NAME : BELLO ADENIYI SULAIMON ST10146281

SEMSESTER : SEMESTER IV

DEPARTMENT: ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE

COURSE NAME: RISK MANAGEMENT

CODE: FRKM 202

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: Define Credit Risk and detail techniques to manage

credit risk exposure. Provide examples.

INTRODUCTION

Credit risk management is one of the most crucial aspects of financial risk management. The
risk of loss arises from a borrower’s failure to repay a loan or meet contractual obligations. It
is a significant concern for financial institutions, as it can lead to substantial losses and even
bankruptcy.

Credit risk management is a multifaceted process that encompasses the identification of

potential risks, the measurement of these risks, the appropriate treatment of these risks, and
the actual implementation of risk models. This process involves a range of techniques and
strategies designed to mitigate the impact of credit risk on financial institutions. The credit
risk management process is complex and requires a deep understanding of the underlying
factors contributing to credit risk. It involves using advanced analytical tools, such as credit
scoring models, credit analysis, and credit derivatives, to identify and measure credit risk.
The treatment of credit risk involves using a range of techniques, including credit insurance,
credit swaps, and credit default swaps, to manage the risk of default. The actual
implementation of risk models involves using sophisticated algorithms and statistical models
to predict the likelihood of default and to develop strategies for managing credit risk. In
summary, credit risk management is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep
understanding of the underlying factors contributing to credit risk and the use of advanced
analytical tools and techniques to manage this risk.
The extent to which credit risk is managed and the methods used for the same, depend on the
size and complexity of the exposures. Financial institutions such as banks, investment
dealers, trust companies, insurance companies, and credit unions are usually exposed to
significant credit risks due to their focus on lending and trading. Although credit risk is
commonly associated with lending, it is also a major concern often overlooked by other
business entities, such as corporations.

Managing credit risk exposure involves identifying, measuring, and controlling the risk
associated with lending or investment activities. Credit risk refers to the likelihood of a
borrower being unable to repay their debt or fulfill their contractual obligations, resulting in
losses for the lender or investor. Effective credit risk exposure management is crucial for
financial institutions to maintain their profitability, stability, and reputation in the market.

To effectively address credit risk, it is important to understand its underlying causes. The
primary sources are conventional credit risk factors such as investing, lending, and granting
activities. However, credit can also arise from other areas such as derivatives. Additionally,
when an organization accumulates losses or owes money to other counterparties, credit risk
can also become a concern.

There are many other risks associated with Credit risk which can also bring a concern to the
financial organization. Such as default risk which is an inability or delays in payment by a
borrower e.g. assuming a customer borrowed a sum of 200 dollars from the bank at 30%
interest. And he refused to pay the agreed interest at the time of payment.
Furthermore, one of the subsets of credit risk is the probability of default, which indicates the
likelihood of default reoccurring. also, there is a legal risk where banks and financial
institutions are directly supervised by regulators for example Islamic banks are not allowed to
trade in conventional derivatives. In extension, we can discuss country risk as a subset of
credit risk where legal and political with regulatory exposure are major concerns.
How can we manage all these credit exposures? What are strategies to minimize credit
exposure?
Banks use some methodologies and techniques prepared to curb the emergence of credit
exposure, the following are the procedures:
 It is imperative to have well-defined and structured credit risk functions.
 Diversification of credit exposure
 Certainty for both settlement and payment
  Use of Collateral where appropriate
 Monitoring of financed projects by banks and business
 Giving adequate facilities to high-quality counterparties

Broadly, we can expand the procedure in a broader way for us to have a clear understanding
of the topic.

Credit risk Function: The management can improve by setting appropriate credit exposure
limits, monitoring, and reporting exposures against those limits, ensuring legal enforceability,
reviewing credit policies, etc. When managing a portfolio, both individual transaction and
portfolio credit risks should be considered.

Credit Rationing: often applied in situations where there is a shortage of institutional credit
available for the business sector. In such cases, big and financially strong institutions tend to
capture a larger portion of the institutional credit, leaving the priority sector, which often
includes weaker but essential industries, deprived of necessary funds. This happens mainly
because the bank credit is given to non-priority sectors. To control this situation, the central
bank resorts to credit rationing measures. Typically, three measures are adopted.:

 imposing an upper limit on the credit available to the big firms or industries.
 Charging a higher and progressive interest rate on the loan amount after a certain limit.
 Offering credit to the weaker sectors at lower internal rates.

Use of collateral: Collateralization is a technique that has become increasingly popular in

financial markets due to its ability to reduce risks. In the wholesale financial markets, the use
of repurchase transactions (repos) has increased, demonstrating the usefulness of
collateralization as a risk-reduction technique. Repos serve as an alternative to non-
collateralized lending or borrowing. Traders use derivatives as collateral to hedge against
declines in value and meet margin requirements.

Netting agreement: Counterparties use netting to reduce credit exposure, Netting is also a
technique used by multinational corporations to consolidate payments between associated
companies.

Marking to market: This is described as the intention of risk managers to monitor the
unrealized gain and loss, it happens when the value of the asset exceeds the limit, and price
reset helps to reduce exposure, in another dimension, it helps renegotiate the contract at
market value.

Credit limit: Financial institutions that actively trade use position limits to control the size of
their trading positions and potential losses. Limits are set based on various factors, such as
experience, performance, risk measurement and modeling, and an institution's risk tolerance.
Daytime and overnight limits are used to manage open positions and trading in foreign
markets. Most banks and organizations also closely monitor counterparty limits in real-time
on a global basis. It’s necessary to choose who to lend money to considering region, industry,
and country.

Finally contingency plan: there are occurrences of key events that may alter the present
contract for example Jaiz Bank entered into a credit with Abdullah. After sometimes
Abdullah’s credit fell. So Jaiz Bank will have the right to terminate the remaining of the
contract.

In conclusion, credit risk remains a critical concern for financial institutions. Employing a
combination of prudent lending practices, risk assessment tools, diversification strategies, and
monitoring mechanisms is crucial in effectively managing credit risk exposure.