2009 ICSE ICSE Question paper

Guess Paper – 2009

Class – X
Subject –English

DETAILED STUDY AND ASSESSMENT

Act I Scene 1: The Mob Rebuked

E. ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
Flavius

Hence! Home, you idle creatures, get you home.

Is this a holiday? What, know you not,
Being mechanical, you ought not to walk
Upon a labouring day without the sign
Of your profession? Speak, what trade art thou?
First Citizen
Why, sir, a carpenter,
Marullus
Where is thy leather apron, and thy rule?
What dost thou with thy best apparel on?
You, sir, what trade are you?

(i) Who are Flavius and Marullus? Where are they? What are they
doing there? Why?

Flavius and Marullus are tribunes of Rome. They are in a street in

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 Rome. They are questioning the comments who gathered in the
street. The common people have declared themselves a holiday to
celebrate the victory of and have been assembled in the Roman
Street to receive triumphal with grandeur. The tribunes are annoyed
at the concourses for their celebrations.

(ii) What are the “idel creatures"? Why are they called so? What
makes the speaker to ask if it is a holiday?
The two citizens a carpenter and a coole are described idle creatures
by one of the tribunes. Flavius is annoyed by the jubilant attitude of
the commonness who have declared a holiday to celebrate the
triumph of Caesar. Hence, he call them idle creatures, i.e lazy fellows
who have shirked their duties. Havies is alluding a rule is Rome that
on working day, the manual workers & artisan should be in their
working clothes and curry tools. Hence, 2 citizens are in their best
apparel violated the decree of Rome.

(iii) Give the meaning of the following:

(a) Being mechanical Being Manual worker
(b) a labouring day a working day
(c) Sign of your profession his tools & working clothes
Pick out from the extract, an example of a “sign" of a profession.
They leather apron & they rule

(iv) Whom does Marullus address in the last line of the extract? What
reply does he get? How does he react to the reply?

In the cast line of this extract Marullus is addressing the cobblee the
does not reply directly. He play with words & say that he is a cobblo.
This answer can have 2 meaning. (a) a repairer of shoes or (b)
bungle or a spoiler of things. Marullus asks the cobbler to give him a
direct reply.
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 (v) What military event has just been concluded? What ingratitude
are the common people accused of in this scene?

As they have cheered pompey earliest, The allusion is to the military

defeat of pompey son's is a wallay ceeasal. Pompey had died earlier
is a wal against leasar. The commones had gathered to receive the
triumplate with fanfare. The same artisan has hailed pompey during
his triumphant procession when he was the hero of Roam before the
tribunes access the people of is gratitude as they are cheering cases
now.

(vi) Giving an example each, show how Flavius and Marullus are men
in authority. Who among them, do you think, exercises greater
authority? Why?

From the way is which they treat and speak to the artisan we can
construe that both Flavius and Marullus are men in authority.
Marullus donands an explanation from the carpenter for being
dresteel is his best apparel & not carrying his tools Flavius sepals
more authoritatively than Marullus. He rets the conore's with high
distance & expresses his hostility towards cease inspite of the
publics' obvious admiration for ceaser.

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Second Citizen
A trade, sir, that I hope I may use with a safe conscience; which is,
indeed, sir a mender of bad soles.
Marullus
What trade, thou knave? Thou naughty knave, what trade?
Second Citizen
:
 Nay, I beseech you, sir, be not out with me : yet, if you be out, sir, I
can mend you.

(i) What is meant y a “trade" ? Of which is the second citizen?

A trade means a job or a profession. The second citizen is a cobbler.

(ii) Why does the citizen think that he “may use" the trade with a safe
conscience?

The cobbler is playing with the words ‘ Sole / Soul'. He is a mender a

soles / Souls. Soul relates to conscience. Thus, he thinks that he may
use the trade with a safe conscience.

(iii) What does “naughty knave" mean? What does this expression
tell us about the attitude of the Romans towards artisans? Give two
more examples of such expressions from the scene.
Naughty knave useless fool. The expression shows that the Romans
are full of concept for the artisans. The Romans address the
communes also as “idle creatures" And rehes to them as “basest
mettle" i.e. lowly characters.

(iv) Give the double meaning intended in th following expression. Be

not out with me: yet, if you be out, sir, I can mend you.
Not out with me : do not be angry with me. If you be out 10 it your
shoes are worn out. if you have sinned.
(i) I can mend you I can repair your shoes
(ii) I can improve or reform your character

(v) Give two character traits, each with an example, of the common
people in this scene.
The commonness have a disrespectful sense of humer as is shown
by the cobbler. He uses a series of purs to answer the fribunes like “ I
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 can end you", etc. They are sickle minded, they slink away with
shame from their celebrations when the tribunes acceese them of in
gratitude towards pompey.

3. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that
follow:
Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home?
What tributaries follow him to Rome,
To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels?
You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things!
O you hard hearts, you cruel men of Rome,
Knew you not Pompey?

(i) Who speaks these lines? To whom are these words addressed?
What type of rejoioing is referred to in the extract?
Marullus adresses these lines to the commoness. The comoness
have gathered in the streets of Rome, is their holiday attire to
celebrate and rejoice caesuras triunpb and return from his victory
over Ponpey's sons.

(ii) Who is 'he' reffered to in the first line of the extract? What
message does the
speaker want to convey to his listeners through these questions?
In the first line, 'he' refers to Marullus, a pro-democratic and anti- is
against being a favourite of the people. Marullus, through his
questions, wants to belittle is the eyes of the connoners and point
out that, victory has brought no gain for themselves

(iii) What is the conquest refereed to in the extract? Why has the
conqueror not
brought any territory to Rome by his conquest?
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 Cesar's military conquest over popery's sons is referred here.
Moreover, Popery's sons are both Romans and the war between
them is a civil war which does not bring new territories or treasure to
Rome.

(iv) Give the meaning of:

What tributaries follow him to Rome,
To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels?
No taxpayers, conquered cheifs, Pollow to Rome, No chiehs on
prisoness of war tied to the chariot of the lonqueror, , pay respect to
him.

(v) Which custom in Rome is referred to in question (iv) above?

It was as Roman lesion that the conquered chiefs are tied with chains
the conqueror's chariot what and follow the conqueror during his
triumphant procession through the streets of Rome.

(vi) What does the speaker think of his listeners according to the
extract?
Marullus considers the commress as stare hearted people with no
sense of gratitude per Pompey, their former favourite.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Marullus
And when you saw his chariot but appear,
Have you not made an universal shout,
That Tiber trembled underneath her banks,
To hear the replication of your sounds
Made in her concave shores?
And do you now put on your best attire?
And do you now cull out a holiday?
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 That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood?

(i) Whose chariot was seen? When?

When Pompey knelled Rome as one of the triunrirates, the

connoners struggled to have a glimpse of his chariot when he
passed through the stress of Rome.

(ii) What is meant by an universal shout? State in your own words

what happened as a consequence of the shout?
Universal shout-shout all together at once. When the lonnoness
shouted all together at once on seeing the chariot of Ponpey, there
where violent disturbances in the river fiber. The echoes of their
shouts magnified by the hollow banks of the river made violent
agitations in the river fiber.

(iii) What is meant by 'Pompey's blood'? Who comes now in triumph?

Pompey's sons are refereed to as ' Pomey's blood', casar cones in

triuph over Pompey's sons.

(iv) How do the people now prepare for the triumphal entry of the
person?
The connponers have declared themselves a holiday and have
gathered on the steets of Rome to receive who triumphantly returns
form his military conquest over Pompey's sons.

(v) At an earlier occasion how did the same people react on seeing a
great ruler pass the streets or Rome?
Earlier, when Pompey, the great ruler passed the street of Rome, the
commoness have gathered in large numbers and even climbed up
the walls of the forts to have on glimpse of him. They even carried
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 their children.

(vi) What does the speaker want to achieve by his speech given in
the extract?
Marullus wants to fill the commoner's heart with shame and remorse
for there is gratitude towards Pompey. These, remorse stricken, they
will all forsake the celebration of caesae's triuples and go home
which will make caesr's return a nor a athair. (an insignificant erent).
In their arms and waited patiently all day lones for Pompey. When
they saw his chariot, they all shouted at once cheesing Pompey
loarren women so touched by theses naked ness would be cured of
their infertility.

5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
Marullus
May we do so?
You know it is the feast of Lupercal.

Flavius
It is no matter, let no images
Be hung with 's trophies. I'll about
And drive away the vulgar from the streets;
So do you too, where you perceive them thick.
These growing feathers pluck'd from 's wing
Will make him fly an ordinary pitch.
Who else would soar above the view of men
And keep us all in servile fearfulness.

(i) “May we do so?" –What was Marullus supposed to do?

Marullus was suppose to remove the declarative scrts from the
statues of .
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 (ii) What was the feast to Lupercal? How the feast was normally
celebrated?
The F.O.L. was held in honour of God lupercus, a patron of sheep and
sheperds. He was also considered as the God of hertility. These an
the F.O.L. young man ran through the coly streets and touched
spectatos with leathr straps. It was believed that.

(iii) What is meant by ‘trophies'? Why does Flavius say that no

images should be
hung with 's trophies?
Trophies – decorations, usually scarts, hieng on a hero's statue.
Harius wants these decorations removed from 's statues / so that will
not rise high anoney the Romans) I to denolaries him.

(iv) Who are ‘the vulgar'? Why should they be driven away?
The vulgar are the commoners. These commoners should be driven
away from the steets of Rome so that the event of caesr's triumph
will be a failure.

(v) (a) With reference to the last four lines of the extract, state in your
own words what Flavius says to indicate that should be
checked.
(b) To what extent, according to you, is the apprehension justified?

(a) Flvius say's that is they can supress the people's enthusiasam for
. It will be like pulling feathers from a halcon's wings. It will make him
fly at a normal height instead of soaring our of sight in a godly
manner to treat men cruelly like slaves.
(b) The apprehension is justified as we learn later that both.
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 (vi) How does the scene (from which the above extract is taken)
reflect the changing fortunes of men in power and how does it
indicate the behaviour of the common people in Rome?
The changing fortunes, the rise & hall of men is power are clearly
indicated by the fall of Pompey, once a hero in the eyes of the
commoners and the rise of , the enemy of Pompey and murder of his
sons. The commoners are silence minded and are casually
influenced to change their political locpaticse.

TEST AND EVALUATION

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Second Citizen
Truly, sir, all that I live by is which the awl : I meddle with no
tradesman's matters, nor women's matters; but withal I am, indeed,
sir, a surgeon to old shoes; when they are in great dange, I recover
them. As proper men as ever trod upon neat's leather have gone
upon my handiwork.

Flavius

But wherefore art not in thy shop today?

Why dost thou lead these men about the streets?

(i) To which question does the Second Citizen give his reply in the
first sentence in the extract? Give one example to show that the
Second Citizen has earlier confused the officer by his strange
replies.
(ii) Give the meaning of: “All that I live by is with the awl." What subtle
humour is hinted at in this sentence?
(iii) Why does the speaker call himself a surgeon? Explain clearly the
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 implied comparison.
(iv) Give the meaning of the following; “ As proper men as ever trod
upon neat's leather, have gone upon my handiwork".
(v) What light does the sentence in question above throw on the
speaker's craftsmanship?
(vi) What answer does the Second Citizen give to the following
question of Flavius: “Why dost thou lead these men about the
streets?" Why the reply is humours?

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Go, go, good countrymen, and for this fault
Assemble all the poor men of your sort;
Draw them to Tiber banks, and weep your tears
Into the channel, till the lowest stream
Do kiss the most exalted shores of all.
See whe'r their basest metal be not mov'd;
They vanish tongue-tied in their guiltiness.
Go you down that way towards the Capitol:
This way wilk I. Disorbe the images
If you do find them deck'd with ceremonies.

(i) Who is speaking in the extract? To whom is he speaking in the first

part of the extract, and, in the second?
(ii) What is the fault referred to in the first line of the extract?
(iii) What advice has Marullus given earlier to these people so that
they might show remorse for their fault?
(iv) If that advice was not taken, what would happen?
(v) Render in your own words the following lines. Draw them to Tiber
banks, and weep your tears
Into the channel, till the lowest stream
Do kiss the most exalted shores of all.
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 (vi) Give the meaning of :
(a) their basest metal
(b) vanish tongue-tied
© deck'd with ceremonies.

(vii) Why are the images enrobed on this day? What is the reason for
the speaker to tell his companioin to ‘disrobe the images'? (2)
Act I Scene 2: Cassius Apporaches Brutus

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Caesar
Forget not, in your speed, Antonius,
To touch Calphurnia; for our elders say,
The barren, touched in this holy chase,
Shake off their sterile curse.
Antony
I shall remember;
When says ‘Do this,' it is perform'd
Caesar
Set on; and leave no ceremony out.
Soothsayer!

(i) Where does the scene take place? Why have the characters
referred to in the extract gone there?
The scene of takes place in a street in Rome, Pontony, sooth sayes,
etc.. have gone their to participate in the hostilities of the dupercal
feast as well as to clebrate 's recent victory ovel the son's of his old
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 enemy ponpey any command given by is performed without delay or
any questions.

(ii) What is the ‘holy chase'? What is its significane?

The ‘holy chase' is the sacred race as the F.O.L. when young men ran
through the Roman city streets and touched the spectators with
leather straps. If was believed that barren women so touched would
be cured of there is insertility.

(iii) What instructions did give to Calphurnia earlier regarding the

holy chase?
Caesar instructs Calphurnia to stand directly in Antony's away when
he nriens the sacred race of the helper cal feast so that she may be
cured of her infertility.

(iv) Give the meaning of: (a) Shake off their sterile curse (b) ‘Do this',
it is
perform'd.
(a) Cured of their insertility. Roman's belief was that sterile woman
touched by the runners of the holy chase will be cured of their
bareness. (b) The command is obeyed immediately. Antony remarks
here that

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:

Cassius
Bruuts, I do observer you now of late;
I have not from your eyes that gentleness
And show of love as I was wont to have.
You bear too stubborn and too strange a hand
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 Over your friend that loves you.
Brutus
Be not deceiv'd : if I have veil'd my look,
I turn the trouble of my countenance
Merely upon myself. Vexed I am
Of late with passions of some difference,
Conceptions only proper to myself,
Which give some soil, perhaps, to my behaviors

(i) Where are Brutus and Cassius at this item?

Brutus and Cassius are in a Rome street, slightly for from the venue
of the celebrations.

(ii) Why does Brutus not go along with Caesar to the games? With
whom does Brutus contrast himself? How?
Brutus accesses Brutus of certain detachment and less show of
friendliness and affection from Brutus towards Cassius in the recent
time.

(iii) What does Cassius accuse Brutus of?

Cassius accuse Brutus of certain detachment and less show of
friendliness and affection from Brutus towards cassius in the recent
times.

(iv) What, do you thin, is the motive of Cassius in professing

friendship to
Brutus? What type of a person was Cassius?
Cassius, being a cunning schemer professes friendship to Brutus so
that he will be able to make Brutus join the company against of
Brutues seizing he oppurtunity to know about Brutus attitude
towards the rise of.
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 (v) Give the meaning of: “ vexed I am / Of late with passions of some
difference""
I am troubled now a days by conflicting feelings here, Brutus says
that recently he has been in a terrible mental conflict.

3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Brutus
What means this shouting? I do fear the people
Choose for their king.

Ay, do you fear it

Then must I think you would not have it so.

Brutus
I would not, Cassius; yet I love him well.

(i) Where are Brutus and cassius at this time? Why have they come
together?
Brutus and cassius are in a Roman street; slightly far from the renue
of celebration. Both of them have accompanied Caesar on his way to
the celebrations Brutus not being interested is sports remains there.
Cassius keep company.

(ii) What reason does Brutus give here for the ‘shouting'? What was
the real
reason?
Brutus feels that the people have crowned Caesar their king.
Actually, the people shout when they see Caesar rejecting the nock-
crown, the coronet, offered by Mark Antony.
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 (iii) Why was Brutus afraid that Caesar might become king?
Brutus apprehends that once Caesar becomes the king, he may
become a tyrant and Rome like a despot.

(iv) When Brutus says, “I would not Cassius; yet I love him well," he is
undergoing a conflict of two emotions. What are they?
Brutus loves Caesar well as a friend, yet he fears that Caesar will
grew into a despot its made the king of Rome, Thus, Brutus torn
terribly between his loyalty to his friend, Caesar and his loyalty to his
country, Rome. Brutus the way is which his ancestor, Junes Brutus,
deterred in the freedom of Rome by driving away the tyrannical
Tarquin kings.

(v) How did Cassius finally convince Brutus that Caesar should be
killed? (ICSE, Feb. 1980)
Cassius, a clever manipulator, instigates Brutus under the pretext of
honour and freedom, especially with freedom from Caesar in order to
convince Brutus, Cassies shows that Caesar is a freble, vulnerable
mortal not greaten than him. Moreond he remind.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cassius
I, as Aeneas, our great ancestor,
Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulder
The old Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber
Did I the tired Caesar. And this man
Is now become a god, and Cassius is
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 A wretched creature, and must bend his body
If Caesar carelessly but nod on him.

(i) Who was Aeneas? Which legendary incident connected with

Aeneas is referred to in the extract?
Aeneas was the founder of Rome and the ancestor of all Romans. He
was a Trojan who, when Troy was captured escaped from the
burning city carrying his father, Aeneas on his back.

(ii) Why does Cassius compare himself to Aeneas?

Once Cassius has saved Caesar from drawing is the rises Tiber by
carrying Caesar on his back, Thus, he compares himself, to Aeneas
who has saved his father from the bearing city of Troy by carrying
him on his back.

(iii) Who is ‘this man'? What grudge does Cassius harbour against
‘this man'?
This man is Caesar Cassius complains that he who has once saved
Caesar shall
remain miserable creature while Caesar has become as powerful as a
deni-god.

(iv) Just before the extract Cassius states that he is equal to Caesar
in three aspects. What are these three aspects?
Cassius states that he was born free as Caesar, he has been fed and
brought up as Caesar, and he is strong enough to endure the
extreme cold of winter as Caesar and Cassisu to carry the tried
Caesar on his shoulder to save him from drawing.

(v) In his speech, Cassius refers to an incident in which he was much

superior to Caesar. Narrate the incident.
Once when Caesar and Cassius were walking along the bankers of??
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 Tiber, Caesr challenged Cassius to swim along with him in the river.
Cassius accepted the challenge while they were swimming against
the violent current Caesar cried out for help.

(vi) Give one example from the scene, which makes you feel that
Cassius is a democrat in his views.
Cassius laments the sony state of Rome which at present has ony
casesar to boast about Earlier Rome was full of great men like, L.J
Beretus who defended Rome against the turanny of the Tarquins.

5 Read the extra given below and answer the questions that follow:

When went there by an age, since the great flood,

But it was fam'd with more than with one man?
When could they say, till now, that talk'd of Rome,
That her wide walks encompass'd but one man?
Now is it Rome indeed, and room enough,
When there is in it but one only man.
O, you and I have heard our fathers say,
There was a Brutus once that would have brook'd
Th'eternal devil to keep his state in Rome
As easily as a king.

(ii) What is referred to as ‘the great flood? Why is this expression

used in the
next?
According to classical mythology, zeus determined to destroy the
sinful world, unleashed a great deluge on earth referred to as the
Deuction flood, it is used to indicate age old times.

(ii) Compare the present age with the olden times as far as Rome is
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 concerned.
In the present age, Rome, has none but Caesar to boast of But is the
olden times, is every age, Rome had more than one great man.

(iii) What arguments does Cassius give (just before the extract) to
show Caesar is not superior to Brutus?
Cassius argues that Caesar is not superior to Brutus because the two
names ‘Brutus' and ‘Caesar' sound the same and when writer
together, both are equally hair Morors , if you want to use them to
conjure spirits one name is as good as the other to raise the spirits.

(iv) “There was a Brutus". Who was this Brutus?

The Brutus allowed here is duchies Junilel Brutus as ancestor of
Brutus who has deferred the freedom of Rome by driving away the
tyrannical Tarquins kings in the past.

(vi) With reference to one incident, state how Cassius was a shrewd
manipulator.
Cassius by is rocking the name of Brutus ancestor, strilee the fire of
honors and prde in the heart of Brutus this helps him to win Brutus
partially to his side.

6 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Caesar
He reads much,
He is a great observer, and he looks
Quite through the deeds of men. He loves no plays,
As thou dost, Antony; he hears no music;
Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort
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 As if he mock'd himself, and scorn'd his spirit
That could be mov'd to smile at anything.
Such men as he be never at heart's ease
Whiles they behold a greater than themselves.

(i) Where is Caesar at this time? Of whom is he speaking?

Caesar, with his train, has returned from the celebration and is now
on street in Rome. He speaks here of Cassius.

(ii) Do the earlier episodes in the play suggest that Caesar has
judged this person's
character accurately? Explain briefly.
We find that Caesar is a shrerecued judge of human character. We
never see Caesar in conversation with Cassius. Cassius as it he is
deliberately avoiding him.

(iii) Immediately before this speech, what type of man has Caesar
said he prefers?
Caesar had said that he prefers that men to this spare men. He likes
to avoid spare men like Cassius.

(iv) What personal physical weakness is revealed by Caesar in the

remaining part of this speech? What contrast is created by this
revelation with the least two lines quoted above?
Caesar asks Antony to come to his right side as no is deaf in the left
ear. In the previous a liens, Caesar asserts his in domitable courage
and his sense o inviolability. This contrasts jarringly when he
mentioned that he is deaf in one ear.

7 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
:
 Casa
I could tell you more news too: Marullus and Flavius, for pulling
scarfs off Caesar's images, are put to silence. Fare you well. There
was more foolery yet, if I could remember it.

(i) When does Casca say this? To whom?

When Casca narrator to Brutus and Cassius the happenings at the
supernal festival and Caesar's triumphant celebrations, He informs
of the murder of Harius and Marulus for their disrespect to Caesar.

(ii) Narrate briefly the ‘news' that Casca has already related.
Prompted by Brutus and Cassius, Casca narrators the events at the
festivities. He says that Caesar was offered a coronet, a mocle
crown, three times of Antony and each time Caesar refused it with
growing reluctance.

(iii) Explain “ pulling scarfs off Caesar's images" and “put to silence".
The Romans decorated the statues of thesauri with colorful scarfs as
part of them for this show of disrespect, towards Caesar.

(iv) What does “put to silence" reveal about Caesar's character?

The exclusion of Harvius and Marullus for their show of disrespect
towards Caesar hours the seed of tyranny and despotism in Caesar.

(v) What reason for their action does Flavius give in the opening
scene of the
play?
Havius says that removing the decorations from the statues of
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 Caesar is like pulling the feather's from a falcon's wing. Thus
deprived, it will make him fly at an ordinary height instead of soaring
high up is a godly manner to treat men cruelly like slave.

F. TEST AND EVALUATION

1 Read the extract given below and answer the question that follow.

Cassius
Then, Brutus, I have much mistook your passion
By means whereof this breast of mine hath buried
Thoughts of great value, worthy connotations
Tell me, good Brutus, can you see you see your face?
Brutus
No, Cassius: for the eye sees not itsefl
But by reflection, by some other things.

(i) In what way did Cassuius mistake Brutus' feelings (passion)?

(ii) How was the misunderstanding cleared by Brutus?
(iii) What was the consequence of this misunderstanding on
Cassius?

Thrilled by this, the commoners roared with delight. Then carsar

oppered to them his throat to cut which excited then mone.
Immediatley caesar hainted and tell down. When he regained
(iv) Given the meaning of : “ for the eye sees not itself But reflection,
by some other things."
(v) Who volunteers to be a mirror to reflect the qualities of Brutus to
himself (Brutus )?
(vi) According to Cassius, what do the people in high position in
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 Rome say about Brutus, and about the condition of the people?

2 Read the extract given below and answer the question that follow:

Cassius
I know that virtue to be in you. Brutus,
As well as I do know your outward favour.
Well, honour is the subject of my story.
I cannot tell what you and other men.
Think of this life, but, for my single self,
I had as life; but, for my single self,
I had as lief not be; as live to be
I had as lief not be, as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.

(i) Where are Brutus and Cassius at this time? What is Cassius'
purpose in this speech?
(ii) Give the meaning of :
…. But for my single self, I had
as life not be as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.
(iii) Given two incidents which Cassius uses later in this discussion to
indicate that Caesar was as weak as any human being.
(iv) What happens immediately after Cassius' Speech? How does it
help Cassius to rouse the feelings of Brutus against Caesar?
(v) What stand does Brutus take, a few minutes later, which makes
Cassius glad that his efforts have not been in vain?

3 Read the extract giben below and answer the question that follow:
:
 Re-enter Caesar and his Train

Brutus
The game are done and Caesar is returning.

Cassius
As they pass by, pluck Casca by the sleeve,
And he will, after his sour fashion, tell you
What hath proceeded worthy of note to-day.
Brutus
I will do so. But, look you. Cassius.
Conciseness, he appeared to the crowd to forgive him if he had done
or said anything offensive.

(i) What are the “games" Brutus is talking about? Why were they
held? When? Who speaks of the games earlier in the scene? Why?
(ii) Explain why Cassius says “after his sour fashion? What part did
Casca have in the actual murder of Casesar? Who mentions this later
in the play? What did he state?
(iii) What is the meaning of “worthy of note"? State briefly what
Casca related, bringing out the “sour fashion"?
(iv) To whom is Brutus drawing Cassius' attentin when he says, “But
look you,
Cassius? Give his comments on each of them.
(v) what information does Casca later give them about Marullus and
Flavius? What trait of Caesar's character is shown in this incident?

5 Read the extract give belwo and answer the question that follow:

Cassius
I will this night,
:
 But soft, I pray you : what, did Caesar swound?
Casca
He fell down in the market – place, and foam'd at mouth, and was
speechiess.
Brutus
Tis very like, he hath the falling-sickness.
Cassius
No, Caesar hath it not; but you, and I,
And honest Casca, we have the falling-sickness.
Casca

I know not what you mean by that, but I am sure Caesar fell down. If
the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, according as he
pleas'd and displeas'd them, as they use to do the players in the
theatre, I and no true man.

(i) What is the occasion referred to in the above dialogue?

(ii) Why did Caesar “swound"?
(iii) What does Cassius mean by saying that Brutus, Casca, and he
himself have the falling-sickness?
(iv) How did the tag-rag people, according to Casca's account, react
to Caesar's behaviour?
(v) Who were the tag-rag people?

Answers

(i) The occasion referred to is Caesar's visit to the venue of the

games which were held during the celebration of the feast of
Lupercalia.

(ii) Caesar swooned because of the excessive strain of having to

refuse the crown which had been offered to him by Antony. Inwardly
:
 Caesar wanted to accept the crown; and he made only a show of
refusing it. Refusing the crown against his wishes exerted a big strain
on his mind.

(iii) Cassius means to say that he himself, Brutus, and Casca are too
humble and submissive in dealing with Caesar, Cassius is trying to
incite Brutus and Casca against Caesar; and he, therefore, say that
the attitude of all them towards Caesar is servile.

(iv) The tag-rag people clapped or hissed as Caesar's behaviour

pleased or displeased them . If the people felt pleased with what
Caesar siad or didi, they cheered joufully. But if the people felt
displeased with anything that Caesar did or said, they hissed to
convey their displesure. Thus the behaviour of an audience in a
theatre because the audience too cheers or hisses as the actors on
the stage please them or displease them.

(v) The tag-rag people were the multitude of common people

attending the games. The phrase “ tap-rag people" means the crowd
of undisciplined people.

5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cassius

I will this night,

In several hands, in at his window throw,
As if they came from several citizens,
Writings, all tending to the great opinion,
That Rome holds of his name; wherein obscurely
Caesar's ambition shall be glanced at,
And after this, let Caesar seat him sure;
:
 For we will shake him, or worse days endure.

(i) When does Cassius speak these words? Whom is he referring to

in the second
line?
(ii) What is the purpose of these writings? Where are he referring to
in the thrown?
(iii) What effect is produced on this person when he reads it?
(iv) Explain the meaning of “ several hands" and “obscurely"
(v) What aspect of Cassius' character do the above words illustrate?
Give two methods used by Cassius to win over Brutus.

Act I Scene 3: Storm and Stress

E. ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Casca
Are not you mov'd when all the sway of earth
Shakes like a thing unfirm? O Cicero!
I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds
Have riv'd the knotty oaks; and I have seen
Th' ambitious ocean swell and rage and foam,
To be exalted with the threat'ning clouds;
But never till tonight, never till now,
Did I go through a tempest dropping fire.

(i) Where is Casca at this time? In what state has he come there? To
whom is he speaking?
:
 Casca is in a Roman street. He has come there with his sword drawn.
He is now speaking to cicero.

(ii) Give the meaning of the following:

(a) all the sway of earth / Shakes like a thing unfirm?
(b) The ambitious ocean sell and rage and foam,
To be exalted with the threat'ning clouds.
(c) All the creatures on earth tremble like on unfirm thing.
(d) The rising ocean swell with waves and on a tempest and are
raised up to the sky.

(iii) What are the “scolding winds"? What did they do?
The scolding winds are the raging tempest which had tom apart
knotted oaks. As the fierce tempest creates huge waves in the ocean
which appear to be rising to the sky.

(iv) What did Casca see which he had never seen in his life earlier?
Never before had Casac seen storm dropping lightening and thunder
blots.

(v) What does he conclude immediately after the extract about the
Calamities?
Casca concludes that the Calamities of the right are either due to a
civil war among the gods or due to the anger of the gods who are
send destruction to the arrogant world.

(vi) What is the next day supposed to be? What will to be a fatal day?
Who had warned about that day?
The next day would be the ides of March when the senators meet at
the capital to crown Caesar the king. The booth sayer has warned
Caesar to be aware of the Jokes of March.
:
 2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Cicero
Why, saw you any thing more wonderful?

Casca
A common slave – you know him well by sight –
Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn
Like twenty torches join'd; and yet his hand,
Not sensible of fire, remain'd unscorch'd.

(i) Narrate in your own words the “wonderful" sigh seen by Casca as
given in the extract?
During the terrible right, Casca saw the world sight of a common
slave with his left hand up and in flames his hand burned very
brightly like a score of torches joined together. However the man was
insensitive to the flames and retain unescorted.

(ii) Besides the sight referred to tin (i) above, describe three
unnatural sights that Casca narrates after this extract.
Casca saw a line wondering in the streets near the capital. The lion
started at him and walked away arrogantly without hearing him. Then
he saw a group of ghastly women their face distorted with fear.
These women said they saw men.

(iii) What does Casca believe about the unnatural events?

Casca believed that the unnatural events are prophetic signs / loners
to the future happenings on Rome.

(iv) In what way is Casac's belief a contrast to the one expressed by

Cicero about these events?
Eventhough Cicero agrees with Casca regarding the storage events
:
 of the night, he feels that different persons construe different
meaning in their own ways as to the reasons to the strange events.

(v) What impact do these strange things have on Caesar, as well as

on the
audience?
We find later in the play that Caesar had been disturbed by the
storm. The audience equates the strange happenings to oners of
danger to Caesar.

3 Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow:
Cassius
I know where I will wear this dagger then:
Cassius from bondage will deliver Cassius:
Therein, ye gods, you make the weak most strong:
Therein, ye gods, you tyrants do defeat
Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass,
Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron,
Can be retentive to the strength of sprit.

(i) What were a group of people planning on the following day, which
makes Cassius say that he would “Wear this dagger again? How
does Cassius try to prevent that plan from being put into operation?
The senators are planing to crown caesar the king the following day
cassius her already transformed a group of noble men to rise against
caesar and eventually assasinate him

(ii) Why did Cassius say earlier that the Romans now do not have
manly courage?
Cassius feels that Romans had allowed an unworthy caser to rise to
:
 power. The Romans do not rise against caesar who might grow into a
tyrant. Thus to Cassius Roman's lack manly courage.

(iii) Give the meaning of : “ Cassius from bondage will deliver

Cassius"
Cassius sears that he will be treated like as lane by Caear the king.
To me himself from this slavery he will kill himself.

(iv) What does Cassius say about the “Strenght of the spirit" in the
extract?
Cassius assets that no means of imprisonment whether it is strong
tower or an airless dungeon, can be retentive or imprison a
determined spirit of minds.

(vi) How does from his speech as an ardent lover of freedom and
democracy. He say that no kind of imprisonment can defeat a strong
mind.
He prefers to deliver himself from the slavish like under Caeser by
killing himself.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cassius
And why should Caesar be a tyrant them?
Poor man! I know he would not be a wolf.
But that he sees the Romans are but sheep:
He were no lion, were not Romans hinds
Those that with haste will make a mishty fire.
Begin it with weak straws; what trash is Rome,
What rubbish, and what offal, when it serves
:
 For the base matter to illuminate
So vile a thing as Caesar!

(i) Who is referred to as a “poor man"? On what condition he would

not have been a wolf or a lion?
Here, the poor man is caesar, It the Romans were not as cowardly
and meak as sheep and deer, he would not have grown as powerful
as a wolf or a lion.

(ii) Explain how the sentence “Those that….. weak straws" refers to
Caesar. In what way is Caesar “vile" in the eyes of Cassius?
Men who want to make a huge fire in a hurry, so with easily burning
materials like dry straw Caesar, who wants to become the king of
Rome at the earliest explots the weakness.

(iii) Does Cassius blame Caesar or Rome? Give three reasons given
by him for the greatness of caesar at this time.
Cassius, blames nor Caesar, but the Romans who are cowardly and
wonarish. They have allowed Caesar to grow in power. Cassius
acknowledges that Caesar is like a wolf compared to the sheepish
Romans.

(iv) What does Casaca extend to Cassius as a sign of fellowship?

What does he say, he is willing to do?
Casca offers his head to Cassius as a sign of friendship. He assures
Cassius that he is willing to go, any extent with him in order to
mitigate Cassius fears and grief's.
And meakness of the worthless Romans to achieve his goal. To
Cassius, Caesar is not worthy of becoming the ruler of Rome.
:
 (v) What appointment must Cassius and Casca keep later that night?
Where will
these friends meet? What will be the purpose of their meeting?
Cassius and Casca will meet the other Roman conspirators later that
night, at Pompey's porch. They will then discuss the assassination of
Caesar and join Brutus at his home to make him join the conspiracy.

5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Cinna
I am glad on't, What fearful night is this!
There's two or three of us have senn strange sights.
Cassius
Am I not stay'd for? Tell me.
Cinna
Yes, you are. O Cassius, if you could
But win the noble Brutus to our party-
Cassius
Be you content. Good Cinna, take this paper…….

(i) Where are Cinna and Cassius at this juncture? Who else was with
them?
Cinna and Cassius, along with Casca are on a steet in Rome.

(ii) Why does Cinna say “ I am glad on't? Why was he here?
When Cassius informs, Cinna that Casca had also become one of the
conspirators, Cinna expresses his happiness. He had come there
searching for Cassius.

(iii) Earlier in this scene, which other person describes the “fearful
night"? Mention two “ strange sights" this person had seem.
:
 Earlier, Casca relates to Cicero about the terrible right Casca had
seen a common slare with his left hand raised and on flames but
insensitive to the flame. He had also encountered a lion roaring is the
Roman streets. The lion, on seeing Casca, started at him and walked
away arrogantly without harming him.

(iv) Explain “stay'd for" Point out clearly why Cassius asks the
question" ‘Am I not stay'd for?
Stay'd fro waited for Cassius is eager to know whether the
conspirator have gathered at Pompey's theatre. He also probably
wants to point to Casca that he was not alone in his enterprise
against meeting Caesar.

(v) Why was Cinna eager for Brutus to join their party? What does
Cassius have in mind when he says “Be you content"? What does he
now instruct Cinna to do in connection with Brutus?
(ICSE, Nov. 1980)
Brutus is regarded and respected very highly by the Roman. Brutus
joining the conspiracy will be a saving grace to the conspirators.
Cassius wants to reassure Cinna that Brutus will join them as one of
the conspirators. Cassius had already won a part of Brutus to his
side and he is consider that in his next meeting with Brutus, he will
be able to win Brutus completely. Then he instructs Cinna to place
the letters after this and he asks him to go to Ponepy's porch.

F. TEHST AND EVALUTION

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Now could, I, Casca, name to thee a man

Most like this dreadful night,
That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars
:
 As doth the lion in the Capitol;
A man no mightier than thyself or me
In personal action, yet prodigious grown,
And fearful as these strange eruptions are.

(i) Who is the man “Most like this dreadful night"? Why does Cassius
speak of
the man by comparing him to the lion?
(ii) How does Cassius describe the night? What does he say he has
done such a night?
(iii) State in your own words, how Cassius accuses Casca of a weak
human nature.
(iv) How does Cassius interpret the unnatural occurences in nature?

(v) Give the meaning of :

In person action, yet prodigious growth,
And feather, as these strange eruptions are.
(vi) Give two incidents given by Cassius earlier in the play to show
that the man
referred to in the extract was “no mightier than thyself or me".

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cassius
Be you content, Good Cinna, take this paper,
And look you lay it in the praetor's chair,
Where Brutus may but find it; and throw this
In at his window; set this up with wax
Upon old Brutus statue: all this done,
Repair to Pompey's porch, where you shall find us.
:
 (i) To whom does Cassius address these words? Why does he say,
“Be you content"?
(ii) what paper is referred to? At whose window is it to be thrown in?
What
impact would the paper have on the recipent?
(iii) Who is ‘old Brutus? Why is he famous in Rome? How did Decius
Brutus take pride in his heritage?
(iv) Why should Cinna go to Pompey's porch? Name four people who
are likely to be there.
(v) Why will Brutus be of importance on the next morning according
to Casca and Cassius?

Act II Scene 1. Brutus Chooses

A. PLOT DEVELOPMENT

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Lucius
I will, my lord,
Brutus
It must be by his death: and, for my part,
I know no personal cause to spurn at him,
But for the general. He would be crown'd:
How that might change his nature, there's the question:
It is the bright day that brings forth the adder,
And that craves wary walking.

(i) Where does this scene take place? Who is Lucius? What had he
been asked to do?
The Scene takes place in Brutus orchard Lucius is the servant of
Brutus. Brutus has asked him to light a candle in his study room and
:
 intimate him other Lucius has done so.

(ii) In what mood is Brutus? What does it refer to? Whose death is
suggested?
Brutus is in a terrible mental conflict Caesac's death is suggested
here, It here refers to the prevention of Caesar being crowned and be
coming an undisputed despot of Rome.

(iii) Who has convinced Brutus to take such a step? What is the
motive of Brutus for taking such a decision as expressed in the
extract?
Cassius has convinced him to decide that Caesar's murder was
essential for the commoners deed. Brutus, though has no personal
motires against Caesar, Chooses to assasirate Caesar for the good
of Rome. This decision o Brutus reveals that he is a staunch patriot,
he is an idealist incapable of correctly accessing the character and
He is a naïve politician who makes enormous mistakes.

(iv) What danger does Brutus foresee if the person is crowned as a

king? How is this danger expressed by referring to the “ bright day"
and the “adder"?
The crowding of Casar, Brutus fears, might change the character of
Caesel good man to a despot. Caesal is good now is his tight days,
he may become villous first like the serpents that come out on sunny
day.

(v) Give the meaning of: “ And that craves wary walking."
Serpents with a deadly poison emerges out during bright days and
one should walk carefully and be aware of them.

(vi) What are your feelings for Brutus at his juncture? Give a reason
to justify your feelings.
:
 Brutus stauch patrist, is made by scheming Cassius to decide to
murder Cesar for the good of Rome Brutus, thus undoes a terrible
mental conflict due to his loyalty to his friends Caesar and also his
beloved country Rome. Piriable Brutus.

2 Read the extract given below and answer the question that follow:
Bruts
Then, lest he may, prevent. And, since the quarrel
Will bear no colour for the thing he is,
Fashion it thus: that what he is, augmented,
Would run to these and these extremities;
And therefore think him as a serpent's egg
Which, hatch'd, would, as his kind, grow mischievous,
And kill him in the shell.

(i) “ So Caesar may". What may Caesaer do? Your answer must refer
to the metaphor of the ladder, used by Brutus in his speech. How
does Brutus intend to prevent Caesar from doing so?
Brutus, Metaphorically, using the image of a ladder, to explains a
young man's progress to the lofty levels & the society. He says that it
is a known fact that humility serves as a ladder for an ambition man
to rise to a powerful position. When he rises high, the climbers pay
attention upward, when he reaches the top of the ladder, he forgets
the ladder which has helped him to climb up and rejects it. In the
same manner, Caesar may take advantage of his present goodness
and his favorable opinion of him among the Romans to fulfil his
ambition of becoming the king. Once he is crowed the king, he may
com the humble Romans and rule over them like a tyrant.
:
 (ii) Give the meaning: “And, since the quarrel/ Will bear no colour for
the thing he is / Fashion it thus."
Brutus says that there is no Cause to quarrel with Caesar for what he
is at present he would like to put his reasoning in this manner.

(iii) What is meant by augmented? How can Caesar be augmented?

How had there already been an attempt to augment him?
Augmented increased Caesar's present power can be augmented by
crowing him the king of Rome. Already the Romans are with Caesar
and there has been an attempt though mockingly to crown him the
king of the supernal festival Mark Antony has offered Caesar Caesar
a corronet, a molk crwon thrice which Caesar had refused. The
crowd were thrilled by this influx.

(iv) To whom is a serpent's egg compared? What does Brutus want

to communicate by using comparison of a serpent's egg?
Caesar is compared to a serpent's egg. If is natural for a serpent
when hatched from it's egg to become cruel and so it is better to kill
the serpent in the shell itself in the same manner, Brutus wants to
say that caesar may become.

(v) What price would Brutus pay later by preventing a “ serpent's

egg" from being hatched?
Brutus pays for his decision to kill Caesar both publicly and privately.
Rome folds to the tyranny of the 3 men after Caesar's death and he
loses portia, his wife. Actually he destroys his personal life as well as
the republic which he was to protect.

3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
:
 Brutus
This good. Go to the gate: somebody knocks
Since Cassius first did whet me against Caesar,
I have not slept.
Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream;
The genius and the mortal instruments
Are then in council; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection.

(i) Who is knocking at the gate? Why has he come?

Faction of conspirators is knocking at the gate. He has come to with
his
Caesar's assassination with Brutus and convert him completely to
support their scheme.

(ii) What is the impact of Cassius' earlier discussion on Brutus?

Cassius earlier discusses with Brutus regarding the rise of Caesar
and the consequent misery of Rome had made Brutus their about it
through he was not entirely a supports of it.

(ii) In what type of mental frame is Brutus? Why does he compare his
mental
condition to a nightmare or a horrid dream?
Brutus is in a state of mental dilemma from between his loyalty
towards his beloved friend Caesar and his loyalty towards his
beloved country. Rome the decision has made but not the act. Thus
the extension between the discussion action is extreme mental
agorny as is it is a fearful fantasy.
:
 (iv) Give the meaning of (a) all the interim is like a phantasm. (b) the
genius and the mortal instruments ? Are then in council.
(a)The interval between the first impulse to do a dreadful act and his
performance, is like a horrid dream. (b) The national powers and the
passions of the body are engaged on heated arguments.

(v) In the last lines of the extract, the mental condition of Brutus is
compared to a civil war. Explain how the comparison is made.
By comparing his trouble turned mind to the troubled state of a small
kingdom which suffers the result of it's subject.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Brutus
They are faction. O conspiracy,
Sham'st thou to show thy dangerous brow by night,
When evils are most free? O, then by day
Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough
To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy;
Hide it in smiles and affability:
For if thou path, thy native semblance on,
Not Erebus itself were dim enough
To hide thee from prevention.

(i) Who comes after this extract? How are they dressed? Who
informs Brutus of their arrival?
The conspirators Cassius, Casca, Decius, cinna, Mutellus and
Trebonious enter immediately after Brutus has said these words
lucius Brutus servant informed him of their arrival. The conspirators
have pulled down their hats about their faces an pulled down hats
and raised cloaks.
:
 (ii) What is meant by the ‘faction' and ‘thy dangerous brow'?
The faction referred to here are the group of conspirators. ‘thy
dangerous frows' you dangerous faces. Brutus uses personification
here to adress conspiracies.

(iii) How does conspiracy disguise itself at night and during the day?
Conspiracy is ashamed to show it's face deeding night and conceals
it's face on pulled down hats and raised callous of cloaks. During
daytime conspiracy discusses as courteous smiles and endless.

(iv) What is referred to as Erebus? If conspiracy were to appear with

its ‘native semblance on', what would happen?
Rrebus is hell if Conspiracy was to appear with it's original face, even
hell will not be dark enough to conceal it and to prevent people from
recognising it.

(v) Why is it necessary to disguise the conspiracy? Give two of the

precautions taken by the conspirators to hide the conspiracy.
It is necessary to disguise conspiracy since the conspirational money
will be spoiled if people come to know about it. The conspirators
have chosen the dark terrible night to meet together and also they
have hidden their faces on pulled down hats and raised cloaus.

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Brutus
What need we any spur but our own cause
To prick us to redress? What other bond
Than secret Romans, that have spoke the word
And will not palter? And what other oath
Than honesty to honesty engag'd
That this shall be, or we will fall for it?
:
 (i) Who are referred to as the ‘we? What is ‘our own cause? State in
your own words how the cause itself is a spur?
‘We' here refers to the conspirators. Brutus says that our own Cause,
i.e. the assassinations of Caesar to safeguard the democratic
tradition of Rome is inspiring force.

(ii) Who had suggested the idea of taking an oath? Why did Brutus
dismis that idea? Was Brutus' decision wise? Why?
When cassing suggested that the conspirators take on oath of
secrecy and commitment, Brutus objects saying that they are true
Romans united by the justice of their noble cause. It was unwise of
Brutus to preventing the conspirators from a solemn oath. The
conspirators not taking an oath has its own consequences as the
news of the conspiracy gets leaked out and puts all of them in a
precarious situation.

(iii) Explain what is meant by, “honesty to honesty engag'd? Why is

honesty very important for Brutus and his men?
The word of honour given by one honest men to another. The word
of honor is very significant to Brutus and his men since in the word
given is broken, their plans and even their lives will be in ruins.

(iv) Give the meaning of: “That this shall be, or we will fall for it".
Brutus ascertains that the word given among the conspirators is
stronger than any oath. It should be like that or else all of them will
be destroyed.

(v) According to Brutus, who normally takes an oath?

According to Brutus, priests, cowards and unscrupulous people with
a mean –mind and people who lock courage and strength normally
take an oath.
:
 (vi) How dies Brutus convince his group to uphold Roman nobility
rather than depend on an oath?
Brutus says to his group that a noble Roman keeps up his oath given
to another honest Roman and does not break even on segment of it.
He also says that their cause was enough to find them to secrecy.

5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Brutus
O, name him not; let us not break with him;
For he will never follow anything
That other men begin.

Cassius
Then leave him out.

Casca
Indeed he is not fit.

Decius
Shall no man else be touch'd out but only Caesar?

(i) Who is ‘hi'? What did Brutus want to leave him out of? What
reason had just been given in his favour?
‘Him here refers to ciero. Brutus wanted to leave him out of the
conspiracy. The old age our seem of cicero will win over the opinion
of the people to approve the action of the conspirators if he was one
among them.
:
 (ii) Explain “let us not break with him". Why does Brutus say this?
Let us not reveal our plans to hi. Brutus says that ciero will never
follow anything what other men begin. He also fears that he may lose
the leadership of the conspiracy to an old man.

(iii) What is the meaning here of ‘touch'd? Who else, does cassius
now mention, should be ‘touch'd? What is his reason?
Touch'd – killed. Cassius mentions the name of Mark Antony also to
be killed Cassius says that Antony is a cunning plotter and has many
resources to his advantage so that he can cause harm to the
conspirators.

(iv) Brutus overrides Cassius. Why?

Brutus says that they were only purgess and not butchers because
killing Antony will make their plan bloody one. He also wants himself
to be the decision makes among the conspirators.

(v) In his turn, Cassius does not agree with Brutus' ideas. State the
objection put forth by Cassius and tell how his objection was later
justified.
Cassius object by saying that he fears Antony because of his deep
loyalty and love towards Caesar would make him take vengance on
the conspirators. The apprehension of Cassius is justified because
later in the play. Antony wages war against the conspirators and
destroys them.

5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that
follow:]

Cassius
:
 For in the ingrafted love he bears to Caesar
Brutus
Alas, good Cassius, do not think of him.
If he love caesar, all that he can do
Is to himself, take thought and die for Caesar:
And that were much he should; for he is given
To sports, to wildness, and much company.

Trebonius
There is no fear in him; let him not die,
For he will live, and laugh at this hereafter.

(i) What is the occasion for the dialogue?

When the conspirators assemble is Brutus; orchard to discuss the

conspiracy.

(ii) What is meant by ingrafted lvoe?

Engrafted love deeply –rooted love.

(iii) Name the person being talked about in the dialogue.

Mark Antony

(iv) Why does Brutus dismiss Cassius' fear of the at person?

Brutus says that Antony was a limb of Caesar and he would be
likeless after the death of Caesar. In addition he says that Antony
was a fun loving person who would not cause any harm to them.
:
 8 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Portia
Dwell I but in the suburbs
Of your good pleasure? If it be no more.
Portia is Brutus' harlot, not his wife.

Brutus
You are my true and honourable wife,
As ear to me as are the ruddy drops
That visit my sad heart.

If this were true, them should I know this secret.

(i) Give the meaning of: “Dwell I but in the suburbs/ Of your good
pleasure"?
Do I live only on the outer edges of your pleasure / In Elizebeathan
times, the suburbs of England were the residences of narloss. Portia
says that she is not a harbot of Brutus who is only for his carnal
pleasure.

(ii) Explain briefly why Portia thinks that Brutus is worried about
something.
Portia thinks that Brutus is behaving in an leniently manner toward
her which he does not normally do Brutus also is in a confused state
of mind by which he is instantly getting irrigated.

(iii) What has Portia just said to indicate that she belongs to the inner
circle of Brutus' life?
Portia says that there exists a bond of marriage between them in
:
 which she can share his secrets.

(iv) What does Brutus mean when he refers to ‘the ruddy drops' and
his ‘sad heart'? Why is he feeling this despair?

Ruddy drops red blood drops, sad heart somoful heart Brutus is
desperate because of the mental conflict going on inside him by
which he is not able to take a decision?

(v) Whose daughter was Portia? Why is she proud of being ‘A woman
well-reputed?
Portia was the daughter of Cato an eminent scholar daughter an
eminent scholar and a person who fought against Caesar and while
of noble Bruuts who is considered the noblest of all the Romans.

(vi) What proof does Portia give of her strength of character and
power of endurance?
Portia makes a cut on her thigh in order to prove her strength of
character and power of endurance.
Act II Scene 2 : Caesar Chooses

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Enter Calphurnia

Chalphurnia
:
 What mean you, Caesar? Think you to walk forth?
You shall not stir out of your house today.

Ceasar

Caesar shall forth: the things that threatened me

Ne'er looked but on my back; when they shall see
The face of Caesar, they are vanished?

(i) In what mood does Calphurnia speak to Caesar? Why does she
warm him? When earlier had he been warned of this day?
Calphurnia speaks to Caesar in a frightened and agitated mood. She
had a night marish dream in which she saw Romes killing Caesar.
She considered it as a portent for the fothcoming danger to Caesar
and warns him of it. Caesar had earlier been warned of this ides of
March by a soothsayer on the feast of supercal.

(ii) What has Caesar noticed about the night? What did he ask his
servant to do them? Why?
Teasar noticed the disturbed state of heaven as well as the earth
(i.e., the thunder storm). He also finds that Calpurnia has shouted
thrice in her sleep for help. He asked the servant to bid the priests
make a scarified and instimate him about their opinion of his success
s he become off-late superstitious and believed in such things.

(iii) Caesar says: “Caesar shall forth" On what are Calphurnia's fears
based? State two unusual things which she has heard to have
happened.
Calpurina's fear are based on her rightmore about Caesar and also
:
 the strange sights witnessed by the watchman. She has heard that a
lioness had given birth to a cub is the streets and graves have
opened and let the dead come out.

(iv) What does Caesar say later about cowards? What does he say in
the extract to show that he is not threatened?
Caesar say's that cowards die is inagiration many times before their
death. He says that dangers only threaten him at his back and when
they see his face, they disappear.

(v) What aspect of the character of Calphurnia as well as of Caesar

is hinted at in the extract?
In the extract, Calpurnia is portrayed as a concerned wile Caesar is
depicted as a bold and courageous man.

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow

Calphurnia
Caesar, I never stood on ceremonies,
Yet now they fright me. There is one withim,
Besides the things that we have heard and seen,
Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch.
A lioness hath whelped in the streets,
And graves have yawn'd and yielded up their dead.

(i) What is meant by, “I never stood on ceremonies"? What is

Caesar's normal opinion on such things?
:
 I never believed in oners. Caesar normally does not believe in such
portents. He disregards calplpurnia;s fears.

(ii) Mention any three other signs enumerated by Calphurnia in her

speech. Why does she narrate such sights at this time?
Feirce warriors of fire were seen fighting in the clouds, from which
blood dropped down on the capitol. The noise of battle nested
through the ari, dying men groaned while ghosts shireked and
screamed in the stress she narrates such things is order to convince
Caesar about her fears to prevent him from going out that day.

(iii) Mention any three other signs enumerated by Calphurnia in her

speech. Why does she narrate such sights at this time?
Calpurnia is very much concerned about her husband's welfare and
is terrified at the thought of the danger coming upon Caesar.

(iv) What is Caesar's reaction to Calphurnia's fears? What does he

decide to do?
Caesar says that nothing can be avoided if it is proposed by gods.
He decides to go the senate house.

(v) What does Caesar a little later do to indicate that death is

inevitable?
Caesar says that death is the most certain thing to happen yet all
people fear it. This seemed strange to Caesar.

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
:
 Calphurnia

Alas my lord,
Your wisdom is consum'd in confidence.
Do not go froth today. Call it my fear
That keeps you in the house, and not your own.
We'll send Mark Antony to the Senate House,
And he shall say you are not well today.
Let me upon my knee prevail in this.

Caesar

Mark Antony shall say I am not well.

And for thy honour I will stay at home.
(Enter Decius)
Here's Decius Brutus, he shall tell them so.

(i) Where are Calphurnia and Caesar at this moment?

A room is Caesar's house.

(ii) State two reasons offered by Calphurnia for wanting Caesar to

stay at home.
Calpurnia wants to stay at she dreamt thrice that Caesar ws killed by
Romans. She also tells that she believed the terrible night as a
portent for the forthcoming danger.

(iii) Bring out three arguments Decius puts forward to make Caesar
change his mind.
:
 Decius interprets blood dream in a different way that the Romans
taking blood from Caesar's statue would revive Rome. He says that
the senators would change their mind of crowning Caesar. He also
says that the people might think that caesar is a traid.

(iv) Explain clearly in your own words the meaning of “your wisdom is
consum'd in confidence". Was Calphurnia correct in he judgement
for her husband ? Why?
You are so over confident that you cannot make a wise decision
Calphurnia's fears seem true because later is the play, Caesar is
assassinated which could have been avoided if he had to calpurnia's
words.

(v) What is revealed of Calphurnia's character in above words? How

is she contrasted with Portia who appears in the previous scene?
Calpurnia is a meek and concerned wife whereas Portia is a bold and
confident wife who demands things from Brutus regarding his
disturbed state of mind .

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Decius

Most mighty Caesar, let me know some cause,

Lest I be laughed at when I tell them so.

Caesar
The cause is my will. I will not come.
That is enough to satisfy the Senate.
:
 But for your private satisfaction,
Because I love you, I will let you know.
Calphurnia here, my wife, stays me at home.
She dreamt to-night….

(i) Where are the speakers at this moment? What day is this?
Decius and Caesar are is a room in Caesar's house.

(ii) What is Calphurnia dream? How did she interpret her dream?
How does Decius interpret her dream?
Calpurnia dreamt that Caesar was killed by Romes. She interpreted
the dream as a portent to the forthcoming probable danger to
Caesar's life. Decius interprets her dream that Rome will revive
because of Caesar's life. He says it in a positive way.

(iii) What other reasons did Calphurnia state for not wanting Caesar
to go to the Senate?
She says that the night watchman had seen a lioness whelp in the
street and graves opened setting the dead out of them. She fears all
these and does not wants Caesar to go to the senate house.

(iv) What other statements did Decius make to convince Caesar that
he should attend the Senate? How is it that Decius has come on the
scene at the time?
Decius says that the senators night change their mind crowning
Caesar as the king. He says that people will laugh at Caesar for being
afraid. Decius come there on hid mission to bring Caesar to the
senate house ol else he may not come as he become of late
suppression.
:
 (v) What is your opinion of Cesar at this point in the play? Express
your feelings for him when he is assassinated.
Caesar has off-late become superstitious but he is consumed by his
confidence. He is a man from between his love for his wife and his
pride, I fell sympathetic for such a personality to be delivered by his
intimate friend.

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Decius
If you shall send them word you will not come,
Their minds may change. Besides, it were a mock
Apt to be render'd, for some one to say
“Break up the Senate till another time,
When Caesar's wife shall meet with better dreams".
If Caesar hide himself, shall they not whisper
“Lo, Caesar is afraid"?

Caesar

How foolish do your fears seem now, Calphurnia!

I am ashamed I did yield to them.
Give me my robe, for I will go.

(i) What had Decius assured Caesar that the Senate were proposing
to do on that particular day?
Decius assured Caesar that the senate were proposing to crown
Caesar as king on that day i.e., the ides of March.
:
 (ii) When was a similar thing already offered and what was the
reaction of Caesar at that time?
A similar offering was made by Antony at the feast of supercal three
times but Caesar rejected the coronet offered by Antony.

(iii) What interpretation had Decius offered to Calphurnia's dream?

What was his motive?
Decius interprets the dream in a positive way saying that Rome will
revive from Caesar's life. He wanted to flatter Cesar by saying so and
take him to the senate – house.

(iv) Earlier in the play, Cesar himself had expressed, once to Antony
and once to
Calphurnia, other thoughts on the topic of fear. Describe as closely
as you can any one of the things he says about fear.

While returning from the FOL, Caesar says to Antony that Casius is a
person to be feared by others and not by Caesar because Cassius
was a deep thinker who needs a persons mind and is jealus about his
superiors. To calpurnia, Caesar say that e is wondering why people
fear death which was an necessary end but he does not fear it so.

(v) Explain in your own words the meaning of the phrase “it were a
mock/ Apt to be render'd. What is revealed of Decius' character in
the passage.
If Caesar heeding to Calpurnia's warning does not come to the
Senato house , there is a probability that it may be considered as a
jolee and he may be laughed at by the people. It reveals Decius
character as an unscrupulous.
:
 Act II Scene 3 : Warnings and Fears

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Artemidorus

There is but one mind in all these men, and

It is bent against Caesar. If thou beest not immortal,
Look about you: security gives way to conspiracy.
The mighty gods defend thee! Thy lover, Artemidorus.

(i) At what occasion does Artemidorus say these words?

Artemidorus is a symbolic individual. Whom does he symbolize in
this scene?
Artemidours says these words on the Ides of March before Caesar
goes to the capital. Artemidorous represents the honest common
citizens of Rome who are on Caesars side.

(ii) “There is but one mind in all these men". What kind of a mind do
the conspirators have? What is the difference in motives for
conspiracy between Cassius and Brutus?
The conspirators are all hostile towards Cesar and they are bent
upon killing Caesar. Cassius against Caesar as he is personally
jealous of him while Brutus joins the conspiracy for the general good.

(iii) Why are all the conspirators against Caesar? How would the
request ‘look about you' be significant at this time?
All the conspirators except Brutus have some personal grudge
against Cesar. Caesar feels that around him there are his noble
:
 friends but they, are the ones whom Caesar has to be aware of.

(iv) What is meant by, “Security gives way to conspiracy"?

Caesar is illusioned that he is secure with all his noble friends around
him but they are the real conspirators.

(vi) Besides Artemidorus, who else had warned Caesar about the
danger to his life? What was the warning and how did Caesar react
to the warning?
A soothsayer warned Caesar about the danger to his life. The
soothsayer warned Caesar to beware of the ides of March but
Caesar simply disregarded the warning.

Act II Scene 4: In the Streets – Warnings

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the question that follow :

Enter Portia and Lucius

Portia
I prithee, boy, run to the Senate House;
Stay not to answer me, but get thee gone.
Why dost thou stay?
Lucius
To know my errand, madam.

(i) Where does this scene take place? Give one example to show that
:
 Portia is agitated.
The scene takes place in the street before the house of Brutus. She
does not give as errand to Lucius but scolds him when she finds that
he still had not left the place.

(ii) What is the errand, on which Portia is sending Lucisu? What has
motivated
her to send Lucius urgently on the errand?
Portia asks Lucius to go and se how Brutus is and what the suitors
are pressing about Caesar. She knows that the conspiracies had
Leaked out and she is concerned about Brutus.

(iii) Whom does she meet a little later, which increases her tension?
What does that
person indicate that there is a possibility of an impending danger?
Portia meets a soothsayer. He says that he will stand on the streets
and warn Caesar to befriend himself as he fears an impending
danger to Caesars life.

(iv) Give two arguments put forward earlier to Brutus by Portia to

indicate why she should know his secrets.
Portia says that with the bond of marriage that exists between them
and that she does not live in the suburbs of his pleasure, she has
aright to know his secrets. She feels that she is different from other
woman who connot keep secrets while she can do so.

(v) What noise does Portia said to have heard a little later? Does
Lucius hear the noise? What can you conclude about this situation?
Portia hears a confused murmur like a conflict coming from the
capital lucius does not hear the noise. She is an agitated mood in
which she imagines things that does not happer.
:
 2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Portia
I would have had thee there, and here again,
Ere I can tell thee what thou shouldst do there.
O constancy, be strong upon my side;
Set a huge mountain ‘tween my heart and tongue!
I have a man's mind, but a woman's might.
How hard it is for women to keep counsel!
Art thou here yet?

Lucius
Madam, what should I do?

(i) Where is Portia sending Lucius? What does she tell Lucius to find
out about Brutus and Caesar?
Portia is sending Lucius to the capital. She asks him to see how
Brutus is and what suitors are pressing about Caesar.

(ii) Why is Portia externally distracted and internally anxious

according to the extract?
Portia knows that the conspiracy has leaked out and is externally
distracted because she finds it difficult to keep the news of
conspiracy as a secret. She is internally anxious as she feels there
may be harm Caused to Brutus due to the conspiracy.

(iii) Give the meaning of: “Set a huge mountain ‘tween my heart and
tongue!" What is the conflict from which she suffers as indicated in
this statement?
Put a barrier between the feelings of my heart and my tongue which
:
 would utter them. She finds it difficult of to keep the news of the
conspiracy as a secret. This is the conflict from which she suffers.

(iv) State in your own words what Portia means by “a man's mind but
a woman's ‘might." What does she feel is her weakness? Why?
She has a strong mind of a man who is determined but a woman's
night that she cannot keep counsel. She feels she is so weak that
she cannot keep the secret of the conspiracy which when leaked will
cause harm to Brutus.

(v) In what way is a sense of urgency indicated in the first two lines
of the extract? Where else, in the extract, does she show the same
attitude?
Portia orders Lucius to go to the senate house and come back
without assigning a job to him. When she finds Lucius still there
scolds him for not doing his job.

3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Soothsayer
None that I know will be, much that I fear may chance.
Good morrow to you. Here the street is narrow.
The throng that follows Caesar at the heels,
Of senators, of praetors, common suitors,
Will crowd a feeble man almost to death:
I'll get me to a place more void, and there
Speak to great Caesar as he comes along.

(i) Omens and soothsayers play a big role in Julius Caesar. What role
does the soothsayer play here? What effect does his presence have
on Portia and on the audience?
Soothsayer is a warning to Caesar as well as a person who
:
 comments on the super natural and earthly happenings Portia is
agitated whether he knew about the conspiracy or not while the
audience think that the soothsayer would be able to break the news
to Caesar or not. There is a suspense crated in this scene.

(vii) To whom does the soothsayer address these words? Explain the
first sentence
in the extract in the light of what has already been said to him.
Soothsayer addresses these words to Portia. Portia wants to know
whether the Soothsayer knew about any harm intended to Caesar.

(viii) What is meant by “the throng"? What would the throng witness
in a short time?
The throng = the crowd. The throng would witness the assassination
of Caesar in a short time.

(ix) What does the soothsayer want to tell Caesar? Why does he
wish to get for
himself a “ place more void"?
The soothsayer wants to warn Caesar of the danger to his life. He
wants a more void place as he is an old man who may be strampled
to death by the throng.

(x) Besides the soothsayer, there is another person waiting to

communicate on the road with Caesar. Who is he ? What does he
want to tell Caesar?
Artemidorous is waiting to communicate on the road with Caesar. He
wants to tell Caesar to be aware of his friends.

Act III Scene 1 : The Death of Caesar

E. ASSIGNMENTS
:
 1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Caesar
(To the Soothsayer) The ides of March are come.
Soothsayer
Ay, Caesar; but not gone.
Artemidorus
Hail, Caesar! Read this schedule
Decius
Trebonius doth desire you to o'er-read,
At your best leisure, this his humble suit.

(i) Where does this conversation take place? Why did Caesar tell the
Soothsayer:
“The Soothsayer had earlier warned Caesar of this day and now
Caesar scornfully says that the ides of March have come yet he is
free from danger. Caesar had met the soothsayer earlier on the F.O.L.

(ii) Who is Artemidorus? Whom does he represent in the play? What

is the
importance of his schedule?
Artemidorous is a teacher of rhetoric. He represents the common
people in the play. In his schedule, he warns Caesar of the
conspiracy and asks him to be aware of his surroundings.

(iii) Why does Artemidorus request Caesar to read his schedule first?
Artemidorous requests Caesar to nead his schedule first as it
concerned personally to Caesar.

(iv) Mention the two reasons given by Caesar for not reading the
schedule handed over by Artemidours.
:
 Caesar says that petitions that concerns him will be considered last
and Artemidorous is presenting his petition is the street which is
improper as he is to the senators to/ Caesar in the Capitol.

(v) Name two people in the scene who are trying to warm Caesar.
Name two other
people who defeat their efforts to do so.
The Soothsayer and Artemidorous are trying to warn Caesar. Decius
and Publius defeat their efforts to do so.

(vi) With reference to a previous scene, show how Artemidorus' fears

are justified.
In Act I, Scene II, Artemidorous prepares as suit to warn Caesar of
the conspiracy. His fears are justified because later in the play,
Caesar is assassinated by the conspirators.

(xi) In what mood is Caesar at this point of the scene? Give an

example to
substantiate your answer.
Caesar's wisdom is consumed with confidence. He remains adamant
and rejects the repealing of publics camber inspire of the pleadings
to made by Brutus and Ceassius.

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cassius
Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention.
Brutus, what shall be done? If this be know,
Cassius or Caesar never shall turn back,
For I will say myself.
Brutus
:
 Cassius, be constant.
Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes;
For, look, he smiles, and Caesar doth not change.

(i) “If this be known"- What does “this" refer to? If it would be known
what could happen?
This refers to their conspiracy. If it would be known, Cassius would
kill himself.

(ii) What duty is assigned to Casca? Why should he be sudden?

Casca should be the first to raise the sword on Caesar. He should be
sudden as they fear that the news of lonspiracy has leaked the
people may prevetn on Caesasr's face has not changed.

(iii) What has Popilius Lena said and done which makes Cassius to
fear? What did they think that Lena was saying? How does Brutus
show them that there is nothing to fear?
Popilius Lena wished success to Cassius enterprise and went
straight away to Caesar to speak to him. They thought they Lena was
saying their conspiracy against Caesar Brutus shows so by saying
that Len is smiling and talking to Caesar and the expression.

(iv) What was the task assigned to Trebonius?

Trebonius was assigned the task of taking mark Antony away from
Caesar.

(v) What petition did Metellus Cimber present to Caesar? In what

way did he flatter Caesar?
In his petitioin, Metellus asked for the repealing of his banished
brother, publics limber. He flattered Caesar by addressing him as
most high, most might and most puissant Caesar.
:
 (vi) Give two of the arguments given by Caesar to reject the petition
made by Metellus. Which trait of Caesar's character is highlighted in
these arguments?
Firstly , he is as constant as the northern star and cannot be
influenced by anyone secondly, Once publiks is banished from Rome
according to the law, he would not alter the laws. Caesar is too rigid a
person who sticks to the laws.

3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Caesar
But I am constant as the northern star,
Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
The skies are painted with unnumber'd sparks,
They are all fire and every one doth his place.
But there's but one in all doth hold his place.
So, in the world; ‘tis furnish'd well with men,

(i) What is the northern star? Give the meaning of :

Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
It is a star in the northern part of the sky which is constant it's
position Caesar says that there is no equal fellow is the sky who has
such permanent qualities as constancy.

(ii) Why does Caesar compare himself to the northern star? What is
the occasion for such a comparison?
He compares so to show that he is constant in his decisions and
connot be influenced easily. He says these words when Metellus
:
 asks for the repealing of his banished brother – publics comber.

(iii) State the comparison made by Caesar between the firmament

and the world of men.
Caesar says that there many stars in the sky but only the poles star
is constant in it's position similarly, there are many men in the world
but only one man is as constant as the pole star who is unassailable
i.e., Caesar himself.

(iv) Why is Caesar so stubbornness his attitude towards the

conspirators? What purpose does his stubborness serve on the
dramatic effectiveness?
Caesar is stubborn towards the conspirators as he feels that he is
invinilbel. His stubbornness justifies the assassination of Caesar,
which is done as they feared that the become an arrogant rules.

(v) What horrible event is about to take place in a short time? Who
was the first to strike? Why is Antony absent from the scene? What
could have happened if Antony were to be present to be present on
the scene?
The assassinations of Caesar in about of take place in a short time.
Casca was the first to strike. Trebonius had taken Antony on some
business away from Caesar. Antony might have trued to resist the
action of the conspirators and in the chaos might have been killed
along with Caesar.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
Brutus
Fates, we will know your Pleasures.
That we shall die, we know : it's but the time
:
 And drawing days out, that men stand upon.
Casca
Why he that cuts off twenty years of life
Cuts off so many years of fearing death.

(i) When does this conversation take place? In what state of mind are
Brutus and Cassius?
This conversation takes place after the assassinations of Caesar. As
they have not planned their action after the assassination, Brutus
and cassius are in a confused state of mind.

(ii) What is meant by the Fates? State in your own words what the
Facts were responsible for. According to the extract, what do men
know and what do they fear?
Fates are the goddesses of destiny. The fates were responsible for
the death Caesar men know for cretin that they should die but they
do not when they will die. That is what they fear.

(iii) What positive note does Casca strike in the death of Caesar?
What does Brutus
feel about it?
Casco says that they have helped Caesar by taking of twenty are
friends of Caesar as they have shortened his time of fearing death.

(iv) After the extract, what does Brutus ask the Roman's to do? In
what way does this seem to be a fulfillment of Calphurnia's dream?
Brutus asks the Romans to bathe their hands and swards with the
blood of Caesar A similar thing happened in Clpurnia's dream and
hence, her dream is fulfillment.

(v) State briefly the role played by the assassination of Caesar in the
story-line of Julius Caesar.
:
 The assasination of Caesar forms the claims of the play. In the story
line of Julius Caesar , all the incidents till now have been centered on
Julius Caesar as the protagonist. After the assasination of Caesar,
the play shifts it's emphasis to Brutus and his tragedy.

5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cassius
Stoop then, and wash. How many ages hence
Shall this our lofty scene be acted over,
In states unborn and accents yet unknown.

Brutus
How many times shall Caesar bleed in sport,
That now on Pompey's basis lies along.
Now worthier than the dust.
Cassius
So oft as that shall be,
So often shall the gave their country liberty.
The men that gave their country liberty.
Decius
What, shall we forth?
Cassius
Ay, every man away.
Brutus Shall' lead, and we will grace his heels
With the most boldest and best hearts of Rome.
(Enter a Servant)
Brutus
Soft, who comes here?

(i) When Cassius says “Stoop then, and wash", to whom is he

:
 speaking? What exactly does he mean? Who had just suggested
washing?
Cassius says these words to the assisinators. He hands upto their
elbow in order to turn their assasination into aritual. Brutus had
suggested this washing.

(ii) What is Brutus wanting to express when he says “how many

times shall Caesar bleed in sport?
Brutus considers cassasination of Caesar as a historical event which
would be repeatley enacted on stage shaving that Brutus and his
men were the heroes who liberated Rome of the tyranny.

(iii) Explain the meaning of ‘states unborn', accents' an ‘Pompey's

basis'.
States unborn = states that are not hounded yet. Accents =
languages. Pompey.

(iv) Briefly describe the ‘lofty scene'.

The lofty scene here is the assasination of Caesar, Cassius thinks
that this noble scene will be enacted many times in the coming ages
and people will call the conspirators as reformers purges. It was
Casac who first stabbed Caesar and was followed by all the
conspirators and last by Brutus. Then mighty Caesar falls saying et
the Brutus then fall Caesar.

(v) The servant's entry may be said to mark the turning point of the
whole play. Narrate, very briefly, in what way this is so.
The climax of the play takes place in this scene all the previous
scene have led to the assasinatin of Caesar the entry of Antony's
servant is the hinge of the play as he announces the counter stroke,
the reaction against the main action of the play. Antony, kept
deliberately is the background so has now, as the subtle and
:
 powerful champion of the dead Caesar.

6 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Antony
O mighty Caesasr! Dost thou lie so low?
Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils,
Shrunk to this little measure? Fare thee well.
I know not, gentlemen, what you intend,
Who else must be let blood, who else is rank:
If I myself, there is no hour so fit
As Caesasr's death's hour, nor no instrument
Of half that worth as those your swords, made rich
With the most noble blood of all this world.

(i) Where does the mighty Caesar lie? What is meant by “this little
measure? Give one example each of Caesar's conquests and his
glories.
Caesar is lying on the base of Ponpey's statue “ this little measure
the small area on which Caesar's body lies. Caesar had expanded
the berritory of Rome through his, conquest. The best example is the
battle of nervil.

(ii) Who are the ‘gentlemen' he address? What does he implore them
to do?
What does his request tell us about his character?
Antony address the asssasinators as gentleman; Antony implores
them to kill with the same swords and same hands that killed mighty
Caesar. It shout that Antony was a true lover of Caesar who was
needy to end up his life.
:
 (iii) Give the meaning of : “ Who else must be let blood, who else is
rank,
What, in your opinion , is Antony's reason for saying so?
Who else must killed as per your intentions you think have grown too
powerful. Antony wants to point out the savegery of the conspirators
for political benefit.

(v) What does Antony's expression, ‘the most noble blood of all this
world' indicate about Antony's feeling for Caesar?
Antony to has great respect for Caesar who considers Caesar as the
noblest of all men in the world.

(vi) What did Brutus tell Antony about the conspirator's feeling for
Caesar? Was Brutus honest? Why?
Brutus tells Antony that their action may appear bloody but it was
motivated lay the great injustice alone to the Roman Republic Brutus
was honest to his words as he joined the conspiraey completely out
of his love for Rome.

7 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Antony
My credit now stands on such slippery ground,
That one of two bad ways you must conceit me,
Either a coward or a flatterer.
That I did love thee, Caesar, O ‘tis true:

(i) When and to whom does Antony speak these words?

Antony speaks these words to the assasinators. He speaks these
words after making compromise with them.
:
 (ii) What is meant by the word ‘credit'? Why does it now stand on
such slippery ground?
Credit recitation, It stands on slippers grounds because he had made
a compromise with the assasinators.

(iii) What does Antony mean to say by the following words?

That one of two bad ways you must conceit me, Either a coward or a
flatterer.
Antony says that by making a compromise with the assasinators,
they can think of Antony is turo bad ways i.e. either a flatterer a
loward who compromise with his crimes.

(iv) What effect do Antony's action and words have on his listeners?
Antony's action and words change the minds o the conspirators to
make a compromise with him.

(v) What mistake did Brutus make by granting the request of Antony?
What did Cassius warn him then? What was the consequence of the
mistake?
By granting permission to Antony to speak at Caesar's funeral,
Brutus himself have passed the path for Romans mutiny against the
conspirator's. Cassius warded Brutus not to allow Antony to do so as
he felt Antony's speech may change the finds of the people
consequently Brutus & the conspirators fled from Rome & Antony
waged a war against them and destroyed all of them.

(vi) How did Antony prove that he could be both a coward and a
flatterer?
Antony proves himself as a coward by making a compromise with the
:
 assasinators as “gentleman all" Actually, Antony is neither a flatterer
nor a coward but he does so as a part of his sanity to avenge the
death of Caesar.

8 Read the extract given below and answer the question that follow:
Antony
Pardon me, Julius! Here wast thoud bay'd brave hart;
Here did'st thou fall; and here thy hunters stand,
Sign'd in thy spoil, and crimson'd in thy lethe.
O world, thou wast the forest to this hart;
And this indeed, O world, the heart of thee.
How like a deer, strucken by many princes,
Dost thou here lie!

(i) Who speaks these words? “Here wast thou bay'd." What is the
comparison implied in the expression? To what custom of the
hunters does it refer?
Antony speaks these words the comparison is made to Caesar, the
heart of Rome and ‘hart a stage. A stag is brought to day when it has
been hunted to a halt and forced to face the hounds. Similarly the
conspirators have put Caesar in a defenseless position and killed
him. The custom putting an animal at bay before killing it.

(ii) Explain the double meaning intended the expression, ‘brave hart'.
It is a pun of on hart and heart. The world was the forest in which
Caesar roamed as freely s a stag. He was so great that was the heart
of the world.

(iii) Who are the hunters in the present crisis? Give the meaning of:
“Sign'd in thy spoil, and crimson'd in thy lethe.
:
 The assasinators are the hunters at present Antony says that the
assasinators have marked Caesar with his own blood and now
Caesar ha forgotten all his earthly possessions.

(iv) In what was the world, “the forest to this hart" and ‘this', “O
world, the heart of thee"?
The world was a forest in which Caesar roamed as freely as a stag.
He was so great that he was the heart of the world.

(v) Why does Antony arouse Cassius' suspicion? What does Cassius
ask Antony as a result of the suspicion?

Cassius suspects Antony when he glorifies Caesar in his words over

the dead body of Caesar Cassius, full of suspicion asks Antony his
purpose of compromising with the assasirators

9 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
Antony
And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot form hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry ‘Havoc!' and let dogs of war,
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial.

(i) Why is Caesar's spirit ‘raging for revenge'? When and to whom
does Caesar's spirit appear later in the play?
Caesar's spirit will rage for revenge as he was killed in a devilling
manner. Caesar's spirit will later appear in the play to Brutus at sardis
:
 and later again at phillipi.

(ii) Who is Ate? Why is he name used in the context? What is meant
by, “confines"?
Ate is the greek goddess of mischief and revenge Antony says that
Caesar along with Ate would come and avenge his death confines =
regions.

(iii) With a monarch's voice ‘Cry Havoc! – This indicates absolute and
authoritative royal command for destruction. What does the
expression foretell about the things to come?
This expression foretells the civil strife was to occur in Rome which
would cause complete destruction

(iv) Who are ‘the dogs of war'? Which foul deed is referred to and
how will it ‘smell above the earth?
War is described as a destructive hunter with fierce dogs. The
assasination of Caesar is referred to as the foul deed.

(v) What would the consequences of these happenings be for the

conspirators and as well as for Antony?
The conspirators would be driven out of Rome and eventually their
life could end as a tragedy while Antony's position is the Roman
politics would rise.

10. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that
follow :
Antony
Yet stay awhile;
:
 Thou shalt not back till I have borne the corpse
Into the market place: there shall I try,
In my oration, how the people take
The cruel issue of these bloody men.

(i) To whom is Antony speakign? Why is this person here? Where are
they?
Antony is speaking to a servant of octavius. Octavius had sent him to
inform Antony of his arrival. They are before the capital.

(ii) What had Antony just said to this person before telling him to
“stay awhile"? How did this person help Antony?
Antony had asked him to return to Octavius and stop him from
coming to Rome as this had become a dangerous place for Octavius.
This person helped Antony by carrying Caesar's lorpse to the market
place.

(iii) Explain the meaning of “oration". What does the passage reveal
to us about
what Antony proposed to do?
‘Oration' means a public speech. Antony is proposing to influence
the Romans and make them rebel against the assasinators and also
he is planning for his own rise in the Roam politics.

(iv) Earlier, Antony said, “ Over thy wounds now do I prophesy."

Mention any three points of his prophesy.
There will be a severe civil strike in Rome.
Blood and destruction shall become a routine in one's life
Caesar's spirit along with ate shall cause utter destruction to Rome.
:
 (i) What trait of Antony's nature is shown in this passage? Give
examples of two other occasions in the play where a different aspect
of his character is shown distinct form the one shown in this extract .
Antony is pictured as a cunning planner. Antony's great lone for
Caesar is shown in his solioguy after Caesar's death and his courage
is shown when he asks assasinators to kill him in he was the next
person to be killed who has grown too powerful.

Act III Scene 2: The Funeral of Caesar

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Brutus
Be patient till the last.
Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my
cause; and be silent, that you may hear. Believe me
for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour,
that you may believe. Censure me in your wisdom,
and awake your senses, that you may the better judge.

(i) Where is Brutus? Whom does he request to be patient? On what

occasion is
this speach made?
Brutus is in a pulpil at forum. He requests the angry mob of Romans
to be patient. This specah is made in order to give their reasons for
assosinating Caesar.

(ii) How important was honour for Brutus? Give one example to
:
 justify your ansser. In what way did his commintment to honour lead
him to the present crisis?
Brutus honoured ' honour' rather than his life. Even while appealing
to the crowd, he asks them to believe him for his honour which was
very famous is Rome. His commitment to honour lead him to the
present crisis as he joined the conspiraly ogainst Caesar for 'honour;
and his patriotism to Rome.

(iii) "Hear me for my cause" What was his cause? Were his motives
genuine? How can you justify your answer?
Brutus cause was his ideal i.e., to free Reome from tyranny. His
motives were geniune as only Brutus had joined the lonspivacy
against Caesar with a noble cause, while the nest had joined for their
personal named towards Caesar.

(iv) What was the reaction of his listeners in the beginning as well as
at the end of the scene? How did the change in their attitude come
about?
In the beginning, the mob were on 'Brutus side while at the end they
were on Antiny's side. This attitude was changed due to Antony's
speech shich appeared thier hearts and also their gned.

(v) Give the meaning of : "Censure me in your wisdom." Who passed

censure on him? In what way has this changed the course of action
in the play?
Brutus asks the mob to criticise and judge him according to their
wisdom Mark Antony in his planned passionat e speech and his men
for causa's assosination Censures him.
:
 2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follwo
:
Bruts
Good countrymen, let me depart alone,
And, for my sake, stay here with Antony.
Do grace to Caesar's corpse, and grace his speech
Tending to Caesar's glories, which Mark Antony,

i.e as per their right and wrong with regard to the assasination of
Caesar later, / Antony rips apart all the Justification put forward by
Brutus. This makes the commoners turn voile and back Antony
strongly. From his point onwards

By our permission, is allow'd to make.

I do entreat you, not a man depart,
Save I alone, till antony have spoke.

(i) Why does Brutus intend to depart alone? Why are the listeners left
behind?
Brutus istends to depart, alone as he wanted the mod to listen to
Antony's speech. The mod were left behind to hear the funeral
oration made by Antony.

(ii) What explanatin had Brutus given in hi speech for the murder of
Caesar? What was the reaction of hi listeners?
Brutus says that caesar was ambination and would make a slave of
every Roman it made the king. The listeners called Caesar a tyrant
and acclained Brutus.

(iii) What explanation had Brutus given in his speech for the murder
:
 of Caesar? What was the reaction of his listeners?
Brutus says that Caesar was ambition and would make a slave of
every Roman is made the King. The listeners called Caesar a tyrant
and acclained Brutus.

(iv) who has given Antony permission to speak? Given any two
conditions under which Antony is allowed to speak.
Brutus has given Antony permission to speak. Antony should not
blame the assasinatin, He should speak only good to caesar ad
should say that he is speaking withe the permission of the mirderss.

(v) State which of Caesar's glories would Antony refer to in his

speech a little later. What does he want ot achieve by his speech?
Antony says that Caesar had brought many captives to Rome who
paid huge rasnsons. When the poor caried, caesar wept for them.
Antony wasnted to win over the mob and stir the mob ot rebel
against teh conspiratation.

3 Read the extract given below and answer the question that follow.
Antony
Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them,
The good is oft interred with their bones;
So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious;
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hatt Caesar answer'd it.

(i) As Antony ascends the platfrom to speak, what did the citizens
fee and say
:
 about Caesar, Brutus and Antony?
As Antony ascends the platform to speak, what did the citizens feel
and say about Caesar is a tyrant, Brutus as a purger who have freed
Rome and they are suspicious of what Antony was to say.

(ii) Whyd did the citizens stay behind to listen to Antony? In what
may does Antony repel their suspicion in the beginning of his
speech?
The citizens stayed behind as Brutus bid them to do so to listen to
Antony's funeral oration of caesar Antony repels the suspicion of the
bod by adressing them as friends and saying that he is greatful to
the mod for Brutus sake.

(ii) Give the meaning of: The good is oft interred with their bones.
The good deels done by men are often buried in the earth with their
bodies.

(iv) Which evil, which Caesar is said to have done, lives after him?
Give two examples of the good done by Caesar.
The evil of despotism lives after Caesar. Caesar brought home to
Rome many Captives who paid huge ransons and tha money caesar
utilised for the general citizens. when the poor cried out, is their
misery, caesar had wept for them .

(v) Why does Antony say "the noble Brutus"? Why does he use the
expression "If it were so"? Why couldn't he be frank in his remarks?
Antony ironically adrsses Brutus as noble Brutus to expose the
emptiress of Brutus action. he is indirectly influencing the nob who
are now on the assasinator's side by indirectly implying that Caesar
was not ambitious. If Antony was frank is his remarks, he would not
be able to win over the nob and also will be putting his life is danger.
:
 (vi) Why do you admire Antony at this juncture? State briefly how he
dealt with the crisis, he found himself in.
I admire Antony as he is standing by his friend though he is deal now
and is trying to anerge the death of his beloved friend. He is fulences
the mob by skilfully playing on their emotions and greed and
eventually frees himself out of the present crisis he is in.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
Antony
Let but the commons hear this testament-
Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read-
And they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds,
And dip their napkins in his sacred blood,
Yea, beg a hair of him for memory,
And, dying, mention it within their wills,
Bequeathing it as a rich legacy
Unto their issue.

(i) What is the testament and who are referred to as "the commons"?
The testament is Caesar's will the citizens of Rome are referred to as
" the commons".

(ii) Give the meaning of: "Bequeathing it as a rich legacy/ Unto their
issue."
The relics of Caesar will be left as a priceless inheritance to their
sons.

(iii) Antony uses hyperbolic (exaggerated) expressions in the extract.

What effect
would such a language have on the commons?
:
 By using such expressions, Antony can influence the mob more
easily.

(iv) Mention two of the purposes why the commons would dip their
napkins in Caesar's blood and beg a hair of his. Why is the blood of
Caesar said to be sacred? (Refer to the speech of Brutus earlier, in
which he indicates how caesar should be murdered.)
In Caesar's memory To beququeath it to their successors as a rich
legacy. The blood of Caesar is said to be sacred as he was a man
who revived Rome through his lfie.

(v) Besides the testament, which other item does Antony show later
to the commons? How does that incite the commons?
Antony later shows the wounds inflicted upon Caesar's body the
assasinators. The commons are moved at this sight and are
immediatley stimed to mebelion against the assasintors.

(vi) Stae briefly how Antony cleverly played on the emotions of the
common people and show how they reacted as he desired.
Antony begins the oration by adressing the commoner's as friends.
He flatters them, but he is prepared to be angry with thin, to shame
them by weeping once the cropse. he knew that this crouwd is
emotional and says that ambition should be made of sterner stuff
against the assosinators for the injurice done him.

5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
Antony
I tell you that which you yourselves do know,
Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb mouths,
:
 And bid them speak for me. But were I Brutus,
And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony
Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue
In every wound of Caesar, that should move
The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny.

(i) Why are the wounds referred to as "poor dumb mouths"? If Brutus
were
Antony, what would have happened in every wound of Caesar?
They are referred so as they are not able to speak out their griet. if
Brutus were Antony, he would have made every would of Caesar to
speak up and revolt referring to Caesar's refual to take the crown at
the FOL. The people are then completley on Antony's side and they
drove the assisnators awa from Rome.

(ii) What does Antony idirectly say to indicate that there should be a
mutiny? Bring out the irony in his words in the extract.
Antony ironically says that is Brutus were Antony he would have
stirred the souls of Romans and would make even the stones of the
road to rise up in refellion.

(iii) Throughout his speech, Antony repeats that the conspirators

were honourable. Why does he do that if he does not mean it?

Antony actullay does not mean to say the assasinators were

honourable but Brutus had asked Antony not to blame them, so
Antony repeatedly adresses the assasinators as honourable men
which later is the speech sounds follow.

(iv) At the end, how does the mob leave the scene? What do they
plan to do? What does Antony, being satisfied, say after the
departure of the mob?
:
 The mob leave the sceve in as agitated mood without thinking what
they are to do to anerge caesar's death. They plan to destroy the
conspirators, Antony says " Mischief, thou art a foot, take thou what
course with thou.

(v) Where does Antony go at the end of the scene? Whom does he
join there? What happens to Brutus and Cassius?
Antony goes to Caesar's house at the end of the sceve and joins
octavius and sepidus there. Brutus and cassius hae fled from Rome
as they knew the consequence of Antony;s speech.

(iv) Mention, with examples, any three of the tactics used by Antony
to make the common people slaves of passion and resentment.
Firstly, Antony frequently uses the word honourable to make it sound
follow. secondly, by referring to the tega hwom by Caesar, he
indirectly recalls the military acomplishment of Caesar. Thirdly,
Antony plays upon the greed of the mob by showing them the wice.

Act III Scene 3 : Mob Violence

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
Cinna

I dreamt tonight that I did feast with Caesar,

And things unluckily charge my fantasy.
I have no will to wander forth of doors,
Yet something leads me forth.
:
 (i) Who was Cinna? Why did he wander forth? What did he dream
that night?
Cinna was a poet. He went out of doors although he did not wanted
to as something impelled him to go out. He dreamt last night that he
had fested with Caesar.

(ii) What is meant by : things unluckliy charge my fantasy"? What do

you find irnical in this statement of Cinna?
Bad opens name filled my dream. This statement made by cinna is
ironical beacuse though not wants to go out, something compeled
him to go and eventually gets musdered by the angry mob.

(iii) Why had cinna no will to go about? What does the extract show
about the superstitious attitude of the Elizabethan age?
Cinna had no will to go about as he dreant last night tha someone
had musdered Caesar. Though it is a Roman play, shakespeare
makes use of the superstition attitude of the Elizabethans who
considered onens.

(iv) What type of question did the mob ask him? What did he tell
them?
The mob asked Cinna to tell his name, his residense, was he a
bachelor or not, was he enemy of Caesar and where was he going.
Cinna answer that his name was linna, he lived by the Captial, he was
his name was linna, he lived by the captial, he was a bachelor and he
was a friend of caesar who was going to attend the funeral of Caesar.

(v) How far has Shakespeare portrayed a frenzied mob in this scene?
Shakespeare portrayed the mob as group of shakespeare portrayed
teh nob as a group of fickle minded people who are easily swayed by
blind emotions. The mob does not have reasoning power and are
:
 hall-best to destroy the conspirators.

(i) Who asks Cinna so many questions? What has just happened that
makes them confused and irrational?
The mob asks Cinna so many questions. By listening to the different
orations made by Brutus and Antony, the mob are not in a position to
justify what is correct between those two. Hence they are in a
confused state

(ii) When Cinna says he is a bachelor, the second citizen concludes:

"They are fools that marry". Why is this conclusion not logical?
The conclusion is not logical as these words are uttered by the
citizen out of his anger which makes him speak illogical things.

(ii) What pun is intended by the word 'directly' in the extract?

The word can mean two different things. Firstly directly according to
the mob is plainly. Secondly, directly according to cinna is
immediately.

(iv) Why was it unfrotunate for the man to have Cinna as his name?
How did the citizens deal with him?
It is unfortunate for the man to have Cinna as hs name as it cost his
like one of th econspirators was also named Cinna. The citizens beat
him black and blue and probably killed him.

(v) What does this scene tell us abut the events to follow?
This scene fortells that Antony porphecy is going to become true.

(vi) What is the significance of this short scene in the play? What
purpose does it serve, dramatically?
:
 The scene signifies the irony the wanted to establish a repblican
state but in reality, they dramaticaly, this scene curches away from
the brutaual assasination of caesar to the comic killing of cinner, the
poet.

Act. IV Scene 1 : The Triumvirate Formed

(i) What is meant by "their names are prick'? Why are these names
prick'd what does this show regarding th custom of Elizabethan
times?
Their name are noted down. These names are noted down for
execution. It is a reference to the elizabethan custom of preparing a
proscription to sentence the traitors to death.

(ii) What was Antony's reply to the condition put forward by Lepidus?
What does Antony ask Lepidus to do then? Why?
Antony consensts to the condition put forward by depidus. Antony
then, asks depidus to fetch thewill from Caesar's house so that they
can cut off some money bequeathed by caesar to the citizens.

(iii) What opinion does Antony hold to Lepidus?

Antony describes Lepidus as "a slight unneritable man" and a
barren- spirited fellow", fit only to be their instrument for gaining full
power.

(iv) Antony has an action-plan for Lepidus, what does he propose to

do with him
after making use of him?
Antony proposes to use Lepidus to do their mean work and that later
he will force him into unrewarded retirement.

(v) What does Octavius say about Lepidus is a good soldire, who is
:
 very much experienced.
(i) Where are the three persons? What have they formed? who "shall
not live"?

The three person are is a room is Antony house. They have formed
the second triumvivate of Rome. Antony's nephew shall not live.

(ii) Om a previous occasion, Antony has referred to Caesar's will,

when talking to the Roman citisens. Show the contrast between that
rference and this.

Previously, Antony referes to will for the benefit of the commones but
at present, he refers to the will for his personal benefit.

(iii) Explain the meanings of 'determine' and 'charge'. What trait of

Antony's character is shown in lines 3 and 4?

Determine- decide: charge-expenditure-. Anton's unscrupulous

nature is shown in the lines three and four.

(iv) State any two of the three things that Antony says about Lepidus
after his departure.
Antony says that Lepidus is an unmeritable man who is not fit to be
their equal and he, is a dull spirited fellow who can be used only for
sending on errands.
Act IV Scene 2: The Begining of the Quarrel

(i) Who is Pindarus? Name his master. What message does he coney
to Brutus?
Pindarus is a servant ot cassisu. Pindarus hand to Brutus a letter
from Cassius and inform him that Cassius will come the soon.
:
 (ii) Render the following lines in your own words.
"In his own change, or by ill officers, Hath given me some worthy
casuse to wish Things done, undone."

Due to some change in himself or by bad officers, has given me a

good reason to wish that the things that happened had not
happened.

(iii) Given two reasons to explain why the master of Pindarus did
some things or did not do other things?
Cassis who is the treasfer of Pindarus leave taken and given officals
posts to unworthy Sardens. The bribes were taken to fund their
prepration.

(iv) What does Pindarus say about his master to Brutus after the
extract? How did the master receive Luciilius?
Pinmdarus says that Cassius will be these soon for he is courteous
and honourable. Cassius recieved Lucilius with sufficient courtesy
and respect, but not with such familarity as he used to before.

(v) Where does this scene take place? Why are Brutus and Cassuis
here?
This scene take place at sardis infront of Brutus tent Burtus and
cassius are here as they have filed from Rome and are now planning
to wage a war against the second triumvivates to regiain their
position in Rome.

(i) Who has just described whom? What happens? What is menat by.
" A hot friend cooling"?
Lucilious has just described cassius A passionate friend becoming /
:
 getting distracted.

(ii) When love begins to decline, what happens? What is said in the
extrac about sincere friendship?
When love begins to decline, it uses an enforced cemony sincere
friendship is without tricks and is honest.

(iii)Explain how men who are insincere in their friendship may be

compared to a kind of horse.
Men who are insincere in their friendship are like horses when at the
masters side make a great show and promise of their high quality.
But when made to feel the spur on action their heads fal and like
deceptive and worn out horses, they fail when put to the test.

(iv) whom is Brutus referring to as an insincere friend? what has

happened to their relationship now? Why?
Brutus is referring to cassius as an insincere friend, At present, their
relationship is a fit bittered because of same misunderstandings
between then.

(v) Compare the relationship between Brutus and Cassisus to that

between Antony and Octavius.
Brutus and cassius are not only friends but also brother-in-law
whereas Antony and Octavius for their personal benefit are standing
together.

(i) Whhich sober form of Brutus is referred to by Cassisus? What are

the wrongs? How does the sober form hide wrongs?
:
 The serious form of Butus by welcoming Cassius formally is referred
to here.

(ii) What precautions does Brutus suggest to take in the situation in

which Brtus and cassius are?
Brutus requests Cassius to come upto the

(iii) which two armies are referred to? Why should they perceive
nothing but love?
The armines of Brutus and Cassius are referred to. It the armies
come to know that there to a right between their leaders their morale
will deteriorate.

(iv) After this extract Cassius and Brutus give instruction to Pindarus
and Lucisus. What instruction does each of them give.?

Cassius instruct Pindarus to tell the officers to lead off their mear a
little far from the tent. Brutus asks Lucius to do the same and also
not to let any man enter his tent till their discussoin completed.

(vi) How does this scene indicate the lack of unity among the
cospirators?

This scene often referred to as the Quarel scene, exposed the lack of
unify among the conspirators. Brutus and Cassius are of logger fe

Act IV Scene3: The Quarrel and the Ghost

:
 Where are Brutus and Cassius at this time? Relate briefly what
charge Brutus lays against Cassius.
Brutus and Cassius are inside Brutus tent Brutus accuses Cassius of
takin tirbes and selling officers for gold to unevitable people.

(ii) What had Cassius just complained of, to make Brutus say "You
wronged yourself"? Explained the meaning of Brutus' words.
Cassius complains that Brutus has punished Lucius Pella for
accepting tribes. Brutus say that Cassius has wronged himself by
supporting Lucius pella who was corrupt.

(iii) What advice is Cassius giving Brutus in line 2 and 3? Do you

think that Cassius was being practical?

Cassius was advising Brutus that during a military crisis, it was not
wrong to accept tribes isorder survine and pay their legions. Yes,
cassius was being practical at this point.
(iv) what did Brutus accuse Cassius of when he said "Let me tell you
yourself. "? How did Cassius react to this?

Cassius is very much angered by Brutus accesation and threatened

to kill him if he was not his old friend.

(v) In the argument which continues between these two, Brutus

accuses Cassius of other faults. Point out two of these faults, and
say how Cassius reacted to these accasations. Do you think Brutus
was being fair to Cassius?

Firstly, Brutus accuse cassius of selling offices for unmeritable

people who did the hightest price and says that cassius has an itcing
palm. Cassius is angry and says it it were not Brutus. Who told this,
:
 would have been killed. Secondly, Brutus accuse that he had not
kept the word of friendship by refusing him certain sums of Gold,
cassius flatly denies refusal and says that the messenger had
minister pretend the message.

(i) What sort of corruptin is referred to in the extract? What has been
the reaction of Cassius, just before this extract, to this accusation?
The corrupt action of tibery is referred to in the extract. Cassius was
very much angered and threatened to kill. Brutus if he were not his
old friend.

(ii) What does the ides of March signify to them? For which purpose
did Brutus say that Julius bled 'for justice sake?
Ides of March was the day when they transformed into purges of
Rome by sacriicing caesar Brutus said so as they had killed Caesar
when he sheltered ----- and was ambitious.

(iii) State briefly how the disagreement between Cassius and Brutus
was resolved.
Though Cassius and Brutus are very affectionate towards each other,
they exchange not words in this scene as they both are ill -tempered.
Cassius offeres his heart to be killed by Brutus who then apologises
to Cassius for his behaviour and then they both are recog at the end
of the scene.

(iv) Given two examples from this scene to indicate that Brutus was
really angry with Cassius.

Brutus says that Cassius has as itcing palm and also says that
Cassius will swallow the posion of his word untill he gets, filled with it
burst open.
:
 (i) Given the meaning of: "You shall digest the venom of your spleen
Thoug it do split you. "What does Brutus say he will use Cassius for?
Brutus says that Cassius will swallow the poison of his anger even it
he burst with it Cassius will suffer for his anger. Brutus says that he
will use Cassius for his amusement when he is ill tempered.

(ii) Given two examples of the taunts which Brutus had indulged in
earlier which makes Cassius say "Is it come to this?
brutus says that Cassius has an itching palm, and also asks Cassius
to go and vent his splee an his bond man who will trembel at that but
not on Brutus.

(iii) Under what conditions had Cassius made the statement that he
was a better soldier than Brutus? How accurate is Cassius'
assessment of himself as a soldier? Given reasons for your answer.
Cassius says so when Brutus accusses time of raising money bu vile
means. Cassius is accuarte to his point Being a soldier, he has a
survival instinct. In order to survive and pay his men, he collects
tiibes and sells offices without bothering for moral issues.

(iv) What is meant by 'vaunting? How could Cassius prove his

vaunting at this point of time?
Vaunting - toasting Cassius proves himself as an able soldier then
Brutus challenging him (Brutus)

(v) While Brutus and Cassius are arguing, a strange visitor enters the
scene. Who is he? What is the purpose of his visit? How does Brutus
react to his arrival?
:
 The strange visitor is a poet he has come to bring back the lost unity
between the General Brutus contemprously regards him as a tigging
fool.

i) In what state is Cassius? Why is his heard richer than gold?

Cassius is desperate at Brutus words. Cassius heart is richer than
gold as it contain love for Brutus it.

(ii) Who is Pluto? Why is Cassius' heart compared to Pluto's mine?

Pluto is the god of the underworld Pluto's mind is rich in mineral
wealth is Cassius heart filled with love for Brutus is riches than Pluto
mine.

(iii) When did Cassisu dney gold to Bruuts? Why did the latter need
the gold? What explanation did cassius give for not giving the gold?

When Brutus needed money to pay his legions he sent a message to

cassius asking for gold. But the message was misinterpreted by the
messenger and hence cassius that he never denied any gold to
Brutus.

(i) What reply does Brutus give to Cassius after this extract?
Brutus asks Cassius to sheathe his dagger and paccities hm by
telling that Cassius words of rebuke will be considered as words of
humour by him.

(v) what is the dramatic importance of this dialogue? In what ways

does it influence the subsequent course of acton in the play?
This dialouge signifies the detachment between Brutus and Cassius
Due to the gulf in between them, Brutus and cassius lose the battlle
:
 later in the play.

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow :
Cassius
Portia, art thou gone?
Brutus
No more, I pray you,
Messala, I have here received letters,
That young Octavius and Mark Antony
Come down upon us with a mighty power,
Bending their expedition towards Philippi.

Messala
Myself have letters of the self-same tenor.

(i) Where has Portia gone? Why is Brutus so abrupt as to wave aside
the thought of Portia? What does it show us of his nature?

Portia is dead firstly, Brutus is a sfoic who considers grief and

happiness in a same maners. Brutus does not want to show his
personal sorrow infront of other men and he wants to concentrate
more in his present wone.

(ii) Who is Messala? What is the 'self-same tenor' of which Messala

speaks?
Messala is a friend of Brutus and Cassius Messala home recieved by
Brutus. In his letters, the newly fromed.

(iii) What othe news does Messala give just after this extract?
Messala is from Brutus of portia's death ofter this extract.
:
 (iv) What does Brutus come to know (from the letters he eceived)
about Octavius and Antony? Where does Brutus plan to meet the
enemy?
Brutus came to know that Antony and octavius are planning to March
along phillipi and meet them at sardis. But Brutus plans to meet the
enemy at phillipi.

(v) How strong had Octavius and Antony made themselves? What
was the fate of Cicero?

Antony and octvius have made themselves strong by joining their

armies. Cicero was executed to under the proscriptivs.

6 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Brutus
You must note beside,
That we have tried the utmost of our friends,
Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe.
The enemy increaseth every day;
We, at the height, are ready to decline.
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
Omitted, all the voyage of their life.
Is bound in shallowa and in miseries.

(i) To whom is Brutus giving the arguments in the extract? What is

meant by, "Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe"?

Brutus is giving these arguments to cassius. Brutus tells Cassius that

:
 their armies are large enough and the time for fighting for their
Cause is connect.

(ii) Give two arguments of Brutus to indicate that his military strength
is in an advantageous position.
Brutus argues that their military strength is at peak and can only
decline further. He also says that oppurnities come in life only at
times and they should make best use of it.

(iii) Brutus says, "The enemy increaseth every day." State how it
increases every day.

When Antony and his troops pass through sardis and reach phillipi,
they can recruit their army by taking soldiers among the sardains as
the surdians were displeased with Brutus & Cassius.

(iv) There is a tide in the affairs of men. _ What comparison is made

between the voyage of life and the voyage on sea?

The imagery of the high and low tide is used to indicate oppurtunities
that come to us. If we do not take advantage of them at their best,
we lose.

(v) According to Brutus, "On such a full sea are we now afloat." How
is this staement valid?

Brutus says that they are at the Lenith of their strength and can now
only decline. This statement is valid as they have utilised the most
they can from their allies as well as the sardians. Now ther is nothing
for them to do.
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 7 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Brutus
How ill this taper burns! Ha! who comes here?
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
It comes upon me. Art thou any thing?
Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil,
That mak'st my blood clod and my hair to stare?
Speak to me what thou art.

(i) To whom does Brutus speak in the extract? What is the setting of
the scene during this time?

Brutus speaks of the spirit of Caesar is the extract. It is a right in

sardis. Brutus is in his tent and there appears a cloudy appearnce of
the spirit of Caesar which seemed non of trous.

(ii) What is the apparition referred to in the extract? Why is it said to

be monstrous?
Caesar's spirit is the apparition reffered to in the extract. It is said to
be monstous as the ghost had a cloudy appearence and these was a
cruel look on it's face.

(iii) What does Brutus wonder about the apparition? What is the
effect of the apparition on Brutus?

Brutus wonders whether it was a god or angel or some devil. This

apparition had made Brutus blood cold and his hair to stand upright.

(iv) What does the apparition say to Brutus? What is the significance
of what the apparition says to Brutus?
:
 The apparition tells Brutus that he will see it again at philippi. It
signifies the end of Brutus at phillppi which is the battle field.

(v) Who else was present at the scene? Did they see the apparition?
State whether the apparition was the product of Brutus' imagination
Give a reason to justify your answer.

Lucius, Varro and Claudius were present at the scene. They did not
see, the apparition. It can be a byproduct of Brutus imagination as he
is filled with guift after assasinating Caesar.

Act V Scene 1 : Confrontation

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Octavius

They mean to warn us at Philippi here,

Answering before we do demand of them.
Antony
Tut! I am in their bosoms, and I know
Wherefore the do it; they could be content
To visit other places, and come down
With fearful bravery, thinking by this face
To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage;
But 'tis not so.

(i) Who are they referred to in line 1 ? What warning would they give?
:
 From where would they come to Philippi?
'They' referred to in line 1 are Brutus and Cassius. They would give a
warning of battle. They would come from sardis to Philippi.

(ii) Give the meaning of :

(a) Answering before we do demand of them.
(b) I am in their bosoms.
(a) Answering the challenge before we have made it
(b) I know fully what is in their hearts.

(iii) Whose military strategy has dictated that the battle should take
place at Philippi? What had Brutus argued regarding this strategy?
Brutus military strategy had dictated the venue of the battle cassius
says that they would better wait for the enemy to advance instead of
themselves going Philippi as they would fine all their soldiers with the
journey in the hearts of the enemies.

(iv) What opposition did Brutus meet against this strategy?

(v) What did Octavius hope that the enemy would do? What
according to him is the intention of the enemy?

Octavius hoped the enemy would warn them at philippi. According to

Ocavius, the enemy intends to challenge them before they have put
up one.

(vi) What, according to Antony, is the planning of the enemy? Why

does Antony feel so confident that he knows what the enemy intends
to show?

According to Antony, the enemy plans to come down to Philippi and

:
 challenge them in order to show off their courage. Antony feels so as
he knew the crofty trains of cassius and also what was in the hearts
of the enemies.

(vii) What message is brought to Octavius and Antony by the

messenger? How do these two leaders react to that message?
The messenge trought the news that Brutus and Cassius are
advancing towards them with their army. Antony gives in structions
for the battle but Octavius quarrels with Antony and deos nto agree
to kee to the left.

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:

Cassius
Now, Brutus, thank yourself:
This tongue had not offended so to-day
If Cassius might have rul'd

Octavius
Come, come, the cause. If arguing make us sweat,
The proof of it will turn to redden drops.
Look,
I draw a sword against conspirators;
When think you that the sword goes up again?
Never till Caesar's three and thirty wounds
Be well aveng'd or till another Caesar
Have added slaughter to the sword of traitors.

(i) Whose is the 'tongue' of which Cassius speaks? Give the

substances of what the tongue had said which so'offended' Cassius.
:
 Cassius speaks her of Antony's gongue. Antony calls Brutus and
Cassius as villains and traitors who faltered Caesar and killed him.
This made Cassius say.

(ii) Give a brief explanation of the earlier episode that Cassius is

referring to when he reminds Brutus that he has only himself to thank
for the present situation.

When the conspirators discussed about the assasintion of Caesar,

Cassius said that Mark. Antony would also be killed but Brutus
objected toit. Now Cassius says that Antony would not have
oftended them at the present situation is Brutus had lishened to him.

(iii) Givt the comments made by Cassius, in his next speech, when he
scornfully describes Octavius.

Cassius scornfully describes Octavius as a peevish h school boy who

is not worthy of such honour and he has how allied with a reveller.

(iv) What does Octavius mean by 'the cause'? State in your own
words the meaning of the last two lines of the passage - "or till
another Caesar... sword of traitors".

Octavius means that the reason for their talk is to start the battle
Octavius says that he shall only sheethe his dagger when Caesar's
deathis avenged or he himself is killed.

(v) Was Octavius successful in his task of vengeance? How does the
play end?

Octavius was successful in his task of vengance the play ends with
:
 the triunphat victory of Antony and Octavius but also with a
honourable death to Brutus.

3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
Cassius
Coming from Sardis, on our former ensign
Two mighty eagles fell, and there they perch'd,
Gorging and feeding from our soldiers' hands,
Who to Philippi here consorted us.
This morning are they fled awy and goen,
And in their stead do ravens, crows, and kites
Fly o'er our heads, and downward look on us,
As we were sickly prey: their shadows seem
A canopy most fatal, under which
Our army lies, ready to give up the ghost.

Messala
Believe not so.

(i) In this extract, Cassius narrates something he has seen. What is

it? Did he believe in the significane of such things earlier in his life?
Why?
Cassius tells to messala that he had seen two great eagles at sardis
which ate from the hands of thier soldiers. But in the morning he
finds that the eagles are, gone and in their place ramens, crous and
kite have appeared signifying defeat cassius, earlier in his life did not
believe in such things as he believed firmly is Epicurus, who did not
believe in onwers and protents.
:
 (ii) Give the meaning of : "As we were watching them shadows seem/
A Canopy most fatal." What do these lines signify?

Cassius says that the finds were watching them as if they were about
to die and their shadows seen like a canopy that hints death. These
lines signify defeact and death to Brutus and Cassius.

(iii) What did Cassius see on the previous day and on hat particular
morning? What do these signs signify?

Cassius on the previous day had seen two great edges eating from
the hands of his soldier and on that particular morning instead of the
eagels there come ravens, kites adn crous looking at them as if they
were a prey to them. These signify defeat to the assasinators adn
ultimatley their death.

(iv) How can you conclude from what Cassius says, a little latter, that
he was prepared for a possible defeat?
Cassius hints that he is prepared for a possible defeat by saying that
he is going to battle against his will like Pompey who did so and was
defeated in he battle of phrasalie.

(v) How does Brutus console him?

Brutus consoles hom by telling that hate cannot be stopped and
hence they should strengthen themselves with paptience and wait
for what night commence in the future.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
:
 Cassius
Then, if we lose this battle,
You are contented to be led in triumph
Through the steets or Rome?

Brutus
No, Cassius, no: think not, thou noble Roman,
That ever Brutus will go bound to Rome;
He bears too great a mind. But this same day
Must end that work the ides of March begun;
And whether we shall meet again I know not.
Therefore our everlasting farewell take.

(i) What has Brutus just said which makes Cassius say the words
given, in the extract? Which Roman practice is referred to in Cassius'
speech?
Brutus says that he will never commit suicide asit is a ceevardly act
acurding to stoicison. The Roamn practive of a plilosophy known as
epicurian philosophy is referred to in the speech.

(ii) State briefly to what extent Brutus bears a great mind.

Brutus honourably says that he will never go to inchains. It shouts
that Brutus bears Rome a great mind.

(iii) What was begun on the ides of March? How will the words of
Brutus be prophetic?

The task of reforming Rome from tynarny has begun on the ides of
March. The words of Brutus are prophetil as he ends his life later in
the play for ending to task he has begun.
:
 (iv) Do Cassius and Brutus meet again? Why?
Cassius and Brutus do not meet again as they both kil themselves to
prevent their capture by Antony and Octavius.

(v) Brutus and Cassius are affected by the latest events. This makes
them act in a different way than their normal behaviour. Give one
incident to illustrate this.

Brutus is affected by portia's death and he becomes short tempered

which is normally the charecer of Cassius on the Contrary, Cassius
had become philosophic like Brutus which is depicted whenhe says it
was his birthday and he thinks it will also be his deathday.

Act V Scene 2 : Brutus in Action

ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Alarum. Enter Brutus and Messala

Brutus
Ride, ride, Messala, ride and give these bills
Unto the legions on the other sie. (Loud alarum)
Let them set on at once, for I perceive
But cold demeanour in Octavius, wing,
And sudden push gives them the overthrow.
Ride, ride, Messala: let them all come down.
(Exeunt)

(i) Where does this scene take place? What is meant by 'these bills'?
:
 What is reffered to as 'the legions on the other side'?
This scene takes place at the plains of philippi these fills written
orders. The army led by Cassius is referred to as 'the legions on the
other side'.

(ii) What instructions does Brutus give? To whom are these

instructions to be given?
Brutus instructs Cassius that they should attack inOchavius and his
army. These instructions are to be given to Cassius and his army.

(iii) Brutuw hopes to have advantage at this jucture. What indications

has he perceived in this regard?
Brutus hopes to defeat Octavius, force are timid and back fighting
spirit, and that a sudden attach will be enough to defeat them.

(iv) Give the meaning of: "sudden push gives them overthrow".
Sudden attack will give Octavius and his army a defeat.

(v) What warning did Octavius give to Brutus the previous night?
How was the warning taken?
Octavius warns to Brutus that he will amenge Caessl's death. The
warning was unfeeded as it was Occording to Cassius, given by a
peervish school boy unworths of such honour.

(vi) What change do you notice in the character of Brutus in this

scene?
In this scene, Brutus ha sturned implushive and has a sense of
urgency at present.

Act V Scene 3 : The Death of Cassius

:
 ASSIGNMENS

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Cassius
O look, Titinus, look, the villains fly.
Myself have to mine own turn'd enemy;
This ensign here of mine was turning back;
I slew the coward, and did take it from him.

(i) Where does this scene take place? Who was the coward? Why did
Cassius slay the coward?
The scene takes place in the battle field at Philippi. The coward is the
flag-bearer of casius. Cassius slew the coward as he tried to nis
away from the battle field.

(ii) What did Titinius say about the error committed by Brutus? What
were the immediate consequences of the error?

Cassius says that he has become the enemy of his own frrops.
(iii) What did Titinius say about the error committed by Brutus? What
were the immediate consequences of the error?
Titinius says that Brutus gave the order for the battle too early
consequenlty, his soldiers in their confusion turned to look instaed of
profeeting cassius and his army.

(iv) On what errand does Cassius now send Titinius? What does
Cassius tell Pindarus to do for him?
Cassius sends Titinius to find out whether the men at his camp are
friends or foes, Cassius asks piadarus to ascend a hills and find out
what is happenign to Titinius.
:
 (v) Pindarus, Cassius' slave enters. What does he say? How does his
information seem to confirm Cassius' fears?

Pindarus says tht Titinius had been capture. This information confirm
Cassius feals of a defeat and he is completley dejected at this.

(vi) What does Cassius think aloud while Pindarus is away? Why is
the day significant to Cassius , in more ways than one?

Cassius thinks himself as a coward for letting his best captured front
of his eyes. This day was significant to Cassius in two ways, one was
his birthday and the other was his deathday.

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
Titinius
I will be here again, even with a thought. (Exit)
Cassius
Go, Phindarus, get higher on that hill;
My sight was ever thick, Regard Titinius,
And tell me what thou not'st about the field.

(i) Who are Titinius and Pindarus? Where are they at the moment?
Why?
Titinius is a friend of cassius while Pindarus is his bondsman. They
are the top of hill in the battle field of Philippi. They have como there
for shelter when they were surrounded by Antony.

(ii) Explain the meaning " even with a though". Why has Titinius to
go?
:
 Titinius says that he will go there and come back faster them the
speed of a thought Titinius had to go as Cassius had ordered him to
report the events at his sent.

(iii) What report did Pindarus now give about Titinius? How did
Cassius interpret this report?
Piadarus reports to Cassius that Titinius was captured. Cassius
interprets this reprot himself as a loward for letting the enemy
capture Titinius.

(iv) What action did Cassius now take? How did the outcome of this
action affect Pindarus? How did (a) Titinius and (b) Brutus react to
what Cassus did?
cassius decided to kill himself. Pmdarus had to flee from Rome.
Rome as a consequence of this action. Titinius killed himself out of
his layalty and Brutus was gelief stricken with Cassius death.

(v) Refer to, or quote, what Cassius said to Brutus earlier in the play
to prove that this tragedy could have been avoided. What had Brutus
replied to him them? Refer to another occasion when a somewhat
similar mistake had been made by Brutus. What is your opinion of
Brutus and Cassius in this connection?

Cassius says now Brutus thank yourself . This tongue had not
offended so today if cassius might have rul'd" Antoher occasion was
when Brutus gave order for the vattle to be held at Philippi. Cassius
objected to it. Here, I think Brutus as an in experienced and soldier
who ought not have made decisons on the costrary Cassius is an
experienced and efficient soldier than Brutus.
:
 3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
Enter Pindarus
Come hither, sirrah.
In Parthia did I take thee prisoner;
And then I swore thee, saving of thy lfie,
That whatsoever I did bid thee do,
Thou shoudst attempt it. Come now, keep thine oath;

(i) What had Pindarus been looking at? What did he report on what
he thought he saw?

Pindarus had been tooking at Titinius who went down hill. He

reported to Cassius that Titinius was captured and taken as a
Prisioner.

(ii) What is meant by, "I swore thee"? What had Pindarus promised to
do? What is he asked to do now?
Promised me" Pindarus had promised to do whatever Cassius tid him
to. He is asked by Cassius to stab him.

(iii) Narrate what has happened a few minutes earlier which makes
Cassius desperate. Was Cassius noble in taking the final decision
about himself? Give a reason to justify your answer.

When Pindarus reported that Titinius was taken pruiners, Cassius

was completley dejected and decided to end up his life as he feared
defeat in the war and being taken as a prisoner to Rome. Cassius is
noble in his decision, becuase he really thinks that going to Rome
baned in chains was an ignoble act and it would be more nobler to
die inwar than be captured only lead them to tragedy.
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 (iv) What makes it difficult for Pindarus to keep his oath now?
The Loyatly of Pindarsus towards Cassius makes it difficult for him to
keep him oath.

(v) What is the evil influence which drives Cassius towards self
destruction? Should one believe in such influences? Why?
The death of Cassius is completley in charecter Moody, nervous,
Passionate and offectionated, he fals avictim to his own feeling and
delussions and commisss suicide. One should not be influenced by
such thouths as they are will only lead them to tragedy.

4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:

Titinius
What, Pindarus! Where art thous, Pindarus?

Messala
Seek him, Titinius, whilst I go to meet
The noble Brutus, thrusting this report
Into his ears; I may say, thrusting it;
For piercing steel and darts envenomed
Shall be as wlecome to the ears of Brutus
As tidings of this sight.

(i) Where does this scene take place? Who are Titinius and Messala?
Why have they come to the scene?

This scene takes place on a hill on the battle fields of Philippi. Titinius
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 and Messala are friends to casius. They have come into the scene to
tell Cassius of Brutus victory.

(ii) Where has Pindarus gone? What has made him go away?
Pindarus has flewn away from Rome. He had done so as he killed
Cassius though was according to cassius will, it would be considered
as a murder.

(iii) What report is Messala going to give Brutus? Why would the
report be like thrusting something into Brutus' ear?

Messala is going to report the death of cassius to Brutus. He says t

thrusting because this news would be much painful to Brutus than
piercking perisoned daggess is his ears.

(iv) Titinius recollects that Brutus has sent a wreath of victor to be

given to Cassius. What victory is referred to? What does Titinius do
with the wreath? How did Cassius misinterpret the signs fo victory?

Brutus, victory Octavius is referred to. Titinius placed the uneath

around Cassius, forehead cassius through Pindarus misinterpreted
the sign of victory by thinking that the victorious shouts were from
the enemies who hav ecaptured titiness.

(v) State briefly how Titinius pays his respects to Cassius, his dead
friend.

Titinius laments over Cassious body and places the wealth on

Cassius foreheda. He thins kills lims with the same dagger that
Cassisu killed himself.
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 5 Read the extract given below and answer the questins that follow:
Titinius
Alas, thou hast miscounstrued every thing.
But hold thee, take this garland on thy brow;
Thy Brutus bid me give it thee, and I
Will do his bidding. Brutus, come apace,
And see how I regarded Caius Cassius.

(i) Where is Titinius at this moment? Whom is he talking to?Why?

Titinius is on a till an the battle fied at Philippi. He is talking to the
dead bodyof Cassius. Cassius had killed himself because of his
desire to be a freeman.

(ii) Explain the meaning of "misconstrued". What are the things that
had been misconstrued? For what reason?
Misconstrued Misinterpreted Cassius had misinterpreted the shout
of joy by the soldiers as their sheufs for capturing Titinius. He thinks
so as pindarus had wirnumed the seene and had reported to
Cassius.

(iii) What was the "garland" a sign of? Why did Brutus send it?

The 'garland' was a sign of victory. Brutus send the 'garland' to

inform Cassius of Brutus, victory against fctavius.

(iv) Explain the meaning of " regarded". How did Titinius now show
his regard? What did Brutus say about Titinius and Cassius when he
arrived?
Regarded respected Titinius showed his regard to Cassius by placing
the garland around Cassius forhead.
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 (v) This scene shows the beginning of the end of the conspirators.
What reason does Brutus give for what he saw? Explain how his
reason is proved to be true in his own case later.
Brutus by looking at Cassius dead body says that Julius Caesar is
even more powerful after his death and is turning their daggers
towards their bodies. This reason is proved at be true as Brutus also
ends his life with the name of Caesar on his lips.

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Brutus
Are you tow Romans living such as these?
The last of all the Romans, fare thee ell!
It is impossible that ever Rome
Should breed thy fellow.

(i) Where is Brutus? About whom is he speaking?

Brutus is an a hill on the battle field of Philippi. He is speaking about
Cassius and Titinius.

(ii) What does he mean by “The last of all the Romans?

Brutus says that Cassius was the last man fit to be called a Roman.

(iii) Give a brief clear account of the events which immediately

precede this speech and give rise to it.
Cassius is an a dejected mood. In addition to it, the report given by
Pindarus makes him desperate and he kills limself. Titinius out of his
layalty of Cassius, kills limself. At this juncture, Brutus give the above
speech.

(iv) This event combined with another factor caused the death of
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 Brutus a little later. Explain briefly.

(v) What instructions does Brutus now give his friends?

Brutus kids farewell to all his friends. Prior to this, he asks them to
hold his leaguer while he runs on it. Everyday except strato refuse to
help him.

Act V Scene 4 : The Battle Lost

E. ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:
Lucilius

O young and noble Cato, art thou down?

Why, now thou diest as bravely as Titinius,
And mayst be honour'd being Cato's son.

First Soldier
Yield, or thou diest.
Lucilius
Only I yield to die:
There is so much that thou wilt kill me straight.
(Offering money)
Kill Brutus, and be honou'rd in his death.

(i) Who is young Cato? What reference was made in the play earlier
about his father?
Young cato is the brother–in –law of Brutus. His father is Marcus
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 Cato was a philosopher and he taught against Caesar in the Battle of
phrasal.

(ii) In what respect, the death of young Cato is similar to that of

Titinius?
Cato and Titinius that had died for the salee of lone and bonus. Cato
had die for his lone for the republic while Titinius died out of his lone
for Cassius.

(iii) Why would the enemy soldiers not wish to kill Lucilius? Why
would Lucilius want to be killed? How does Lucilius escape death?
The enemy soldiers did not wish to kill Lucilius whom they had
mistaken to be Brutus as they knew the worth of Brutus. Lucilius
wanted to be killed in order to same the life of Brutus Lucilius
escapes hi death when Antony recognises him and asks his soldiers
to take good care of him as he considered Lucilius worthy to be a
friend.

(iv) What is meant by, “Only I yield to die"?

Lucilius says that he is surrendering on the condition that they
should kill him.

(v) Who discover that Lucilius was pretending to be Brutuss? What

does that person think of Lucilius?
Antony discovers that Lucilius was pretending to be Brutus. Antony
now realises the value of having loyal followers and asks his soldiers
to take good care of Lucilius.

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
:
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 Lucilius
Safe, Antonly; Brutus is safe enough;
I dare assure thee that no enemy
Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus;
The god defend him form so great a shame!
When you do find, or alive or dead,
He will you do find, or alive or dead,

(i) In what sense is Brutus safe enough? How are the second and the
third lines of the extract prophetic, i.e. indicative o what is going to
take place?
Lucilius says that Brutus is safe at present the second and third lines
are prophetic as Antony find a dead Brutus and does no win the
honour of killing Brutus.

(ii) Who has just been killed when Lucilius is captured? Who has
captured Lucilius? What have they done with him?
Young cats has just been killed when Lucilius in captured Antonys
soldiers have captured Lucilius they took him to Antony who
recognised him and asked the soldiers to take care of Lucikius.

(iii) “The gods defend him from so great a shame!" What was
considered shameful according to Roman custom?
According to the Roman custom, defeat was a great shame. And
being defeated in a war taken to Rome in chains was a greater
shame.

(iv) What is happening on the battlefield? Who is emerging

victorious?
On the battle field, the battle between the troops of Brutus and the
troops of ochavius and Antony is going on. Antony and ochavius are
emerging victorious.
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 (v) There seems to be two objectives in Lucilius' impersonating
Brutus. What do you think are these objectives?
Firstly Lucilus wants to save the life of Brutus and give him some
opportunity to escape secondly, he wanted to show his devotion to
his master by putting his life in danger.

Act V Scene 5 : The Death of Brutus

E. ASSIGNMENTS

1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

Brutus
Nay, I am sure it is, Volumnius.
Thou seest the world, Volumnius, how it goes;
Our enemies have beat us to the pit: (Alarum)
It is more worthy to leap in ourselves,
Than tarry till they push us.

(i) Who is Volumnius? Why does Brutus show intimacy to him? What
favour
does Brutus expect from him?
Vlumnius is a friend of Brutus as well as his class –mate at school
Brutus shows intimacy to him as he was his school mate Brutus asks
Volumnius to hold the sword while he runs over it.

(ii) The ghost of Caesar appeared to Brutus twice. What did the
ghost tell Brutus in Sardis? What does it indicate here in Philippi?
The ghost told Brutus at sardis that it would appear again to him at
Phillppi. It indicates the ultimate defeat and death of Brutus.
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 (iii) Name two of Brutus' friends who have already refused to kill him
What dos Volumnius say for not agreeing to carry out Brutus' wish?
Clitus and ordanius have already refused to kill Brutus. Volumnius
disagress to Cary out Brutus wish by saying that it was not a friend's
duty to do such on act.

(iv) Give the meaning of, “Thou seest the world, Volumnius, how it
goes, Our enemies have beat us to the pit."
Brutus says that you have seen the ways of the world and our
enemies have drives us to a deep pit as it we were animals and those
hunters wanted to hunts us down by pushing us the pit.

(v) Briefly state the misfortunes enumerated by Brutus to Volumnius.

Brutus tells that the ghost of Caesar had appeared to him at different
times in the night once at sardis and here at Philippi . He fears that
he shall have defeat and death.

2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that
follows:
Brutus
Countrymen,
My heart doth joy, that yet in all my life
I found no man but he was true to me,
I shall have glory by this losing day,
More than Octavius and Mark Antony
By this vile conquest shall attain unto.
(i) Where and when is Brutus speaking?
Brutus speaks these above on the plains of Philippi while giving
farewell to his friends.
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 (ii) What recent events have prompted Brutus to say “ I found no man
but he was true to me"?
Earlier in the play, Lucilius impersonates Brutus inorder to make the
escape of Brutus early and save his life.

(iii) Would you include Cassius among those who were “true" to
Brutus?
Give your reasons briefly.
Cassius at first was not true towards Brutus but later we find that
Cassius is ready to anything to maintain his friendship with Brutus.

(iv) Who finally serves Brutus before Octavius and Mark Antony
arrive on the scene?
Strato finally serves Brutus before Octavius and Antony arrive on the
scene.

(v) Do the speeches of Antony and Octavius which end the play
prove Brutus' words to be true as quoted in the last three lines of the
above passage?
Yes, the speeches of Antony and Octavius seems to be true as they
themselves are praising known that Brutus had gained more glory by
losing winning the battle.

3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
Antony
This was the noblest Roman of them all;
All the conspirators save only he
Did that they did in envy of great Caesar;
He only, in a general honest thought
And common good to all, made one of them,
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 His life was gentle, and the elements
So mix'd in him, that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, ‘This was a man!

(i) When does Antony speak these words? Who was ‘the noblest
Roman of them all" Which people are included in the world," “all"?
Antony speaks these words when he finds the dead body of Brutus.
Brutus was the noblest Roman of them all, refers to the faction of
conspirators.

(ii) Give the meaning of :

He only, in a general honest thought
And common good to all, made one of them.

Antony says that Brutus unlike the conspirators had joined the
conspiracy be cause he honestly believed that Caesar should be
killed for the general good of all people.

(iii) By preferring to the Elizabethan way of thinking, state in what

way was the ‘noblest Roman' a perfect human being.

According to the Elizabethans, the human body had four elements

earth, air, fire water. A man's nature was determined by the presence
of predominant Eleanor in him. The perfect human nature, as in the
case of Brutus, had a balance of all four elements.

(iv) What does Octavius order with regard to the funeral of the
noblest Roman? Does he deserve such a burial? Give a reason to
justify your answer.
Octavius orders that Brutus funeral should be held with military
honors. Brutus surely observed such a burial as he was the man as a
true Roman thought of purging Rome and eventually died for the
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 nation in is attempt to do so.

(v) Briefly state how the play propagates the idea that disloyalty and
conspiracy do not succeed.

The conspirators who were once loyal friends to Caesar had turned
against him out of sheer jealousy. Consequently, the all up their lives
and the good triumphant the end believed that Caesar should be
killed for the general good of all people.
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