UNIT 2 STANDARD TIME

The result of time study is

called the standard time. It
means the time required to
perform the operation with the
conditions fully qualified,
trained operator, working at
standard pace and exerting
average effort.
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The calculation of the standard time or type time is the first stage in the time
study data processing.

Although the specialist in the middle of the analysis may consider it

necessary to re-observe the operations, this phase It does not require great
arithmetic mastery.

It consists of common and current calculations which can be done in a short

time with the help of an assistant or by means of using a spreadsheet.
However, it does require a lot of capacity,consistency analysis of the data
obtained in the observation phase and an evident knowledge of the
measures to take depending on the situation present.
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From observed times to standard time

The conversion of a series of observed times into standard or type times

requires the systematic application of a series of steps in which it is important
that the analyst is clear about the theoretical basis of work timing, rhythm
assessment, and study supplements.

1. Data consistency analysis

The analysis of the consistency of each element requires studying the

variations that can be perceived in the observed times. The measures that
must taken according to the results of each analysis are the following:

• If it is determined that the variations are due to the nature of the element, all
readings are preserved.
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• If it is determined that the variations are not caused by the nature of the
element, and the previous and/or subsequent reading where the variation is
observed they are consistent; the inconsistency of the element will be due to
the lack of skill or lack of knowledge of the task on the part of the worker. In this
case, if a large number of observations are consistent, we can eliminate
extreme observations and keep only normal ones. In it same case, if it is not
possible to distinguish between extreme observations and the normal ones, the
study must be repeated in its entirety with another worker.
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• If it is determined that the variations are not due to the nature of the
element, but the reading after and/or before the element where it is
observe the variation, they have also suffered variations; this situation
occurs due to errors in timing, committed by the time taker. Yeah the
number of extreme cases is minimal, these are eliminated, and kept just
the normal ones. If, on the other hand, this error has been made in many
readings, although not all of them are on the same element; the most
indicated is repeat the study, and this repetition must be done as many
times as necessary necessary until adequate consistency is achieved in
the observations of each element.
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• If it is determined that the variations have no apparent cause, they must be
carefully analyzed before being eliminated (if possible return to the
observation phase). A reading should never be accepted abnormal as well as
inexplicable. If there are any doubts, it is recommended repeat the study
To avoid repetitions of the study, it is recommended to recognize the
importance of special annotations in the timing process, given that this
Information is vital to identify the causes of a given variation.

It is crucial that the professional takes into account from this stage that the
process in issue can be affected by variability, so applications of the
standard time must take this underlying phenomenon into account.
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2. Calculation of the average per element

After the data consistency analysis phase, we move on to a stage of

simple arithmetic. We must calculate an average for each element of the
operation that has been observed at different times. To get the average
per element, it is necessary:
• Add the readings that have been considered consistent

• Readings element 1
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In this case, reading No. 5 is not considered consistent (in stage 1).
• The number of readings considered for each element is noted as consistent

(LC = Consistent Readings). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

In this case the number of consistent readings is equal to 9.

• For each element, the sums of the readings are divided by the number of considered
readings; The result is the average time for the element (Te = Average Time per
element).
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3. From observed times to normal basic times

To carry out this phase, it is important to take into account how the work rate,
that is, what method was used to determine the cadence of the observed
activities, whether a factor was determined for each element or for each
observation.

• If a rating has been determined for each item (remember that element is not
equal to observation, since an element can have multiple observations), the
following procedure will be applied to each element (Tn =Normal time )
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For example, if we assume that the worker had a work rate factor of 95 (indicating that you
worked below the expected cadence); and we assume, as usual, that the standard rhythm
factor is equal to 100; we will have to, for an average time of 0.345:

If a rating has been determined for each reading (observation of time), the following will be
done for each element:

If the element average has already been calculated, the first method should be used.
Otherwise, and with the help of a spreadsheet, it is more convenient convert observed times
to basic or normal times for each reading and then calculate the average of these. In this
way, the same will be obtained result
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4. Addition of supplements (Time granted by element)
In this step, the tolerances for supplements granted to the time are added. basic
or normal, obtaining the time granted for each element. It is common that the
supplements are determined in percentage terms, so these factors should affect
the timing of each element, as long as the conditions that were evaluated to
determine the supplements are part of the operational context in which each
observed activity of the element was developed, the first method should be
used.

Otherwise, and with the help of a spreadsheet, it is more convenient convert

observed times to basic or normal times for each reading and then calculate the
average of these. In this way, the same will be obtained result.
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The following procedure will be applied to each element (Tt = Time Allowed
Elementary):

For example, if we assume that the element has 13% supplements, we will
have to (for a normal time of 0.328):
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5. Frequency smoothing (total time allowed)

In this step, the frequency per operation or piece of each element is calculated, that is,
That is, how many times is the element executed to produce a part? Repetitive elements,
by definition, occur at least once in each cycle of the operation, so in its respective line 1/1
will be entered if a once per operation, or 2/1 if they occur 2 times per operation. Casual
elements (for example sharpening tools) usually happen only every 5, 10 or 50 cycles; In
this case it would be noted in its respective line of frequency 1/5 if that element occurs
(sharpening tools, for example) once every 5 operations, or 1/10 if given 1 time after 10
operations.

Then the Elemental Allowed Time (Te) is multiplied by the frequency of the element (which
will be written, as already mentioned, in the form of a fraction). He The product of this
multiplication will be called Total Time Allowed (Ttc = Time Total Granted).
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Suppose that the element we have used as an example is a repetitive element
that occurs 3 times per operation. That is, in the operation to produce part A, the
element that must be performed must be performed 3 times.
we will calculate (with a time Tt equivalent to 0.371):
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6. Standard or type time

In this step, the total times allowed for each element that are added are added.
is part of an operation, and the standard time per operation is obtained.

Suppose that the element that we have used as an example, called element
"A", is part of a series of elements called elements A, B, C, D, E, F. We will
have the following:
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Definition of production standard

A unit of measurement that indicates the normal level of performance for a industrial operation
and which can be expressed as time per unit or units per hour or day

For example, if a team's time standard per unit is 10.345 min per unit, you also can determinate units per
hour, like 1-10.345 (?-60 min)

(1*60/10.345)= 5.79 units per hour and this is the production std

And the total production capacity, depends of the time you have to produce in a
day or week or month…
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With the las example if you produce a unit in 10.345 min, your capacity of production will be:

If the company has 3 shifts of 8 hours per day and rest periods of half an hour per shift, the time
available to produce per day is 3*8=24 24 hrs in minutes is equal to 24*60= 1,440 min per day , but
we subtract 30 min *3 (90 min breaks) = 1,440-90 = 1,350 min available per day.

It means, that your production capacity per day is:

PC=Available time/time per unit

PC= 1,350min/(1unit/10.345min)= 130.49 units per day rounded is 130 units per day

And you need to convert available minutes and unit per minute, available hours and unit per hours,
etc