Unit 1 - Writing

Dynamic charts/Trend

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 Requirements

What Structures
we learn Notes

Practice
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 1. REQUIREMENTS

Dạng: Miêu tả số liệu về 1 biểu đồ

- Line, bar chart
- Pie chart
- Table
- Map
- Process
Tiêu chí chấm điểm:
- Task respond: viết tối thiểu 150 từ, bài phân tích, so sánh
những xu hướng, con số, điểm nổi bật của biểu đồ…
- Grammar: ngữ pháp
- Cohesion and Coherence: độ mạch lạc
- Vocab: diễn đạt
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TYPES

1. Dynamic graphs
2. Static graphs
3. Maps
4. Process
5. Others
móng ngựa, khinh khí cầu, viên đá,…
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 2. Structure
INTRODUCTION – 1 sentence
• Paraphrase the question

OVERVIEW – 2 sentences
“1-2-3-4”
• Trend
• Order

• BODY PARAGRAPHS – 3 - 4 sentences

(can be divided by timeline or by categories)
• Report changes/ trend
• Make comparison (if possible)
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3. Big Nos

- Không đưa ra số liệu từ phần 1 và phần 2

- Không viết tắt
- Không miêu tả hết số liệu trong biểu đồ
à so sánh miêu tả những điểm nổi bật của biểu đồ
- Không đưa ý kiến cá nhân và các thông tin không liên quan
vào bài viết.
4. Các bước làm bài
Bước 1: Phân tích đề
1. Đọc đề, trả lời các câu hỏi sau:
Đây là bước quan trọng học sinh thường bỏ qua
à lỗi sai hệ thống
ü Đối tượng, chủ thể của biểu đồ là gì?

ü Đơn vị là gì?

ü Mốc thời gian? Thì động từ?

2. Lên dàn bài:

Intro: Xác định What – Where – When – Paraphrase
Overview: Trend? Order?
Body 1-2: What are main features?
Công thức: xu hướng – số liệu – thời gian
ü Highest/ lowest figures?

ü Most drastic changes? Stability?

ü Similar/Opposite patterns
Bước 2: Bắt tay vào viết bài

1. VOCABULARY
Ø Paraphrase
Ø Xu hướng
Ø Ghi nhận số liệu
Ø So sánh
2. SENTENCES: Xu hướng – số liệu – thời gian
3. STRUCTURE
 Describing trend

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 Overview Common trends

Peak

Increase Increase
Fluctuate
Decrease
Stable
Stable
Peak
Decrease
Lowest point
Fluctuate
Lowest
point

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 1. VOCABULARY

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 Biểu đồ ?
PARAPHRASE
Miêu tả ?
Số lượng?
ü The number of … = ?
ü The amount of … = ?
ü The percentage of = ?
Liên quan đến?
When it comes to … = ?
Thời gian: Between 2000 to 2005 = ?
Đối tượng: Old people = ? Young people =?
Chứng kiến: see

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 PARAPHRASE
The chart = The given bar/ line/ pie… chart/graph
show= describe= illustrate = reveal = compare = give information about =
demonstrate = depict = portray
See = witness = follow = experience = undergo
The number of … = the figure of … = how many Ns = the quantity of …
The amount of … = the figure of … = how much N = the quantity of …
The percentage of = the proportion of = the share of = the rate of = the ratio of
The equivalent figures for … = that of …
When it comes to … = as for … = in terms of … = regarding … = with regard to …
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 PARAPHRASE
Time: 2000-2005
Between 2000 and 2005 = from 2000 to 2005 = during 5-year period from 2000
= during the period between 2000 and 2005 = within five years from 2000 to 2005
= over a 5-year period starting from 2000 = over the course of 5 years commencing/
beginning from 2005 = over a period of 5 years …

Throughout the period shown = during the researched / observed period

At the beginning of the period shown

at the end of the shown period

For the remainder of the period

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 PARAPHRASE
- Age group
+ between X and Y years old
+ people (who are) aged X to Y.
+ people who fall into the X to Y age group
+ people who belong to the X to Y age group
+ in their forties (40 – 49 years old)

- Old people: the elderly = elderly people = senior citizens

- Young people: the young = teenagers = youngsters = the young generation
- Middle-aged people = people aged 40 to 60
- People in early adulthood = people who fall into 20 to 40 age group

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 Exercise 1 Complete the tables with words/ phrases that describe trends.

Trend Verbs/Nouns
grow – a growth rise – a rise increase – an increase
An upward trend soar – a soar climb up – a climb go up
Surge – a surge jump - a jump rocket - a rocket escalate

Reduce – a reduction decline – a decline decrease – a decrease

sink – a sink plummet - a plummeting fall – a fall
Diminish(v) - descend(v) a downward trend

fluctuate – a fluctuation oscillate – oscillation

Be volatile – a volatility

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 Exercise 1 Complete the tables with words/ phrases that describe trends.

Trend Verbs/Nouns

remain/stay stable stabilize – stability reach a plateau at

remain/stay unchanged to be unchanged plateau at

peak at
reach a peak
hit the highest point

reach/hit the lowest point

fall to a low
reach a bottom
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 Exercise 1 Complete the tables with words/ phrases that describe trends.

Trend Adjectives Adverbs

dramatic sharp dramatically sharply

enormous significant enormously significantly

Substantial considerable Substantially considerably

Exponential exponentially

constant steady constantly steadily

slow gradual slowly gradually
Slight modest Slightly modestly

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 MIÊU TẢ SỐ LIỆU

Danh từ:
ü an increase to
ü an increase from … to …
ü an increase of …
Động từ:
ü Start at …
ü End at …
ü Stabilize at
ü increase to
ü increase from … to …
ü increase by

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 MIÊU TẢ SỐ LIỆU

Bổ sung số lượng a small/huge number, a minority, a majority,

a large/small group
Xấp xỉ Approximately, about, around, almost, nearly, roughly
Dưới close to, slightly under, just under, slightly below, just below,
well below…
trên just over, slightly over, just above, slightly above, well
over,...
Chiếm Take up, make up, constitute, occupy, hold accountable for
Account for, be responsible for, …
Lần lượt Consecutively, respectively, sequentially
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 MIÊU TẢ SỐ LIỆU

4% a tiny fraction

10% a tenth one in ten

20% a fifth two in ten
25% a quarter

33% a third one third

50% a half

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 Exercise 2 Matching.

AB Slight growth
BC Reach a peak
H CD Remain stable
F
DE Fluctuate
C
G EF Rocket
B FG Hit the lowest point
A H Fall steadily
E
D I I Reduce substantially

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 Exercise 3 Read and choose the right prepositions.

at by from until to between

As regards Robble’s Bakery, income started (1)

at
___________ £55,000 in 2000 and remained stable
at
(2) ___________ until
this figure (3) ___________ 2005.
to
At this point, there was a sharp rise (4) ___________
£70,000. Between 2007 and 2008, this figure went
by
up (5) ___________ around £30,000, to (6)
from
___________ to
£70,000 (7) ___________ nearly
£100,000.

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 Exercise 3 Read and choose the right prepositions.

at by from until to between

Finally, income grew gradually, and peaked (8)

at
___________ £105,000 in 2010. If we look at Lovely
between £80,000
Loaves, earnings fluctuated (9) ___________
and £90,000 in the first five years, and then there was
to
a sharp fall (10) ___________ £40,000 in 2008.
at (11) ___________
Finally, the figure leveled off
at (12) ___________ the same
£40,000, and finished
figure.

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 2. SENTENCES

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 Trend in the past

1. S + V + ADV + (số liệu) + (thời gian)

2. S + saw + a/an + adj + N + (số liệu) + (thời gian)
witnessed/ revealed/ showed/ experienced/ underwent
3. a/an + adj + N + (số liệu) + was seen + in (chủ thể) + (thời gian)
4. There was a/an + adj + N + in (chủ thể) + (số liệu) + (thời gian)
5. The period from year 1 to year 2 saw a/an + adj + N + (số liệu) + in (chủ thể)

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 Luyện tập

Giá cà phê tăng đáng kể đến $3 từ năm 2000 đến năm 2005

1. The price of coffee increased significantly to $3 from 2000 to 2005.

2. The price of coffee saw/ witnessed/ experienced/ underwent a significant increase to $3

over the first five years.
3. a significant increase to $3 was seen in the price of coffee between 2000 and 2005
4. There was a significant increase to $3 in the price of coffee between 2000 and 2005
5. The period from 2000 to 2005 saw a significant increase to $3 in the price of coffee

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 Trend in the future

1. S + be predicted/ expected/ estimated/ forecast to V + (số liệu) (thời gian)

2. Predictions express/ show/ illustrate that S + will V + (số liệu) (thời gian)
3. It is predicted/ expected/ estimated/ forecast that S will V+ (số liệu) (thời gian)
Ví dụ:
The amount of unemployment is predicted to fall to 20% in 2039.
Predictions show that the amount of unemployment will fall to 20% in 2039.
It is predicted that the amount of unemployment will fall to 20% in 2039.

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 Complex sentences
I. Chỉ sự bổ trợ
1. After/Before N/Ving/ S + V, S + V
After experiencing a significant fall over the first three-month period, the price of food increased
dramatically to $1000 in the last month.
The price of food experienced a significant fall over the first three-month period, before increasing
dramatically to $1000 in the last month.
2. When/ Only when N/Ving/ S + V, S + V
When experiencing a significant fall over the first three-month period, the price of food increased
dramatically to $1000 in the last month.
3. S + V , followed by + Ving/N with (số liệu)
The price of food experienced a significant fall over the first three-month period, followed by a
dramatic increase to $1000 in the last month.
4. S + V , which + V
The price of food experienced a significant fall over the first three-month period, which increased
dramatically to $1000 in the last month.
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 II. Chỉ sự đối lập
[Link]/ Whereas/ MeanwhileS + V, S + V
While/ Whereas/ Meanwhile S + V, the opposite/reverse pattern was seen in ....
While the price of food experienced a significant fall over the first three-month period, the
opposite pattern was seen in the last month.
[Link]/Given that S + V, S + V
Although the price of food experienced a significant fall over the first three-month period,
the opposite pattern was seen in the last month.
[Link] spite of/ Despite N/Ving, S + V
In spite of experiencing a significant fall over the first three-month period, the price of food
increased dramatically to $1000 in the last month.
[Link]/notwithstanding/ As opposed to/ Contrary to N/Ving, S + V
Given experiencing a significant fall over the first three-month period, the price of food
increased dramatically to $1000 in the last month.
5.S + V. In contrast/ On the other hand, S + V
không dùng “on the contrary’’
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 Exercise 1 Write the structures based on the given example.

Describing trends (in the past)

No. Structures Example

A/An adj N + be + seen/ witnessed/undergone in … A sharp rise was seen in the number of
1
factories in China.

In the UK, the number of factories

2 Increased by/to…, before/after + Ving
increased to 2000, before falling slightly to
1900 in 2015.

Subject + saw/ witnessed/underwent… + a/an + adj + China saw a sharp rise in the number of
3
N + in X factories in 2010.
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 Exercise 1 Write the structures based on the given example.

Describing trends (in the future)

No. Structure Example

Predictions express that the average life

4 Predictions express/show that S + will + V
expectancy will increase to 75 in 2050.

It is predicted that the amount of

5
It is predicted that S + will + V
unemployment will go down to 20% in
2039.

S + be + predicted + to V The amount of unemployment is predicted

6
to fall to 20% in 2039.

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 Exercise 2 Describe trends by using the structures from Exercise 1

1. 1980 – 2000: the number of marriages (Use

structures 1 and 3)

Sample:
• The USA saw a slight fall in the number of
marriages from 1980 to 2000.
• A slight fall was witnessed in the number of
marriages in the USA between 1980 and 2000.

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 Exercise 2 Describe trends by using the structures from Exercise 1

2. 1980 – 2000: the number of divorces (Use

structure 2)

Sample:
The number of divorces peaked in 1980, at nearly
1.5 million, before falling back to 1 million at the
end of the period.

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 Exercise 2 Describe trends by using the structures from Exercise 1

3. 1970 – 2000: divorce rate of adult Americans (Use

structures 1 and 3).

Sample:
• A sharp rise was seen in the proportion of adult
Americans who divorced from 1970 to 2000.
• America saw a sharp rise in the proportion of
adults who divorced from 1970 to 2000.

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 Exercise 2 Describe trends by using the structures from Exercise 1

The graph below shows the average number of UK commuters travelling each day by car, bus or
train between 1970 and 2030.
4. By 2030: number of UK commuters travelling by car
daily (Use structures 4, 5 and 6)
Sample:
• Predictions express that the number of daily UK car
users will increase to 9 in 2030.
• It is predicted that the number of daily UK car users will
increase to 9 in 2030.
• The number of daily UK car users is predicted to
increase to 9 in 2030.
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 3. STRUCTURE

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 INTRO:
The graph compares/provides information about …. over a period of ... years from
…
OVERVIEW:
Looking at the given graph, it is immediately obvious that ….
Overall, it is clear/obvious/ transparent/ discernible/ noteworthy/ noted/
noticeable that … As transparent/ clear from the given chart, …
Also/ Furthermore/ In addition/ Besides/ However, …
It is also clear/obvious/ transparent/ discernible/ noteworthy/ noted/ noticeable
that …
BODY1-2

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 Sample – p.6

The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade*-labelled

coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries.

The tables show the amount of money spent on Fairtrade coffee and
bananas in two separate years in the UK, Switzerland, Denmark,
Belgium and Sweden.
As transparent from the tables, sales of Fairtrade coffee rose in all five
European countries from 1999 to 2004, but sales of Fairtrade bananas
only went up in three out of the five countries. It is also clear that the
UK saw by far the highest levels of spending on the two productions.

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 Body 1: UK & Switzerland
In 1999, Switzerland had the highest sales of Fairtrade coffee, at €3 million,
while revenue from Fairtrade bananas was highest in the UK, at €15 million.
By 2004, sales of Fairtrade coffee in the UK had risen to €20 million, and this
was over three times higher than Switzerland’s sales figure for Fairtrade
coffee in that year. The year 2004 also saw dramatic increases in the money
spent on Fairtrade bananas in the UK and Switzerland, with revenues rising
by €32 million and €4.5 million respectively.

Body 2: Denmark, Belgium & Sweden

Sales of the two Fairtrade products were far lower in Denmark, Belgium
and Sweden. Small increases in sales of Fairtrade coffee were seen, but
revenue remained at €2 million or below in all three countries in both
years. It is noticeable that the money spent on Fairtrade bananas fell in
Belgium and Sweden.

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 Ex1-P.8 Full sample

The line graph compares figures for daily travel by workers in the UK using three different
forms of transport over a period of 60 years.
It is clear that the car is by far the most popular means of transport for UK commuters
throughout the period shown. Also, while the numbers of people who use the car and
train increase gradually, the number of bus users falls steadily.
In 1970, around 5 million UK commuters travelled by car on a daily basis, while the bus and train were used by about 4
million and 2 million people respectively. In the year 2000, the number of those driving to work rose to 7 million and the
number of commuting rail passengers reached 3 million. However, there was a small drop of approximately 0.5 million in
the number of bus users.
By 2030, the number of people who commute by car is expected to reach almost 9 million, and the number of train users
is also predicted to rise, to nearly 5 million. By contrast, buses are predicted to become a less popular choice, with only 3
million daily users.
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 Ex2 – P.10
The bar chart compares the cost of an average house in five major cities over a
period of 13 years from 1989.
It can be seen that house prices fell overall between 1990 and 1995, but most of
the cities saw rising prices between 1996 and 2002. London experienced by far
the greatest changes in house prices over the 13-year period.
Over the 5 years after 1989, the cost of average homes in Tokyo and London
dropped by around 7%, while New York house prices went down by 5%. By
contrast, prices rose by approximately 2% in both Madrid and Frankfurt.
Between 1996 and 2002, London house prices jumped to around 12% above the
1989 average. Homebuyers in New York also had to pay significantly more, with
prices rising to 5% above the 1989 average, but homes in Tokyo remained
cheaper than they were in 1989. The cost of an average home in Madrid rose by
a further 2%, while prices in Frankfurt nearly remained stable.

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 Glossary

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 Exercise 1 Choose the correct answer.

The graph below shows the long-term

international migration, UK, 1999-
The chart gives information (1) ……………….. UK immigration, emigration and
2008.
net migration between 1999 and 2008.

Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the

figures for (2) ……………….. were significantly higher. (3) ……………….. peaked

in 2004 and 2007.

1. A. on B. about C. of

2. A. immigration B. emigration C. net migration

3. A. Immigration B. Emigration C. Net migration

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 Exercise 1 Choose the correct answer.

The graph below shows the long-term

international migration, UK, 1999- In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK, while the number of
2008.
people who (4) ……………….. stood at just under 300,000. The figure for net
migration was (5) ……………….. 160,000, and it remained at a similar level
(6) ……………….. 2003. From 1999 to 2004, the immigration rate rose by
nearly 150,000 people, but there was a (7) ……………….. rise in emigration.
Net migration peaked at almost 250,000 people in (8) ……………….. .

4. A. immigrated B. emigrated C. emigrating

5. A. around B. under C. exactly
6. A. up to B. before C. until
7. A. little B. much bigger C. much smaller
8. A. 2004 B. 2007 C. 2008
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 Exercise 1 Choose the correct answer.

The graph below shows the long-term

international migration, UK, 1999-
After 2004, the rate of immigration remained high, but the number of
2008.
people emigrating (9) ……………….. . Emigration fell suddenly in 2007, before

peaking at about 420,000 people in 2008. (10) ……………….., the net

migration figure rose to around 240,000 in 2007, but fell back to around

160,000 in 2008.

9. A. remained low B. rocketed C. fluctuated

10. A. As a result B. However C. In addition

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 Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the given words/ phrases in the box.

The table below describes the percentages of home-schooled students in Somecountry in 1999-2004.

fluctuation the highest all grade levels

Afterwards period nearly 3% proportion
kindergarten students the least grades 1-2
remained constant the lowest percentage

proportion
The table illustrates the (1) ……………………… of students who were given home schooling in Somecountry in the
period
(2) ……………………… from 1999 to 2004.
kindergarten students
From the very start of the period, (3) ……………………………..……... were home schooled the most and their
the highest until 2004. Students in grades 1-2 and 5-6 were (5) …………………………
proportion remained (4) ……………………… the least
home tutored in 1999 and the figures fluctuated over the period; by the end of 2004 those in grades 1-2
the lowest percentage .
constituted (6) ……………………………………………….
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 Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the given words/ phrases in the box.

The table below describes the percentages of home-schooled students in Somecountry in 1999-2004.

fluctuation the highest all grade levels

Afterwards period nearly 3% proportion
kindergarten students the least grades 1-2
remained constant the lowest percentage

A noticeable trend in home schooled kindergarten students was evident, where their proportion rose steadily
nearly 3 % between 1999 and 2004. Similarly, students in grade 3-4 also showed a steady
from 2.4% to (7) ………………………
upward movement and the rate rose from 1.6% in 1999 to 2.2% by 2004.
fluctuation
Students in the other three grade levels showed some (8) ………………………………. between 1999 to 2004. The
grades 1 - 2
percentage of home-schooled students in (9) ………………………………. was at 1.5% at the start and dipped to 1.2%
Afterwards
in 2000. (10) ………………………………., the figures increased and reached well above 2% in 2004.

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 Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with the given words/ phrases in the box.

The table below describes the percentages of home-schooled students in Somecountry in 1999-2004.

fluctuation the highest all grade levels

Afterwards period nearly 3% proportion
kindergarten students the least grades 1-2
remained constant the lowest percentage

The proportion of home-schooled 5th and 6th graders initially started at 1.5%, then (11)
remained constant at 1.3% before finally reaching 2.6% in 2004. Students in 7th and 8th grade were
……………………………….
home schooled at a rate of 1.6% in 1999 which remained steady until 2001, and following that climbed up
to 2.5% at the end of the period.
all grade levels in 2004 was higher
Overall, the proportion of home-schooled students at (12) ……………………………….
compared to 1999.

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 Glossary

English Phonetics Vietnamese

a similar level /ə ˈsɪmələr ˈlevl/ một mức tương tự

climb up to /klaɪm ʌp tu/ tăng lên đến

dip /dɪp/ hạ xuống (trong thời gian ngắn)

fall back to /fɔːl bæk tu/ giảm lại xuống

fall suddenly /fɔːl ˈsʌdənli/ giảm đột ngột

over the period /ˈəʊvər ðə ˈpɪriəd/ qua các thời kỳ

rise by /raɪz baɪ/ tăng lên (bao nhiêu)

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 Glossary

English Phonetics Vietnamese

rise in /raɪz ɪn/ (cái gì) tăng lên

rise steadily /raɪz ˈstedəli/ tăng đều

stand at /stænd æt/ đứng lại ở

upward movement /ˈʌpwərd ˈmuːvmənt/ biến đổi theo chiều tăng

well above /wel əˈbʌv/ hơn

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 Homework

1. Ôn tập toàn bộ bài học

2. Hoàn thành Exercise 1 phần Homework trang 12 – Unit 1. Dynamic charts sách giáo trình

IELTS FIGHTER B và nộp bài trên app IMAPEducare.

3. Hoàn thành Reading trang 17-29

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