold War with the

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 classifications of East and West. The Soviet Union and China
represented the East, and the United States and their allies
represented the West. The term Third World came into parlance in
the second half of the twentieth century. It originated in a 1952
article by Alfred Sauvy entitled "Trois Mondes, Une Planète".[22]
Early definitions of the Third World emphasized its exclusion from
the east–west conflict of the Cold War as well as the ex-colonial
status and poverty of the peoples it comprised.[22]

Efforts to mobilize the Third World as an autonomous political entity

were undertaken. The 1955 Bandung Conference was an early
meeting of Third World states in which an alternative to alignment
with either the Eastern or Western Blocs was promoted.[22]
Following this, the first Non-Aligned Summit was organized in 1961.
Contemporaneously, a mode of economic criticism which separated
the world economy into "core" and "periphery" was developed and
given expression in a project for political reform which "moved the
terms 'North' and 'South' into the international political lexicon."[23]

In 1973, the pursuit of a New International Economic Order which

was to be negotiated between the North and South was initiated at
the Non-Aligned Summit held in Algiers.[24] Also in 1973, the oil
embargo initiated by Arab OPEC countries as a result of the Yom
Kippur War caused an increase in world oil prices, with prices
continuing to rise throughout the decade.[25] This contributed to a
worldwide recession which resulted in industrialized nations
increasing economically protectionist policies and contributing less
aid to the less developed countries of the South.[25] The slack was
taken up by Western banks, which provided substantial loans to
Third World countries.[26] However, many of these countries were
not able to pay back their debt, which led the IMF to extend further
loans to them on the condition that they undertake certain

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 liberalizing reforms.[26] This policy, which came to be known as
structural adjustment, and was institutionalized by International
Financial Institutions (IFIs) and Western governments, represented
a break from the Keynesian approach to foreign aid which had been
the norm from the end of the Second World War.[26]

After 1987, reports on the negative social impacts that structural

adjustment policies had had on affected developing nations led IFIs
to supplement structural adjustment policies with targeted anti-
poverty projects.[8] Following the end of the Cold War and the
break-up of the Soviet Union, some Second World countries joined
the First World, and others joined the Third World. A new and
simpler classification was needed. Use of the terms "North" and
"South" became more widespread.[27]

Brandt Line

Main article: Brandt Report

The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the north–south divide,

proposed by West German former Chancellor Willy Brandt in the
1980s in the report titled North-South: A Programme for Survival
which was later known as the Brandt Report.[28] This line divides
the world at a latitude of approximately 30° North, passing between
the United States and Mexico, north of Africa and the Middle East,
climbing north over China and Mongolia, then dipping south to
include Japan, Australia, and New Zealand in the "Rich North". As of
2023 the Brandt line has been criticised for being outdated, yet is
still regarded as a helpful way to visulise global inequalities.[29]

Uses of the term Global South

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 Global South "emerged in part to aid countries in the southern
hemisphere to work in collaboration on political, economic, social,
environmental, cultural, and technical issues."[15][30] This is called
South–South cooperation (SSC), a "political and economical term
that refers to the long-term goal of pursuing world economic
changes that mutually benefit countries in the Global South and
lead to greater solidarity among the disadvantaged in the world
system."[15][30] The hope is that countries within the Global South
will "assist each other in social, political, and economical
development, radically altering the world system to reflect their
interests and not just the interests of the Global North in the
process."[15] It is guided by the principles of "respect for national
sovereignty, national ownership, independence, equality, non-
conditionality, non-interference in domestic affairs, and mutual
benefit."[12][13] Countries using this model of South–South
cooperation see it as a "mutually beneficial relationship that
spreads knowledge, skills, expertise and resources to address their
development challenges such as high population pressure, poverty,
hunger, disease, environmental deterioration, conflict and natural
disasters."[12][13] These countries also work together to deal with
"cross border issues such as environmental protection, HIV/AIDS",
[12][13] and the movement of capital and labor.[12][13]

Social psychiatrist Vincenzo Di Nicola has applied the Global South

as a bridge between the critiques globalization and the gaps and
limitations of the Global Mental Health Movement, invoking
Boaventura de Sousa Santos' notion of "epistemologies of the
South" to create a new epistemology for social psychiatry.[31]

Defining development
The Dictionary of Human Geography defines development as

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 "processes of social change or [a change] to class and state
projects to transform national economies".[32]

Economic development is a measure of progress in a specific

economy. It refers to advancements in technology, a transition from
an economy based largely on agriculture to one based on industry
and an improvement in living standards.[33]

Being categorized as part of the "North" implies development as

opposed to belonging to the "South", which implies a lack thereof.
According to N. Oluwafemi Mimiko, the South lacks the right
technology, it is politically unstable, its economies are divided, and
its foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports
to the North, along with the fluctuation of prices. The low level of
control it exercises over imports and exports condemns the South
to conform to the 'imperialist' system. The South's lack of
development and the high level of development of the North
deepen the inequality between them and leave the South a source
of raw material for the developed countries.[34][6] The North
becomes synonymous with economic development and
industrialization while the South represents the previously
colonized countries which are in need of help in the form of
international aid agendas.[35]

Furthermore, in Regionalism Across the North-South Divide: State

Strategies and Globalization, Jean Grugel stated that the three
factors that direct the economic development of states in the
Global south are "élite behaviour within and between nation states,
integration and cooperation within 'geographic' areas, and the
resulting position of states and regions within the global world
market and related political economic hierarchy."[36]

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 Theories explaining the divide
The development disparity between the North and the South has
sometimes been explained in historical terms. Dependency theory
looks back on the patterns of colonial relations which persisted
between the North and South and emphasizes how colonized
territories tended to be impoverished by those relations.[26]
Theorists of this school maintain that the economies of ex-colonial
states remain oriented towards serving external rather than internal
demand, and that development regimes undertaken in this context
have tended to reproduce in underdeveloped countries the
pronounced class hierarchies found in industrialized countries while
maintaining higher levels of poverty.[26] Dependency theory is
closely intertwined with Latin American Structuralism, the only
school of development economics emerging from the Global South
to be affiliated with a national research institute and to receive
support from national banks and finance ministries.[37] The
Structuralists defined dependency as the inability of a nation's
economy to complete the cycle of capital accumulation without
reliance on an outside economy.[38] More specifically, peripheral
nations were perceived as primary resource exporters reliant on
core economies for manufactured goods.[39] This led structuralists
to advocate for import-substitution industrialization policies which
aimed to replace manufactured imports with domestically made
products.[37]

New Economic Geography explains development disparities in

terms of the physical organization of industry, arguing that firms
tend to cluster in order to benefit from economies of scale and
increase productivity which leads ultimately to an increase in
wages.[40] The North has more firm clustering than the South,

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 making its industries more competitive. It is argued that only when
wages in the North reach a certain height, will it become more
profitable for firms to operate in the South, allowing clustering to
begin.[citation needed]

Associated theories

The term of the Global South has many researched theories

associated with it. Since many of the countries that are considered
to be a part of the Global South were once colonized by Global
North countries, they are at a disadvantage to become as quickly
developed. Dependency theorists suggest that information has a
top-down approach and first goes to the Global North before
countries in the Global South receive it. Although many of these
countries rely on political or economic help, this also opens up
opportunity for information to develop Western bias and create an
academic dependency.[41] Meneleo Litonjua describes the
reasoning behind distinctive problems of dependency theory as
"the basic context of poverty and underdevelopment of Third
World/Global South countries was not their traditionalism, but the
dominance-dependence relationship between rich and poor,
powerful and weak counties."[26]

What brought about much of the dependency, was the push to

become modernized. After World War II, the U.S. made effort to
assist developing countries financially in attempt to pull them out of
poverty.[42] Modernization theory "sought to remake the Global
South in the image and likeliness of the First World/Global North."
[26] In other terms, "societies can be fast-tracked to modernization

by 'importing' Western technical capital, forms of organization, and

science and technology to developing countries." With this
ideology, as long as countries follow in Western ways, they can

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 develop quicker.[43]

After modernization attempts took place, theorists started to

question the effects through post-development perspectives.
Postdevelopment theorists try to explain that not all developing
countries need to be following Western ways but instead should
create their own development plans. This means that "societies at
the local level should be allowed to pursue their own development
path as they perceive it without the influences of global capital and
other modern choices, and thus a rejection of the entire paradigm
from Eurocentric model and the advocation of new ways of thinking
about the non-Western societies."[44] The goals of
postdevelopment was to reject development rather than reform by
choosing to embrace non-Western ways.[45]

Challenges
The accuracy of the North–South divide has been challenged on a
number of grounds. Firstly, differences in the political, economic
and demographic make-up of countries tend to complicate the idea
of a monolithic South.[22] Globalization has also challenged the
notion of two distinct economic spheres. Following the liberalization
of post-Mao China initiated in 1978, growing regional cooperation
between the national economies of Asia has led to the growing
decentralization of the North as the main economic power.[48] The
economic status of the South has also been fractured. As of 2015,
all but roughly the bottom 60 nations of the Global South were
thought to be gaining on the North in terms of income,
diversification, and participation in the world market.[40]

However, other scholars, notably Jason Hickel and Robert Wade

have suggested that the Global South is not rising economically,

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 and that global inequality between the North and South has risen
since globalization.[49][9] Hickel has suggested that the exchange
of resources between the South and the North is substantially
unbalanced in favor of the North, with Global North countries
extracting a windfall of over 240 trillion dollars from the Global
South in 2015. This figure outstrips the amount of financial aid given
to Global South by a factor of 30.[11][10]

Globalization has largely displaced the North–South divide as the

theoretical underpinning of the development efforts of international
institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and various United
Nations affiliated agencies, though these groups differ in their
perceptions of the relationship between globalization and
inequality.[8] Yet some remain critical of the accuracy of
globalization as a model of the world economy, emphasizing the
enduring centrality of nation-states in world politics and the
prominence of regional trade relations.[39] Lately, there have been
efforts to integrate the Global South more meaningfully into the
world economic order.[50]

The divide between the North and South challenges international

environmental cooperation. The economic differences between
North and South have created dispute over the scientific evidence
and data regarding global warming and what needs to be done
about it, as the South do not trust Northern data and cannot afford
the technology to be able to produce their own. In addition to these
disputes, there are serious divisions over responsibility, who pays,
and the possibility for the South to catch up. This is becoming an
ever-growing issue with the emergence of rising powers, imploding
these three divisions just listed and making them progressively
blurry. Multiplicity of actors, such as governments, businesses, and
NGO's all influence any positive activity that can be taken into

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 preventing further global warming problems with the Global North
and Global South divide, contributing to the severity of said actors.
Disputes between Northern countries governments and Southern
countries governments has led to a breakdown in international
discussions with governments from either side disagreeing with
each other. Addressing most environmental problems requires
international cooperation, and the North and South contribute to
the stagnation concerning any form of implementation and
enforcement, which remains a key issue.[citation needed]

Debates over the term

With its development, many scholars preferred using the Global

South over its predecessors, such as "developing countries" and
"Third World". Leigh Anne Duck, co-editor of Global South, argued
that the term is better suited at resisting "hegemonic forces that
threaten the autonomy and development of these countries."[51]
The Global South / Global North distinction has been preferred to
the older developed / developing dichotomy as it does not imply a
hierarchy.[29] Alvaro Mendez, co-founder of the London School of
Economics and Political Science's Global South Unit, have
applauded the empowering aspects of the term. In an article,
Discussion on Global South, Mendez discusses emerging
economies in nations like China, India and Brazil. It is predicted that
by 2030, 80% of the world's middle-class population will be living
in developing countries.[52] The popularity of the term "marks a
shift from a central focus on development and cultural difference"
and recognizes the importance of geopolitical relations.[53]

Critics of this usage often argue that it is a vague blanket term.[54]

Others have argued that the term, its usage, and its subsequent
consequences mainly benefit those from the upper classes of

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 countries within the Global South;[3] who stand "to profit from the
political and economic reality [of] expanding south-south relations."
[3]

According to scholar Anne Garland Mahler, this nation-based

understanding of the Global South is regarded as an appropriation
of a concept that has deeper roots in Cold War radical political
thought.[55] In this political usage, the Global South is employed in a
more geographically fluid way, referring to "spaces and peoples
negatively impacted by contemporary capitalist globalization."[56] In
other words, "there are economic Souths in the geographic North
and Norths in the geographic South."[56] Through this
geographically fluid definition, another meaning is attributed to the
Global South where it refers to a global political community that is
formed when the world's "Souths" recognize one another and view
their conditions as shared.[57]

The geographical boundaries of the Global South remain a source

of debate. Some scholars agree that the term is not a "static
concept".[3] Others have argued against "grouping together a large
variety of countries and regions into one category [because it]
tends to obscure specific (historical) relationships between
different countries and/or regions", and the power imbalances
within these relationships.[3] This "may obscure wealth differences
within countries – and, therefore, similarities between the wealthy in
the Global South and Global North, as well as the dire situation the
poor may face all around the world."[3]

Future development
See also: Post-Western era

Some economists have argued that international free trade and

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 unhindered capital flows across countries could lead to a
contraction in the North–South divide. In this case more equal trade
and flow of capital would allow the possibility for developing
countries to further develop economically.[58]

As some countries in the South experience rapid development,

there is evidence that those states are developing high levels of
South–South aid.[59] Brazil, in particular, has been noted for its high
levels of aid ($1 billion annually—ahead of many traditional donors)
and the ability to use its own experiences to provide high levels of
expertise and knowledge transfer.[59] This has been described as a
"global model in waiting".[60]

The United Nations has also established its role in diminishing the
divide between North and South through the Millennium
Development Goals, all of which were to be achieved by 2015.
These goals seek to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve
global universal education and healthcare, promote gender equality
and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal
health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensure
environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for
development.[61] These were replaced in 2015 by 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs, set in 2015 by the United
Nations General Assembly and intended to be achieved by 2030,
are part of a UN Resolution called "The 2030 Agenda".[62]

Society and culture

Digital and technological divide

The global digital divide is often characterized as corresponding to

the north–south divide;[63] however, Internet use, and especially

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 broadband access, is now soaring in Asia compared with other
continents. This phenomenon is partially explained by the ability of
many countries in Asia to leapfrog older Internet technology and
infrastructure, coupled with booming economies which allow vastly
more people to get online.[64]

Media representation

Mass media has often compared the Global South to the North, and
is thought to be an aid in the divide. Western media tends to
present a generalized view of developing countries through biased
media coverage, mass media outlets tend to focus
disproportionately on poverty and other negative imagery. This
common coverage has created a dominant stereotype of
developing countries as: "the 'South' is characterized by
socioeconomic and political backwardness, measured against
Western values and standards."[65]

Mass media has also played a role in what information the people in
developing countries receive. The news often covers developed
countries and creates an imbalance of information flow.[66]

See also
BRICS, CIVETS, MINT, VISTA
East–West dichotomy
First World
Global East
Global majority, roughly corresponding to Global South
peoples
Golden billion
Group of 77

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 Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world
International Solar Alliance
Non-Aligned Movement
North–South Centre, an institution of the Council of Europe,
awarding the North–South Prize
North–South model, in economics theory
North–South Summit, the only North–South summit ever held,
with 22 heads of state and government taking part
Northern and southern China
Three-world model
World-systems theory

Subregions of Global North

Global Northwest
North Atlantic
NATO
North Pacific

Subregions of Global South

Global Southeast

Notes
1. ^ a b c d Although Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore and Taiwan
have very-high Human Development Indices and are classified
as advanced economies by the International Monetary Fund,
the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
classifies them as the Global South. Also, Singapore is the one
of Small Island Developing States.
2. ^ a b

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 Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P. (2003). Southern Exposure:
International Development and the Global South in the Twenty-
First Century. United States: Kumarian Press. p. 9-10.
ISBN 978-1-56549-174-8. “among the countries of the Global
South, there are also some common characteristics. First and
foremost is a continuing struggle for secure livelihoods amidst
conditions of serious poverty for a large number of people in
these nations. For many, incomes are low, access to resources
is limited, housing is inadequate, health is poor, educational
opportunities are insufficient, and there are high infant
mortality rates along with low life expectancy. ... In addition to
the attributes associated with a low standard of living, several
other characteristics are common to the Global South. One is
the high rate of population growth and a consequent high
dependency burden — that is, the responsibility for
dependents, largely young children. In many countries almost
half the population is under fifteen years old. This population
composition represents not only a significant responsibility,
but in the immediate future, it creates demands on services for
schools, transport, new jobs, and related infrastructure. If a
nation's gross national income (GNI) is growing at 2 percent a
year and its population is growing at that rate too, then any
gains are wiped out.”normal
Speth, James Gustave; Haas, Peter (2013). Global
Environmental Governance: Foundations of Contemporary
Environmental Studies. Island Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-
59726-605-5. “Poverty, lower life expectancies, illiteracy, lack
of basic health amenities, and high population growth rates
meant that national priorities in these countries were firmly
oriented toward economic and social [Link] global
"South," as these nations came to be known, considered their

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 development priorities to be imperative; they wanted to "catch
up" with the richer [Link] also asserted that the
responsibility of protecting the environment was primarily on
the shoulders of the richer "Northern" nations”normal
3. ^ a b
Graham, Stephen (2010). Disrupted Cities: When
Infrastructure Fails. Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-135-85199-
6. “In much debate on cities in the Global South, infrastructure
is synonymous with breakdown, failure, interruption, and
improvisation. The categorization of poorer cities through a
lens of developmentalism has often meant that they are
constructed as "problem." These are cities, as Anjaria has
argued, discursively exemplified by their crowds, their
dilapidated buildings, and their "slums."”normal
Adey, Peter; Bissell, David; Hannam, Kevin; Merriman, Peter;
Sheller, Mimi, eds. (2014). The Routledge Handbook of
Mobilities. Routledge. p. 470. ISBN 978-1-317-93413-4. “In
many global south cities, for example, access to networked
infrastructures has always been highly fragmented, highly
unreliable and problematic, even for relatively wealthy or
powerful groups and neighbourhoods. In contemporary
Mumbai, for example, many upper-middle-class residents
have to deal with water or power supplies which operate for
only a few hours per day. Their efforts to move into gated
communities are often motivated as much by their desires for
continuous power and water supplies as by hopes for better
security.”normal
Lynch, Andrew P. (2018). Global Catholicism in the Twenty-
first Century. Springer Singapore. p. 9. ISBN 978-981-10-
7802-6. “The global south remains very poor relative to the
north, and many countries continue to lack critical

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 infrastructure and social services in health and education.
Also, a great deal of political instability and violence inhibits
many nations in the global south.”normal
4. ^ a b In most countries of the Global South, agriculture
continues to dominate industry, manufacturing, and services in
the formation of the structures of production. For many African
countries agriculture constitutes more than 50 percent of the
gross domestic product; for Bangladesh (at 30 percent) or
Nepal (43 percent) or India (27 percent) it is high, unlike the 2
or 3 percent for the Netherlands, Japan, or Italy, which
although possessing strong agricultural production, have
diversified economies. Moreover, many developing economies
are still highly dependent on the export of primary
commodities — food, raw materials, fuels, and base metals —
patterns established during the colonial era.[19]

References
1. ^ a b c d e "UNCTADstat - Classifications". United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development. “The developing
economies broadly comprise Africa, Latin America and the
Caribbean, Asia without Israel, Japan, and the Republic of
Korea, and Oceania without Australia and New Zealand. The
developed economies broadly comprise Northern America and
Europe, Israel, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, and
New Zealand.”normal
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External links
Share The World's Resources: The Brandt Commission Report,
a 1980 report by a commission led by Willy Brandt that
popularized the terminology
Brandt 21 Forum, a recreation of the original commission with
an updated report (information on original commission at site)

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 Generic drugs
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and groups Association of Southeast Asian Nations
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 divide World Trade Organization
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Category
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Mediterranean
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Horn
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Central

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 Near East
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Continents of Earth / List of seas / Physical Earth

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