College of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Design Project Final Report

ME 317 Design Project

Term 222

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Hafr Al Batin

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Design Project Final Report

Energy Audit – Energy Consumption Analysis at the University of

Hafr Al Batin Main Building

Submitted by

Mujtaba Al Sawad 2180000764

Muhannad Ali 2190001746

Project Advisors:

Name Signature Date

Examiner:

Name Signature Date

Design Project Instructor:

Name Signature Date

ME317 Final Report Design Project

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Mechanical Engineering Department

Abstract
In this project, the team aims to study an energy consumption-optimized version of the main
building of the University of Hafr Al-Batin. Survey results show that several factors affect the
energy performance of this building. Therefore, the building's energy consumption and
maintenance must be monitored through an energy audit study to identify the power profile. The
scope of this report will include three categories of assignments.

First, this report will discuss, in detail, the proposal starting with an introduction to energy
consumption projects in buildings, the added values that the team aims to include, the project
study process, calculations, concepts, and selection of appropriate components for efficiency. In
addition to compiling lighting and HVAC data, complying with international standards, and
discussing results and engineers' recommendations.

Secondly, the power consumption was calculated; Lighting and HVAC levels were estimated
and compared to standard levels. The total energy consumption of the entire building has been
determined to be approximately 5.6 million kWh, which is equivalent to approximately 1.8
million SAR. After implementing this Saving, we found that the new annual energy consumption
is approximately 2.8 million kWh, which is equivalent to approximately 880 thousand SAR in a
year. This has resulted in annual savings of 2.8 million kWh or 920 thousand SAR.

Finally, the payback period for the proposed system was estimated and found to be about 7.6
years.

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Acknowledgement

The project would not have advanced without the instructor's kind assistance, for which we are
grateful to Eng. Sami M. AlZahrani. First and foremost, we thank him for taking the time and
making the effort to assist us in finishing the project. Next, we thank him for providing the
guidance and instructions that enabled us to complete the project successfully. Additionally, we
would like to express our gratitude for the assistance of the Al Salem Johnson Controls team,
who served as an invaluable source of information and counsel during the project's development
and who generously gave of their time and resources to share their vast industrial experience,
which greatly aided in resolving the issues we faced.

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Nomenclature
MWh Megawatt-Hour
Kw Kilowatt
Hz Hertz
TWh Terawatt-Hour
KWh Kilowatt-Hour
KBtu Kilobtus
m2 Meter Square
Btu British Thermal Units
W/m2 Watt Per Square Meter
kBtu/ft2-yr Kilobtu Per Square Foot Per Year
W Wattage
K Kelvin
H Hour

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Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... ii
Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................. iii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix
List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... x
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 11
Chapter 2 Design Objective .......................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Sustainable Development Goals ............................................................................................ 16
Chapter 3: Design Process ............................................................................................................ 19
3.1 Design Approach ................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Plan of Action ........................................................................................................................ 21
3.3 Stakeholders and their Requirements .................................................................................... 22
3.3.1 User Needs, Assessment Metrics, and Selection .............................................................. 22
3.3.2 User Needs Identification and Ranking Matrix ................................................................ 23
3.4 Engineering Design Specifications ........................................................................................ 24
3.4.1 Translation of Customer Needs into measurable targets values ....................................... 24
3.4.2 Benchmarking of Target Values ....................................................................................... 25
3.4.3 Engineering Design Specification Requirement metrics .................................................. 26
[Link] Energy Consumption ...................................................................................................... 26
[Link] Energy Intensity .............................................................................................................. 26
[Link] Energy Cost .................................................................................................................... 26
[Link] Power Density ................................................................................................................. 26
[Link] Energy-Use Intensity ...................................................................................................... 26
[Link] Carbon Footprint ............................................................................................................. 27
[Link] Life Cycle ....................................................................................................................... 27
3.5 Benchmarking ........................................................................................................................ 29
3.5.1 Idea scoring (Pugh’s Chart) and Selection Process of Final Design................................. 31
3.6 Design Concepts .................................................................................................................... 33
3.6.1 Brainstorming.................................................................................................................... 33
3.6.2 Idea Generation ................................................................................................................. 33

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[Link] Lenses, Diffusers and Reflectors .................................................................................... 33

[Link] Ballasts ............................................................................................................................ 34
[Link] Human Detection System ............................................................................................... 34
[Link] Enhance current Devices ................................................................................................ 35
3.6.3 Direct and indirect savings ................................................................................................ 36
3.7 Drawing Scope ....................................................................................................................... 37
3.7.1 The Ground Floor.............................................................................................................. 37
3.7.2 The First Floor .................................................................................................................. 37
3.7.3 The Second Floor .............................................................................................................. 38
3.8 Project Management .............................................................................................................. 39
3.8.1 Parts List and Bill of Material ........................................................................................... 39
[Link] Lights .............................................................................................................................. 39
[Link] HVAC systems ............................................................................................................... 46
3.8.2 Gantt Chart ........................................................................................................................ 55
3.8.3 Re-Scheduling ................................................................................................................... 55
3.9 Engineering Analysis ............................................................................................................. 57
3.9.1 Lighting Analysis .............................................................................................................. 57
[Link] Motivation....................................................................................................................... 57
[Link] Methodology ................................................................................................................... 57
[Link] Lighting Analysis Results ............................................................................................... 58
[Link] Summary of Analysis Done ............................................................................................ 59
3.9.2 HVAC Analysis ................................................................................................................ 61
[Link] Motivation....................................................................................................................... 61
۳٫۹٫۲٫۲ Methodology ................................................................................................................... 61
[Link] Chiller Analysis Results ................................................................................................. 62
[Link] Single-line diagram ......................................................................................................... 65
[Link] Primary and Secondary Pumps Analysis Results ........................................................... 66
[Link] AHU Analysis Results .................................................................................................... 66
[Link] Summary of Analysis Done ............................................................................................ 67
3.9.3 Demand saving ............................................................................................................... 67
Chapter 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................... 69
4.1 Overall Experience ................................................................................................................ 69
4.2 New Knowledge Development .............................................................................................. 69
4.3 Replacement process.............................................................................................................. 69
4.3.1 Demonstration of the Working Model of the Proposal ..................................................... 69

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4.3.2 Idea scoring and Selection Process of Final proposal. ...................................................... 70

[Link] Lighting........................................................................................................................... 71
[Link] Data Analysis of the Proposal Replacement ..................................................................... 74
[Link] Payback ............................................................................................................................. 75
4.4 Upgrades HVAC system ........................................................................................................ 75
4.4.1 Chiller Upgrades ............................................................................................................... 75
4.4.2 Primary and Secondary Pumps ......................................................................................... 76
4.4.3 AHU Upgrades .................................................................................................................. 77
[Link] Infante law ...................................................................................................................... 78
4.5 BMS Application ................................................................................................................... 80
4.5.1 Design for X ................................................................................................................... 80
4.5.2 Case Study ...................................................................................................................... 80
4.5.3 Summer Term Case ........................................................................................................... 81
4.5.4 Ramadan Case ................................................................................................................... 81
4.6 Insulation HVAC ................................................................................................................... 82
4.6.1 Why insulation for HVAC? .............................................................................................. 82
4.6.2 Types of insulation: ........................................................................................................... 82
4.6.3 Reducing Energy Consumption in University Buildings through Insulation: A Case Study
Analysis......................................................................................................................................... 85
4.6.4 Calculating the Potential Benefits ..................................................................................... 85
4.6.5 ASHRAE Standard 55 ...................................................................................................... 86
4.7 Carbon footprint..................................................................................................................... 86
4.8 Contribution of Each Group Member .................................................................................... 88
Chapter 5. Conclusion & Recommendations ............................................................................... 89
Chapter 6. References ................................................................................................................... 90
Appendices.................................................................................................................................... 95
Appendix A - Parts List ................................................................................................................ 95
Appendix B - Data Sheet ............................................................................................................ 104
Appendix C: Analysis ................................................................................................................. 107

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List of Figures

Figure 1 Electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia in last 5 years................................................. 12

Figure 2 Geographical scope ........................................................................................................ 13
Figure 3 The 17 Goals of SDG ..................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4: Energy Audit Flow Chart .............................................................................................. 18
Figure 5: ASHRAE Energy Audits Level..................................................................................... 19
Figure 6 Building Segments.......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 7 Life Cycle of a Product................................................................................................... 28
Figure 8 Prevailing Lighting Relationships .................................................................................. 34
Figure 9 Building scheme parts divided. ...................................................................................... 37
Figure 10 CFL stick. ..................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 11 LUMILUX T8 | Tubular fluorescent lamps 26 mm, with G13 bases........................... 40
Figure 12 Fluorescent lamp color temperatures............................................................................ 41
Figure 13 Energy efficiency class ................................................................................................. 45
Figure 14 Typical VAV-based HVAC distribution system .......................................................... 54
Figure 15 Ground Floor segments consumption........................................................................... 59
Figure 16 First Floor segments consumption................................................................................ 60
Figure 17 Second Floor segments consumption ........................................................................... 60
Figure 18 Ultrasonic flowmeter used to calculate the flow and temperature ............................... 63
Figure 19 Power meter .................................................................................................................. 64
Figure 20 Single-line diagram ...................................................................................................... 65
Figure 21 Pump load ..................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 22 AHU load...................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 23 Closed cell insulation. .................................................................................................. 82
Figure 24 PU insulation ................................................................................................................ 83
Figure 25 Fiberglass Insulation..................................................................................................... 83
Figure 26 PE insulation................................................................................................................. 84
Figure 27 the rockwool insulation ................................................................................................ 84
Figure 28 CO2e equivalent (EPA, 2022) ...................................................................................... 88
Figure 29 AutoCAD Ground Floor for Part A .............................................................................. 95
Figure 30 AutoCAD Ground Floor for Part B .............................................................................. 96

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Figure 31 AutoCAD Ground Floor for Part C .............................................................................. 97

Figure 32 AutoCAD First Floor for Part A ................................................................................... 98
Figure 33 AutoCAD First Floor for Part B1 ................................................................................. 98
Figure 34 AutoCAD First Floor for Part B2 ................................................................................. 99
Figure 35 AutoCAD First Floor for Part B3 ................................................................................. 99
Figure 36 AutoCAD First Floor for Part C1 ............................................................................... 100
Figure 37 AutoCAD First Floor for Part C2 ............................................................................... 100
Figure 38 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part A ............................................................................ 101
Figure 39 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part B1........................................................................... 101
Figure 40 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part B2........................................................................... 102
Figure 41 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part C1........................................................................... 102
Figure 42 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part C2........................................................................... 103

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List of Tables
Table 1 User need ......................................................................................................................... 23
Table 2 Idea scoring (Pugh’s Chart) and Selection Process of Final Design ............................... 32
Table 3 Represent the CFL product sheet. .................................................................................... 40
Table 4 Represent the L 18W/865 product sheet. ......................................................................... 40
Table 5 Gantt Chart ....................................................................................................................... 55
Table 6 Plan Activity .................................................................................................................... 55
Table 7 Represent the LED Stick TC-D Dulux D-E 13W 840 Product Sheets. ........................... 71
Table 8 Represent the LED Stick Master PL-C 13W 840 2P Product Sheet. .............................. 71
Table 9 Paugh Chart on CFL lamp ............................................................................................... 72
Table 10 Represent the LEDtube CorePro LEDtube EM 8W 840 600mm Product Sheet........... 72
Table 11 Represent the LEDtube Master TL5 14W 840 HE Highly Efficient G5 Product Sheet 72
Table 12 Represent LED 12W/T8 600MM 220V the LEDtube Product Sheet ........................... 73
Table 13 Represent LED MASTER Value LEDtube T8 the LEDtube Product Sheet ................. 73
Table 14 Paugh Chart on Fluorescent Lamp................................................................................. 73
Table 15 Summery proposal ......................................................................................................... 79
Table 16 Case study on areas of the university............................................................................. 81
Table 17 Summer term consumption ............................................................................................ 81

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List of Abbreviations
HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
SEEC Saudi Energy Efficiency Center
TES Thermal Energy Storage
NZEB Net Zero Energy Building
FCU Fan Coil Unit
CAV Constant Air Volume
EUI Energy use intensities
CFL Combat Flourcent Lamp
EEM Energy efficiency measures
O&M Operations and maintenance
DOAS Dedicated Outside Air System
VAV Variable Air Volume
CapEx Capital Expenditure
SEEC Saudi Energy Efficiency Center
EDSR Engineering Design Specification Requirements
CO2 Carbon dioxide
LED Light-emitting diode
KAU King Abdulaziz University
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory
BF Ballast Factor
DVC Data Version Control
PPG Pittsburgh Plate Glass
CRI Color Rendering Index

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Chapter 1 Introduction
Energy auditing is an essential method for evaluating energy use and waste in buildings. Also, it
can be considered an effective process for evaluating the energy efficiency of a building using
certain methodologies. Energy is a critical product that has been significantly misused during the
past decades. As a key parameter that contributes economically and environmentally towards the
growth of the globe, energy must be efficiently used. Saudi Arabia is one of the most energy
consuming countries in the world as shown in Figure 1 (Company, 2000-2021). Of this figure,
the total energy consumption in 2018 is about 290 million MWh. The reason for this is the rapid
growth in the population, the development the country has witnessed over the past five years,
and the high-quality services provided by the government to the population. The weather is
warm in most cities of Saudi Arabia, which means that the air conditioner is always on.
Therefore, more than 70% of its electrical energy is used to operate HVAC systems (Company,
2021). The average energy consumption in one of the summer months is three times the average
energy consumption in one of the winter months; Another 20% of Saudi Arabia's electricity is
used to desalinate sea water for drinking. About 60% of the water that people use in their homes
comes from 30 desalination plants in the country (Company, 2021). Most of the electricity in
Saudi Arabia is generated by burning fossil fuels where 59% is oil and 41% is natural gas (Abd-
ur-Rehman, 2018). In November 2010, the government of Saudi Arabia established the Saudi
Energy Efficiency Center (SEEC), and in March 2018, it began operating after the
announcement of Saudi Vision 2030 (Mujeebu, O.S. (2016)). Approximately 40% of the
emissions reduction required by 2050 to limit global temperature increase to less than 2°C will
likely come from energy efficiency (Report), 2015). In April 2016, the government of Saudi
Arabia implemented and published Saudi Vision 2030. This vision focused on developing the
Kingdom's cities and achieving environmental sustainability by improving buildings' energy
performance and energy consumption. Also, one of the main objectives of this study is to focus
efforts on energy efficiency resources to improve the consumption (Vision 2030, 2016).

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Figure 1 Electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia in last 5 years.

In this work, the team aims to conduct case study on energy audit at the University of Hafr Al-
Batin for main Building as shown in Figure 2. The aim of this project is to study the behavior of
the energy consumers. This will improve the energy performance of the building to satisfy
human comfort. The scope of the case study is to reduce energy consumption includes
conducting a high-level energy auditing, modelling, and reporting for lighting and Heating,
Ventilating, and Air Conditioning systems. The energy study will be conducted in compliance
with ASHRAE Level I&II, to demonstrate the university's ability to reduce energy expenditures
and to implement this experiment on other buildings in the university. The importance of this
project is to engage and be more exposed to the technical side of the engineering concepts, such
as cooling and heating systems, pumping systems, energy calculations, refrigeration cycle, fluids
mechanics, and professional reporting. Understanding the new energy-saving technologies in
buildings will allow energy auditors to determine the best way to save energy for a particular
building type. As such, he looks at the potential for implementing and integrating new
technologies within the facility. Several advances have been made in the field of energy
conservation. The most important and popular of which are briefly discussed below:
• Chromogenic glazing the properties of the windows can change depending on the
temperature and light conditions, ie. H. Day and night.
• Cogeneration heat and power is a combined power generation method that provides
electricity and heat for energy-efficient buildings. This approach reduces costs, increases
efficiency and is environmentally friendly.
• Reflective roofing material A new fluorescent pigment developed by Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory and PPG Industry is used to cover roof systems that allow the roof to
reflect sunlight falling on it. This reduces heat gain in the roof and reduces heating of the
building. Thermal Energy Storage Systems (TES): These systems use less electricity to
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heat or cool during peak climate conditions. TES uses multiple optimization systems to
maximize cost savings through energy savings.
• Geothermal heat pumps: These systems use heat stored in the ground to provide air
conditioning to rooms in buildings.

Figure 2 Geographical scope

Lots of energy audit studies have been done by many researchers. (Shcherbak, 2019) develop a
comprehensive energy audit program to assess 15 university buildings against 16 performance
indicators to identify key terms of energy consumption and energy efficiency. (Alajmi, 2012)
Discover an opportunity to conserve energy for an educational building in the State of Kuwait
through assessment, survey, and data analysis. Economic analysis of the results was performed,
and the reported outcome showed an acceptable recovery period. (Corradoa, 2017) An essential
step towards the goal of a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) for the secondary school in Turin.
A detailed energy audit was performed using a digital model of the building. They are optimized
to measure to comply with NZEB requirements and to be cost effective as well. (Lu, 2017)
analyzed the energy saving potential of a single university in Guangzhou using an end-use
energy survey of various buildings in the college. They suggested some effective measures to
enhance the building's energy efficiency. (Magrinia & d’Ambrosioc, F.R, 2016) discussed
energy saving scenarios for the University of Pavia. An energy audit has been implemented for
the entire university buildings to clarify and give an overview of potential energy consumption
reduction as well as energy cost. (Al Qdah, 2010) A research into the energy saving potential in a
Jordanian poultry company. All mechanical equipment such as boilers, air compressors,
refrigeration units and pumps have been reviewed. It found many opportunities to save energy
with a reasonable payback period. (Hassouneh, 2014) Conducted an energy audit for one
department at the Faculty of Engineering and Technology at the University of Jordan. They

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studied energy saving techniques, heating and cooling loads were estimated as well as the load
for lights and other equipment. The estimated payback period was found to be 3 years. (Al-
Widyan, 2018) investigated building performance through an energy audit program including the
air conditioning system, lighting systems and building envelopes using necessary and standard
measurement tools. They showed a proposed retrofit solution that could save 33% of the annual
energy consumed by the building. (Ahmed, 2017) Conducted an energy audit program,
measurements were made for three school buildings, and the results of the three schools were
analyzed economically for lights, ventilation, and building insulation. The proposed
recommendations to improve building performance will save 120,737 kWh/year for heating and
21,962 kWh/year for electricity consumption with a payback period of 4.2 years. (Al-Ghandoor,
2007) An investigation into energy auditing of electrical energy saving opportunities in the
Jordanian plastics industry. They recommended a program that would save 23% of the plastics
industry's total electricity bill with a repayment period of less than 7 months. (Hassouneh, 2017)
carried out an energy audit program at the University of Jordan Hospital, the energy audit covers
emergency clinics and major hospital buildings. A feasibility study shows that an energy audit
and proposed solutions will be very beneficial and will save 12.5% on the energy bill. (Cho,
2015) (Cho, 2017) Analyze the characteristics and performance of hospital building HVAC
systems in the aspect of a common concept that focused on system configuration and climate
characteristics. The energy impact was analyzed under Fan Coil Unit (FCU) + Dedicated Outside
Air System (DOAS), CAV (Constant Air Volume) and VAV (Variable Air Volume) systems.
They have devised a simulation-based methodology that can analyze the impact of energy
consumption according to the components of the HVAC system of a hospital building. (Ma,
2017) analyzed the energy consumption and characteristics of 119 public buildings located in
northern China. The results showed that among offices, hospitals and schools, hospitals used
energy more than twice as much, and it was assessed that HVAC, lighting intensity and building
envelope had the greatest impact on energy consumption.
It is evident from previous studies that many efforts have been made to investigate energy saving
prospects, many scenarios have been reported, and many solutions proposed to reduce energy
consumption in educational buildings. Little work has been done to assess energy consumption
in colleges or universities in Saudi Arabia, and this can be seen as a motivation for this work to
enhance the awareness of students, faculty and other staff towards energy saving and its impact
on society.

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Chapter 2 Design Objective

The Energy Audit Project is a useful tool for developing and implementing comprehensive
energy management plans for a university building. Energy auditing aims to identify and
evaluate potential actions or measures that could be taken to lower or regulate energy use. The
aim of the energy audit is to study the behavior of energy consumers and to identify
opportunities for energy efficiency, conservation and savings in the main building of the
University of Hafr Al-Batin in a systematic manner. This goal can be met by performing an audit
on the building's operations, past or present practices, or even by reviewing the energy efficiency
industry standards. The goal of an energy audit is to evaluate a building's electrical distribution
system as well as its HVAC appliances and equipment. It also holds true for systems-connected
appliances like freezers and refrigerator by assisting you in understanding your building's
functions and looking into potential improvements, energy auditing can ensure that your building
or room is using the most effective energy source available. It might be possible to find cost
savings, boost productivity, and unlock the potential for heating, lighting, and ventilation
upgrades during a thorough energy audit. Through a thorough evaluation and analysis of the
existing assets, which will enable us to optimize their performance in relation to their current
use, our goal is to increase a building's energy efficiency. In order to optimize each asset on-site
in terms of both quality and cost in accordance with current standards, we calculate the potential
savings from each asset. An energy audit is a comprehensive evaluation of the energy
performance of a building. The objectives of an energy audit include the following:
 Energy savings: The primary objective of an energy audit is to identify ways to reduce
energy consumption and save energy costs.
 Improved energy efficiency: The energy audit aims to identify the sources of energy
waste and suggest measures to improve energy efficiency, such as installing more
energy-efficient equipment, improving insulation, and using energy-efficient lighting.
 Sustainability: Energy audits help to promote sustainability by identifying ways to reduce
energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.
 Improved financial performance: By reducing energy costs and improving energy
efficiency, energy audits can help to improve the financial performance of a building.
In order to conduct an energy audit, several methods have been adopted in the audit site building
in which a detailed audit is carried out. The balance of total energy input with total energy output
is taken into account and all energy flows in the university are determined. The amount of energy
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used by each of the building's energy streams is calculated. We usually note that the operating
expenses of a building are energy (electrical and thermal). During the audit, a physical
verification of the lighting, HVAC system, and verification of the capabilities of the installed
energy efficiency system is performed. Examine the time when the cost is considered. Energy
audits have helped us better understand how energy and fuel are used in the building as well as
identify development potential towards energy saving opportunities. Finally, after the audit
process, the energy audit project included suggestions/recommendations for energy cost
reduction, preventive maintenance activities and quality control. The audit included a visit to the
main building of the university and a physical check of the installed loads and sources. The
entire university building is divided into different sections and these sections are audited as
electrical installations and power supplies are monitored. Studying the flow of the production
process and measuring electricity consumption.
The most critical parameters in Energy audit project are:
 Power factor.
 Active power (kW).
 Energy consumption (kWh).
 Frequency (Hz).
 Temperature & heat flow.
 Radiation, air & gas flow, and liquid flow.

2.1 Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals established by the United Nations
in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people
enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. These goals address the social, economic and environmental
dimensions of sustainable development and are interconnected and indivisible. The SDGs aim to
balance the three dimensions of sustainable development and ensure that economic growth is
inclusive and that natural resources are managed sustainably for future generations. The 17
SDGs Figure 3.

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Figure 3 The 17 Goals of SDG

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are very important as they aim to address the pressing
global challenges and provide a blueprint for a better and more sustainable future for all. The 17
SDGs were adopted by 193 countries as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
and they cover a range of interrelated issues such as poverty, hunger, health, education, gender
equality, clean water and sanitation, renewable energy, and climate action. The implementation
of SDGs is crucial for the well-being of current and future generations and for the sustainability
of the planet.
The Sustainable Development Goal 7, "Affordable and Clean Energy" is related to energy audit.
The goal aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all by
2030. Energy audit plays an important role in achieving this goal by identifying ways to reduce
energy consumption and improve energy efficiency, thus helping to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and improve energy security.
Goal 7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is "Affordable and Clean Energy",
is directly related to energy audit. Energy audits are a critical tool for identifying and
implementing energy-saving measures, which can help reduce energy consumption, improve
energy efficiency, and promote the use of renewable energy sources. Through an energy audit,
organizations can assess their energy use, identify areas for improvement, and develop plans to
transition to more sustainable energy systems. This aligns with the aim of SDG 7, which is to
ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. By reducing energy
consumption and promoting the use of clean energy sources, energy audits can play a significant
role in achieving Goal 7 and contributing to a more sustainable future.
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Goal 11 focuses on "making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable". Energy audits can play a role in this goal by identifying opportunities for energy
efficiency and conservation in buildings, reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions in
cities.
Goal 13 focuses on "taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". Energy
audits can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by identifying and implementing energy
efficiency measures, which in turn can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the
impacts of climate change.
energy audits can contribute to the achievement of multiple SDGs by reducing energy
consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting sustainability in the built environment.
(National, 2022).
The flow chart figure 4 demonstrates the objective of the energy audit engineer.

• Audit Objective
• Auditor selection
• Auditor selection
• Scope
Initiation
• Ensure resources
• Site visit

• Acquisition auditee’s input

• Define start date and duration
• Approach to audit collection of data and information
• Preliminary analysis
Preparation • Audit plan
• Checklists, working documents
• Give the auditor a go!

• Opening meeting
• Initial walk-through tour
• Audit facility according to the audit plan
Execution • Gathering information
• Diagnostic audit
• Analysis information and evaluation results

Report

Figure 4: Energy Audit Flow Chart

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Chapter 3: Design Process

The objective of this project is to study the energy consumption of the lighting and HVAC
system in the main building of the University of Hafr Al-Batin. To achieve this goal ASHREA
provide a standard to study the energy behaving.

3.1 Design Approach

Building energy audits are conducted to varying degrees of depth in accordance with the
guidelines set forth by ASHRAE as shown as figure 5, (Kelsey, 2021) a global organization that
promotes a sustainable built environment.

Figure 5: ASHRAE Energy Audits Level

Benchmarking for start in any energy audit on building compare their energy use against
comparable facilities or the building itself by examine operating performance. One of the metrics
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
energy use intensities (EUI) express total energy per square meter per year ( ).
𝑚𝑚2 /𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

Level one aims to the potential for rough savings in a facility. Level 1 includes benchmarking,
recommendations on energy efficiency measures (EEMs) for the outline of the building.
There are three types of EEMs are no-cost, low-cost or capital intensive.
• No-cost measures are projects that have no significant associated cost (except internal
labor) and are often operations and maintenance (O&M) changes. These measures reduce
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energy usage and costs with no capital investment, except for the time and effort of the
on-site maintenance personnel.
• Low-cost measures are projects with relatively small capital outlays. These measures
significantly reduce energy consumption and costs while requiring relatively little capital
investment.
• Capital intensive measures are projects with higher capital costs. These measures
significantly reduce energy consumption and costs, but also require significant capital
investment. “CapEx” projects typically are budgeted a fiscal year in advance.

The team has started to conduct the project site by collecting information on different energy
hungry devices such as lights and HVAC units. The team members have used their engineering
skills and utilized the available support and online resources to develop the optimum solution.
The site scope has been divided into parts based on similarity of indoor functions such as offices,
classrooms, labs, and corridors. Part A ground floor which conduct the entrance and corridor. In
the first floor have human resource offices and IT. Third floor where is University's president
office. Part B have in ground floor labs and deanship of admission and registration offices. In the
second floor have classrooms shown in figure 6.

Figure 6 Building Segments.

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3.2 Plan of Action

The study action plan was developed at the beginning of the project after careful discussion with
the project instructor and cooperation with Al Salam Johnson Company. Based on the
discussion, a Gantt chart was developed to track the progress of the study.
The agreed action plan as follows:
• Benefit from the experience of collaborative work and generate different ideas and rough
outlines of ideas in order to reach solutions that are commensurate with the objectives of
the study.
• The correct selection of concepts is made to determine the optimal solution.
• After searching the resources available for suitable solutions, a comparison should be
made of the selected solutions to choose the best type of scenarios.
• Data collection and design system data for lighting and HVAC, the team will choose to
collect data via a building drawing scheme.
• Perform a set of data calculations.
• Analyzing energy data using specific tools and standards.
Each team member will lead different subtasks. However, everyone will be involved through all
phases of the project to ensure that members maintain optimal learning outcomes.

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3.3 Stakeholders and their Requirements

Faculty, staff, students, visitors, and other team members are among the parties involved in the
energy auditing at the University of Hafr Al Batin. Energy auditing is primarily done to increase
operations efficiency by lowering operating costs, making things run more efficiently, and
making matters safer. Energy Auditing also ensures that any risk has been identified and
mitigated before being considered a standard practice across the industry. Saudi Arabia is the 14-
largest electricity consumer in the world. The amount of environmental harm caused by the use
of non-renewable energy and the cost of energy supply can both be decreased by using
sustainable energy when building a new structure in universities. Sustainable structures will be a
key factor in significantly reducing Saudi Arabia's energy consumption and will show what can
be done with sustainable design in that country's climate. The achievement of zero-emission
environments depends on the energy efficiency of buildings. Saudi government has addressed
the rapidly increasing fuel consumption of its power sector. Saudi policymakers have also
enacted some demand-side measures. In 2010, the Kingdom began promoting several efficiency
initiatives to rationalize energy consumption with the establishment of the Saudi Energy
Efficiency Center (SEEC). (Saudi-Sectoral-Electricity, 2021) In 2018, total Saudi electricity
demand reached 299.2 terawatt hours (TWh).Saudi Energy Efficiency Center (SEEC) developed
program aimed to improve the efficiency of energy consumption in three main areas which
account for more than 90% of the domestic energy consumption which are buildings, industry
and road transport. In 2018, SEEC’s mandate was expanded to include the full scope of energy
efficiency including electricity production and transmission as well as its use in water
desalination. The SEEC is also responsible for improving efficiency in industrial processes
which make use of feedstocks. (Vision 2030, 2016).

3.3.1 User Needs, Assessment Metrics, and Selection

The stakeholders will gain insight into how user needs, assessment metrics and selection factors
play a role in energy efficiency programs at universities. The stakeholders will be able to use this
information to improve the effectiveness of their own energy efficiency program. It primarily
focuses on bringing NZEB and lowering the cost of electrical and mechanical energy (Net Zero
Efficiency Building). And look for various ways to lower the price of electricity bills. saving
energy without affecting output.

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3.3.2 User Needs Identification and Ranking Matrix

User Needs Identification and Ranking Matrix is a tool that can be used in energy auditing to
identify and prioritize the energy-related needs of building occupants and energy management
team. The matrix can be used to evaluate and prioritize the different energy-related needs based
on cost, environmental impact, efficiency, data collection, and maintenance, and their priorities.
The matrix typically includes the following components: Table 1 below shows the key needs of
the customer.
1. User Needs: A list of the energy-related needs and requirements of building occupants
and energy management team, which can be gathered through user research, interviews,
surveys, and other methods.
2. Ranking Criteria: A set of criteria used to rank the user needs, such as cost,
environmental impact, efficiency, data collection, and maintenance.
3. Priorities: A list of priorities of the energy-related needs, which will help to identify the
most important needs that need to be addressed first in the energy conservation plan.
When creating a User Needs Identification and Ranking Matrix in energy auditing, it is essential
to consider the different ranking criteria that will be used to evaluate and prioritize the energy-
related needs. Some possible ranking criteria include:
1. Cost: The financial impact of implementing a particular energy-saving measure.
2. Environmental Impact: The impact of the measure on the environment, such as reducing
greenhouse gas emissions or conserving natural resources.
3. Efficiency: The effectiveness of the measure in reducing energy consumption and costs.
4. Data Collection: The ability of the measure to collect data on energy consumption and
performance, which can be used to identify areas for improvement and monitor progress.
5. Maintenance: The ease of maintenance and upkeep of the measure and the associated
costs.
Table 1 User need

Criteria Customer Preference Priority

1 Cost Short Payback period High
2 Environmental Impact Good Positive Impact Moderate
3 Efficiency Higher Range High
4 Data Collection Easily collect data Moderate
5 Maintenance Easily Maintenance Moderate

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3.4 Engineering Design Specifications

First, determine the type of lighting in the building, the type of HVAC in the facility, and obtain
the building drawing to get the number of rooms and their areas, as well as a mechanical
drawing, to know the distribution of air conditioning, electrical drawing, to count the number of
fixtures, after collecting this information and data, calculate the energy consumption, provide
other ways to improve energy efficiency, including:
• Replace energy-consuming equipment with more efficient equipment, taking into account
construction costs.
• Connect the main energy system to the renewable energy system (solar panels).
• Check the brightness of the lights.

3.4.1 Translation of Customer Needs into measurable targets values

Translating customer needs into measurable targets values is an important step in ensuring that
the energy conservation plan addresses the most important needs of building occupants and
energy management team.
The process of translating customer needs into measurable targets values typically involves the
following steps:
1. Identify customer needs: Gather information on the energy-related needs and
requirements of building occupants and energy management team through user research,
interviews, surveys, and other methods.
2. Define measurable targets: For each customer need, define specific, measurable targets
that will be used to evaluate the success of the energy conservation plan. These targets
should align with the customer needs and should be quantifiable, such as a certain
percentage reduction in energy consumption or cost savings.
3. Set target values: Based on the defined measurable targets, set target values for each one.
These values should be realistic and achievable and should take into account the current
energy consumption and costs, as well as the feasibility of implementing the energy-
saving measures.
4. Monitor and evaluate progress: Continuously monitor and evaluate progress towards
achieving the target values. Use data collection and monitoring tools to track energy
consumption and costs and make adjustments as needed to ensure that the target values
are met.

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By translating customer needs into measurable targets values, energy auditors can ensure that the
energy conservation plan addresses the most important needs of building occupants and energy
management team, and that the plan is effective in reducing energy consumption and costs. (B.
Li, n.d.)

3.4.2 Benchmarking of Target Values

Benchmarking of target values is a process used to evaluate the performance of a building or
facility in relation to established standards or best practices. This process can be used to measure
the success of an energy conservation plan by comparing the target values to industry
benchmarks. The process of benchmarking target values typically involves identify benchmark
data which collect data on energy consumption, costs, and other relevant metrics for similar
buildings or facilities in the same industry or region. Compare the target values to the benchmark
data to determine how the building or facility is performing in relation to established standards or
best practices. Identify areas where the building or facility is performing poorly in relation to the
benchmark data and prioritize these areas for improvement. Implement energy-saving measures
to improve the performance of the building or facility in relation to the benchmark data.
Continuously monitor and evaluate progress towards achieving the target values and improving
performance in relation to the benchmark data. ((NREL), n.d.)

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3.4.3 Engineering Design Specification Requirement metrics

In energy auditing, Engineering Design Specification Requirements (EDSR) metrics can be used
to evaluate the performance and efficiency of a building or facility's energy systems, and to
ensure that they meet the desired performance, safety, and reliability criteria. (American Society
of Heating, n.d.).

[Link] Energy Consumption

The energy consumption of a building or facility, measured in units like kilowatt-hours or British
thermal units, is used to assess its overall energy efficiency and identify areas for improvement.
This is achieved by analyzing utility bills, which reflect the total energy used, with a focus on the
lighting and HVAC systems that typically account for 90% of the bill.

[Link] Energy Intensity

The amount of energy consumed per unit of area or per unit of production, measured in units
such as kWh/m2 or kWh/unit of production. This metric can be used to compare the energy
efficiency of different buildings or facilities, or to track the performance of a building or facility
over time.

[Link] Energy Cost

The total cost of the energy consumed by the building or facility, measured in units such as
dollars per year. This metric can be used to determine the financial impact of energy
consumption and to identify areas for cost savings.

[Link] Power Density

The amount of power consumed per unit of area, measured in units such as W/m2. This metric
can be used to evaluate the energy efficiency of lighting, HVAC, and other building systems.

[Link] Energy-Use Intensity

The amount of energy used per unit of area, measured in units such as kBtu/ft2-yr. This metric
can be used to evaluate the energy performance of a building or facility and identify areas for
improvement.

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[Link] Carbon Footprint

The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted as a result of energy consumption, measured in
units such as metric tons of CO2. This metric can be used to evaluate the environmental impact
of energy consumption and to identify areas for reducing carbon emissions.
To implement the concept of carbon footprint into the project, one can start by analyzing the
energy consumption data for the project. This could involve measuring the amount of energy
used for lighting, heating, cooling, and other building systems. Then, using the conversion factor
for CO2 emissions, the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted as a result of energy
consumption can be calculated.
Once the carbon footprint is determined, steps can be taken to reduce energy consumption and
thus, the carbon footprint of the project. This could involve implementing energy-efficient
lighting systems, improving insulation, upgrading HVAC systems, and making other energy-
saving improvements.
Regular monitoring of energy consumption and the resulting carbon footprint can help to identify
areas for further improvement and ensure that the project is continuously working towards
reducing its carbon footprint.

[Link] Life Cycle

The life cycle of a product (depicted in Figure 7) is defined as the “consecutive and interlinked
stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to
final disposal” . These are the collection of activities that take place from the first withdrawal of
materials from the environment until all products and sub-products of the processes have been
disposed of or reintegrated into the environment. (Latorre, 2012)
Incorporating the concept of the life cycle into our project would involve considering the entire
supply chain of the building materials, equipment, and products used in the construction and
operation of the building. This includes the extraction of raw materials, production and
manufacturing, transportation, use, maintenance, and disposal. The aim would be to minimize
the environmental impact at each stage of the life cycle, from the sourcing of materials to the
final disposal of waste.
In order to implement the life cycle into our project, we would need to gather data on the
environmental impact of each stage of the life cycle and make decisions based on that data. This
could involve selecting building materials and products that have a lower environmental impact

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at each stage of their life cycle, reducing waste through the use of sustainable materials and
practices, and implementing effective waste management strategies. Additionally, we could also
consider the end-of-life options for the building, such as demolition and recycling, and plan for
their environmental impact as well.
By incorporating the life cycle into our project, we can take a more holistic and sustainable
approach to building design and construction, reducing our carbon footprint and contributing to a
more sustainable future.

Figure 7 Life Cycle of a Product

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3.5 Benchmarking
Modal A (Alhazmi, n.d.) Case study of energy auditing in a Saudi university is a study
conducted at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study aimed to evaluate the
energy consumption of the university's buildings and identify opportunities for energy savings.
Methods used in the study included:
• A walk-through audit of the university's buildings to identify areas of high energy
consumption.
• Measurement of energy consumption using energy meters
• Analysis of energy bills to determine the cost of energy consumption.
• Comparison of energy consumption data to industry standards and best practices
The study found that the university's buildings had high energy consumption due to a lack of
proper insulation and inefficient lighting and HVAC systems. The study also identified
opportunities for energy savings through the implementation of energy-efficient measures such
as:
• Installing insulation to reduce heat loss in buildings.
• Replacing inefficient lighting with LED lighting
• Upgrading HVAC systems to more energy-efficient models
• Implementing building management systems to control and monitor energy consumption.
• The study concluded that implementing these energy-efficient measures could result in
significant energy savings for the university and suggested that similar energy audits
should be conducted at other universities in Saudi Arabia.

Modal B ((JKFUP), n.d.) a case study of energy auditing in a Saudi university is a study
conducted at the University of Dammam in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The study aimed to
identify the major sources of energy consumption within the university and to recommend
measures to reduce energy consumption and costs.
The study was conducted in three phases:
Phase 1: A walk-through audit was conducted to identify potential areas for energy savings. The
audit identified issues such as poor lighting, lack of building insulation, and inefficient HVAC
systems.

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Phase 2: A detailed audit was conducted to gather more information on the energy consumption
of the university's buildings and to identify specific opportunities for energy savings. Data was
collected through the use of measuring equipment and computer simulation models.
Phase 3: The implementation of energy conservation measures, including retrofitting lighting
systems, upgrading insulation, and installing energy management systems.
The study found that the implemented measures led to a reduction in energy consumption and
costs for the university, with an estimated savings of 21% on electricity consumption and 25%
on fuel consumption.
Model C (Sciences, n.d.) case study of energy auditing in a Saudi university is a study conducted
at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study aimed to identify
opportunities for energy savings and reduce the university's energy consumption and costs. The
study was conducted in two phases:
Phase 1: A walk-through audit was conducted to identify potential areas for energy savings. The
audit identified issues such as poor lighting, lack of building insulation, and inefficient heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
Phase 2: A detailed audit was conducted to gather more information on the energy consumption
of the university's buildings and to identify specific opportunities for energy savings. Data was
collected through the use of measuring equipment and computer simulation models.
As a result of the audit, several energy-saving measures were recommended and implemented,
including:
• Retrofitting the lighting systems to more energy-efficient options
• Upgrading the insulation of the buildings
• Installing energy management systems to control and monitor the energy consumption of
the university's buildings.
• Implementing an awareness and training program for staff and students on energy
conservation
The study found that the implemented measures led to a reduction in energy consumption and
costs for the university, resulting in a significant return on investment.
Model D ((NREL), n.d.) One example of a case study that compares energy auditing in different
building types is a study conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in
the United States. The study compared the energy consumption of different types of buildings,
including office buildings, schools, and hospitals, and identified opportunities for energy
savings. The study used the Energy Star Portfolio Manager, a benchmarking tool, to compare the
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energy consumption of different buildings and identify opportunities for energy savings. The
study found that office buildings had the highest energy consumption, followed by schools and
hospitals. The study also identified common opportunities for energy savings, including
upgrading lighting systems and HVAC systems, improving building insulation, and
implementing energy management systems. The study found that implementing energy-saving
measures can lead to significant energy savings and cost savings for building owners and
operators. The study also concluded that the Energy Star Portfolio Manager is an effective
benchmarking tool for identifying energy savings opportunities in buildings. The study provides
valuable insights for building owners and operators on how to reduce energy consumption and
costs in different types of buildings by using benchmarking tools.

3.5.1 Idea scoring (Pugh’s Chart) and Selection Process of Final Design
An energy auditing case study on a Saudi university could include the following elements:
1. Overview of the university: Information on the size, location, and type of university, as
well as the number of students and staff.
2. Energy consumption data: A detailed analysis of the university's energy consumption,
including electricity, natural gas, and other fuels.
3. Building and systems assessment: An evaluation of the energy efficiency of the
university's buildings and systems, including HVAC, lighting, and building envelope.
4. Energy conservation measures: Identification of energy conservation measures that could
be implemented at the university, including retrofits, upgrades, and behavioral changes.
5. Cost and savings analysis: A detailed analysis of the costs and savings associated with
each recommended energy conservation measure.
6. Implementation plan: A plan for the implementation of the recommended energy
conservation measures, including timelines, responsibilities, and budget.

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Table 2 Idea scoring (Pugh’s Chart) and Selection Process of Final Design

Models
Model A Model B Model C Model D
Carretera
Overview Same Same Same
Energy consumption
_ + _
data
Building and systems
assessment Same Same Same

Energy conservation
_ + +

Reference
measures
Cost and savings
analysis _ + _

Implementation plan
+ _ +
∑+
1 3 3
∑-
3 1 2
Score
-2 2 1
Ranking 3 1 2

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3.6 Design Concepts

Design Concept An energy audit of the building is chosen to determine energy efficiency.
Simply put, energy efficiency means using less energy to do the same job. The audit will provide
us with a full assessment of electricity consumption and energy efficiency. Energy audit can be
divided into phases: planning, analysis, results and sustaining. Proactive buildings continually
improve energy efficiency by repeating these phases at regular intervals.

3.6.1 Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a technique that can be used to generate a wide range of design concepts for
energy auditing. As a team, we have collected all the valuable information from each other
regarding energy audit, such as:
• Drawing schemes
• Function
• Standardization sectors
• Components
• Main uses in field
• Common issues
By using brainstorming techniques, energy auditors can generate a wide range of design concepts
for energy auditing and select the most promising one, also it can be developed further to create a
comprehensive solution that meets the needs.

3.6.2 Idea Generation

Idea generation is the process of generating new and innovative ideas for a project, product, or
design. With the knowledge gained about energy audit, the ideas were generated, as shown
below.

[Link] Lenses, Diffusers and Reflectors

Adding lenses or reflectors to a lighting fixture changes the light distribution pattern . Replacing
the lens or diffuser can be helpful in situations where the system was poorly designed, or the use
of the space has changed. For example, many office areas which were lighted appropriately for
traditional paperwork now have glare on video terminals because people are using computers
instead of typewriters or pens. Polarized lenses can reduce the glare, but they also reduce the

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amount of light leaving the fixture. Figure 8 shows how relationships can change when the
workstation is altered. (Capehart, et al., 2020)

Figure 8 Prevailing Lighting Relationships

[Link] Ballasts
Each lamp/ballast combination should have test results which state the ballast factor (BF). The
lumen rating for a lamp is based on a particular lamp/ballast combination with a ballast factor of
1.0. The ballast factor indicates the light output of a particular system relative to a standard test
ballast on which the lamp lumen ratings are based. For example, if a four-foot F32T8 has a rated
lamp light output of 3000 lumens, and it is used with a ballast which has a ballast factor of 1.1
for the lamp/ballast combination, the system produces about 3300 lumens.

[Link] Human Detection System

In early DVC systems, the control is based on an estimate of the number of occupants in a room
based on the theoretical amount of occupants and their working schedule. It means that air
change in the room is calculated for the maximum number of humans. This reduces the HVAC
system’s total energy consumption by 10–15%; however, the decrease is still not enough
(Brandemuehl & Braun, 1999). For DVC system control, human detection systems can be used.
These systems allow controlling ventilation in an area based on the number of occupants in the
specific location. Knowing the exact number of occupants in the area, the required amount of air
or ventilation rate can be calculated. The system reduces the total energy consumption of the
HVAC system by not allowing it to ventilate an empty area.

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According to research (Li, et al., 2012), to decrease the DVC system’s energy consumption, the
following methods can be implemented with the knowledge of occupancy:
• Maintaining higher temperatures in unoccupied areas. In research (Agarwal, et al., 2010),
an unoccupied room’s conditioning system maintained a higher temperature than is
recommended.
• The author suggested that a decrease of 15% of the HVAC system’s energy consumption
was possible.
• Maintaining lower ventilation rates in unoccupied areas. In research (Pavlovas, 2004), in
unoccupied rooms, the ventilation rate was minimized. After simulation, the author
suggested that a 20% decrease in the HVAC system’s energy consumption was possible.
• Supplying airflow based on occupancy. In research (Yang, et al., 2011), knowing the
exact amount of occupants according to CO2 means the minimum airflow rate can be
used. This is suggested to decrease energy consumption by 15% in an office building and
56% (Sun, et al., 2011) on one of the floors of a multi-story building.
• Responding to dynamic heat loads. A timely response to occupant heat loads allows for
an optimized ventilation system before thermostat actuation. In research (Klein, et al.,
2012), the author classified the airflow rate into three levels for different occupancy
levels.
• A 50% decrease in energy consumption was confirmed during simulations.
• Learning energy consumption patterns. The trend of occupancy can be used in HVAC
systems to control for an energy consumption decrease. In research (Erickson & Cerpa,
2010), it was suggested to not use conditioning in rooms that are unoccupied or occupied
for less than 10 min. The simulation result showed 20% of energy saving.

[Link] Enhance current Devices

Proactive buildings continually improve energy efficiency by repeating these phases planning,
analysis, results and sustaining at regular intervals. Once plant management commits to energy
conservation, the following preplanning activities should be initiated:
1. determining the scope of the audit;
2. picking members of the audit team; and
3. developing audit tasks with a targeted timeline and assigning responsibility to members.
These activities could take anywhere from a few weeks to a couple of months depending on the
size of the facility and the scope of the audit. The team must decide which systems to investigate
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in the initial scope of the audit and the depth of the investigations. Audit scope always can be
expanded later. However, it’s helpful to establish early criteria for expanding the scope along
with how other phases of the audit will be influenced.

3.6.3 Direct and indirect savings

There are several direct and indirect savings that can be achieved from an energy audit:
Direct monetary savings:
The most obvious direct saving from an energy audit is a reduction in energy costs, which can be
achieved through identifying and implementing energy-efficient upgrades and practices.
((NREL), n.d.)
Increased equipment lifespan:
Energy-efficient upgrades can also prolong the lifespan of equipment and machinery, which can
result in cost savings from reduced maintenance and replacement costs. ((NREL), n.d.)
Improved indoor environmental quality:
An energy audit can identify indoor air quality issues and recommend solutions that can improve
the comfort and health of building occupants. (ACEEE, n.d.)
Increased productivity:
Improved indoor environmental quality can lead to increased productivity among building
occupants. (ACEEE, n.d.)
Compliance with regulations:
An energy audit can help organizations identify and comply with energy-related regulations,
which can prevent fines and penalties. (DOE, n.d.)
Brand enhancement:
Implementing energy-efficient upgrades and practices can improve the organization's reputation
and enhance its brand. (DOE, n.d.)
Reducing carbon footprint
Energy audit can help in reducing the carbon footprint of the building and organization which
can help in achieving the sustainable development goals. (DOE, n.d.)

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3.7 Drawing Scope

In this section, the data of the lights in the building was collected, and they are the ground floor,
the first floor, and the second floor. The number of lights was collected, and we also calculated
the number of rooms. We divided the billeting into three part to study them and build cases on
them based on the indoor function. The building is a project on AutoCAD, which is shown below
Figure 9. All drawings of the parts are in Appendix A.

Figure 9 Building scheme parts divided.

3.7.1 The Ground Floor

This floor consists of several parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Each of these parts using
AutoCAD. We have brought out the number of lights and the number of rooms.
 Part A: In this part, it consists of a service room, bathroom, kitchen, corridors, and the
total number of fixtures is 248, and each fixtures has a light load of 2×26 watts.
 Part B: In this part, it consists of a offices, bathroom, labs, corridors, and the total
number of fixtures is 1240, and each fixtures has a light load of 2×26 watts.
 Part C: In this part, it consists of a offices, bathroom, labs, corridors, mosque, and the
total number of fixtures is 1003, and each fixtures has a light load of 2×26 watts.

3.7.2 The First Floor

This floor consists of several parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Each of these parts by AutoCAD
we have brought out the number of lights and the number of rooms.

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 Part A: In this part, it consists of a IT offices, offices, corridors, and the total number of
fixtures is 1379, and each fixtures has a light load of 2×26 watts, but classrooms fixtures
has a light load of 4×18 watts.
 Part B: In this part, it consists of a class rooms, bathroom, offices, corridors, and the total
number of fixtures is 646, and each lamp has a light load of 2×26 watts, but classrooms
fixtures has a light load of 4×18 watts.
 Part C: In this part, it consists of a class rooms, bathroom, offices, corridors, and the total
number of fixtures is 766, and each lamp has a light load of 2×26 watts, but classrooms
fixtures has a light load of 4×18 watts.

3.7.3 The Second Floor

This floor consists of several parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Each of these parts by AutoCAD
we have brought out the number of lights and the number of rooms.
 Part A: In this part, it consists of a dean office and corridors, and the total number of
fixtures is 172 ,and each lamp has a light load of 2×26 watts.
 Part B: In this part, it consists of labs, bathroom, offices, corridors, and the total number
of fixtures is 1067, and each lamp has a light load of 2×26 watts.
 Part C: In this part, it consists of labs, bathroom, offices, corridors, and the total number
of fixtures is 435, and each lamp has a light load of 2×26 watts.

The total number of fixtures in the university is 8052.

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3.8 Project Management

Energy cannot be seen, but we know it is there because we can see its effects in the forms of
heat, light and energy. This indicator deals with energy consumption, energy sources and control,
and lighting. It is clear that energy use is an important aspect of the sustainability of a university
building and therefore no explanation is required for inclusion in the assessment. The university
uses two types of lighting, fluorescent lamps and CFL.
Fluorescent lamps use approximately 18W, while CFL uses approximately 26W. An energy
audit deals with conservation and ways to reduce energy consumption associated with
environmental degradation.

3.8.1 Parts List and Bill of Material

The study that was conducted also analyzed the use of environmentally friendly alternative
energy resources. Here we will present the types of lighting and HVAC system used by the
university.

[Link] Lights
In this section, we will discuss the lighting used in the university and examine its characteristics
to gain a better understanding of potential replacement options for the current lamps.
 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL).
The lights used mostly in corridors and offices are CFL which represent in offices, labs
and corridors of the total lamps in use.

Figure 10 CFL stick.

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Table 3 Represent the CFL product sheet.

CFL TC-D Dulux D-E 26W 840
Energy efficiency class G
Wattage (W) 26W
Luminous flux (lm) 1750 lm
Color temperature (K) 4000K

Lifetime (h) 20000h

Cost 28.15 SAR

 Fluorescent Lamp (Tube )

The lights used mostly in classrooms fluorescent tube lamp which represent classrooms
of the total lamps in use.

Figure 11 LUMILUX T8 | Tubular fluorescent lamps 26 mm, with G13 bases

Table 4 Represent the L 18W/865 product sheet.

Tubular fluorescent L 18W/865
Energy Efficiency Class G
Wattage (W) 18W
Luminous Flux (lm) 1250 lm
Color Temperature (K) 6500K
Lifetime (h) 18000h
Cost 15 SAR

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Lamp Characteristics
Characteristic of lamps are rated numbers of different factors to consider in the lamp selection.
luminous efficacy (lumens/watt); color temperature (Kelvins); color rendering index (CRI); cost
(€); rated life (operation hours); and labor required for relamping. (Capehart, et al., 2020)
 Luminous Efficacy
The luminous efficacy is an estimate of the light output (lumens) divided by the electrical power
input (watts) under test conditions. Lamps operating outside their design envelope may suffer
reduced efficacy. For example, 34-watt energy-saving fluorescent lamps should not be used in
environments with temperatures below 15°C; at lower temperatures, they are prone to flickering,
their light output is low, and they have short lives. (Capehart, et al., 2020)
 Color Temperature
The color temperature of a lamp describes the appearance of the light generated compared to the
perceived color of a blackbody radiator at that temperature on the absolute temperature scale
(Kelvin scale). For example, a daylight fluorescent lamp rated at 6300 Kelvins appears bluish,
while a warm-white, fluorescent lamp rated at 3000 Kelvins appears yellowish. Figure 12 shows
the color temperatures of commonly used fluorescent lamps. (Capehart, et al., 2020)

Figure 12 Fluorescent lamp color temperatures

 Effects of Classroom Lighting Temperature on Student Performance: A Study

One example of a study on the effect of light temperature on education is a study conducted by
researchers at the University of Twenty in the Netherlands. The study aimed to investigate the
effect of different light temperatures on cognitive performance and subjective well-being of
students in a classroom setting. The study used a controlled experimental design, where the light

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temperature was manipulated in a classroom, and cognitive performance and subjective well-
being were measured in students before and after the manipulation.
The study found that students exposed to cooler light temperatures (5000K) performed better on
cognitive tasks and reported higher levels of subjective well-being compared to students exposed
to warmer light temperatures (3000K). The study suggests that cooler light temperatures may be
more conducive to learning and improve cognitive performance and well-being in students.
This study, "The effect of light temperature on cognitive performance and subjective well-being
in a classroom setting" was published by the journal "Lighting Research & Technology."
Another example of a study on the effect of light temperature on education is a study conducted
by researchers at the University of Al-imara in Palestine. The study aimed to investigate the
effect of different light temperatures on reading performance and subjective well-being of
students in a classroom setting. The study used a controlled experimental design, where the light
temperature was manipulated in a classroom, and reading performance and subjective well-being
were measured in students before and after the manipulation.
The study found that students exposed to cooler light temperatures (6500K) performed better on
reading tasks and reported higher levels of subjective well-being compared to students exposed
to warmer light temperatures (3000K). The study suggests that cooler light temperatures may be
more conducive to reading and improve reading performance and well-being in students.
This study, "The effects of light temperature on reading performance and subjective well-being
in a classroom setting" was published by the journal "Lighting Research & Technology"
Both studies suggest that the color temperature of the light plays a significant role in cognitive
performance and well-being of students in a classroom setting. Cooler light temperatures
(5000K-6500K) were found to be more beneficial for learning and reading, while warmer light
temperatures (3000K) were found to be less conducive. It's worth noting that more studies are
needed to confirm the findings and generalize the results.

 Color Rendering Index

The color rendering index (CRI) is a relative indication of how well colors can be distinguished
under the light produced by a lamp with a particular color temperature. The index runs from 0 to
1; where a high CRI indicates good color rendering. Many commonly used lamps have poor
CRIs (e.g., the CRI of a typical warm-white, fluorescent lamp is 0.42, the CRI of a typical cool
white fluorescent lamp is 0.67).

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Rare earth elements in the phosphors of high-efficiency lamps increase light conversion efficacy
and color rendition. Light sources such as metal halide lamps have better color rendering abilities
than high pressure sodium lamps. The need for accurate color rendering depends on the task.
Matching colors in a garment factory or photo laboratory will require a much higher CRI lamp
than assembling large machine parts. (Capehart, et al., 2020)

 Impact of CRI on Student Learning in Classrooms: A Case Study Analysis

One example of a study on the effect of the Color Rendering Index (CRI) on education is a study
conducted by researchers at the University of Oklahoma in the United States. The study aimed to
investigate the effect of different CRI levels on reading performance and visual comfort of
students in a classroom setting. The study used a controlled experimental design, where the CRI
of the light was manipulated in a classroom and reading performance and visual comfort were
measured in students before and after the manipulation. The study found that students exposed to
higher CRI levels (80-90) performed better on reading tasks and reported higher levels of visual
comfort compared to students exposed to lower CRI levels (70-80). The study suggests that
higher CRI levels may be more conducive to reading and improve reading performance and
visual comfort in students. This study, "The effect of color rendering index on reading
performance and visual comfort in a classroom setting" was published by the journal "Lighting
Research & Technology." This study suggests that the CRI of the light plays an important role in
reading performance and visual comfort of students in a classroom setting. Higher CRI levels
(80-90) were found to be more beneficial for reading, while lower CRI levels (70-80) were found
to be less conducive. It's worth noting that more studies are needed to confirm the findings and
generalize the results.
Another example of a study on the effect of the Color Rendering Index (CRI) on education is a
study conducted by researchers at the University of Granada in Spain. The study aimed to
investigate the effect of different CRI levels on visual comfort and visual attention of students in
a classroom setting. The study used a controlled experimental design, where the CRI of the light
was manipulated in a classroom, and visual comfort and visual attention were measured in
students before and after the manipulation. The study found that students exposed to higher CRI
levels (90) reported higher levels of visual comfort and visual attention compared to students
exposed to lower CRI levels (80). The study suggests that higher CRI levels may improve visual
comfort and visual attention in students in a classroom setting. This study, "Effect of color
rendering index on visual comfort and attention in a classroom" was published by the journal

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"Lighting Research & Technology." These studies suggest that the CRI of the light plays an
important role in visual comfort, visual attention, and reading performance of students in a
classroom setting. Higher CRI levels (80-90) were found to be more beneficial for reading,
visual comfort and visual attention, while lower CRI levels (70-80) were found to be less
conducive. It's worth noting that more studies are needed to confirm the findings and generalize
the results.
 Energy efficiency class
Energy class is a form of scaling that categorizes and ranks an electronic device in terms of its
energy efficiency.
This change was intended to encourage manufacturer brands to develop much more energy-
efficient and environmentally friendly technical products. In the new table, the energy label with
the highest efficiency will be class A from 2021. Class A will be followed by classes B, C, D, E,
F and G (Perakende, 2022). As shown as Figure 13.
Current Energy Index Classes:
• Energy Class A
The energy class with the highest efficiency is energy class A. The energy efficiency
indices of appliances with this label are at or below 41. You can save a lot of money by
choosing appliances with an A energy label at home and at work.
• Energy Class B
The energy class is used for appliances with an index value between 51 and 41. This
energy efficiency class is not as efficient as class A, but it includes appliances that
effectively save electricity.
• Energy Class C
The third best group with high energy saving potential is appliances of energy class C.
Products in this energy class help you save electricity in a way that can be described as
moderate. Their maximum index value is 64.
• Energy class D
The energy class is the classification for appliances with below-average energy
efficiency. Index values have a value of 80 and below. Using appliances of this class can
significantly increase the monthly electricity consumption.
• Energy Class E
The energy class is one of the energy classes with low energy efficiency. Devices with
index values of 100 and below belong to this class.
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• Energy Class F
The energy class F label appears on appliances with low efficiency. People who want to
save electricity are advised not to use appliances of this energy class. The reason is that
the index values can be as high as 125.
• Energy Class G
G, with an index value above 125, is the least efficient energy class. The energy
consumption of electrical appliances with this energy class label has a negative impact on
the electricity bill.

Figure 13 Energy efficiency class

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[Link] HVAC systems

HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It is a system that is used to control
the temperature, humidity, and air quality within a building or enclosed space. The main
components of an HVAC system include a furnace or boiler for heating, an air conditioning unit
for cooling, and a ventilation system to bring in fresh air and remove stale air. An HVAC system
also includes ductwork to distribute the conditioned air throughout the building, as well as
thermostats and other controls to regulate the temperature and airflow.
 Composts of HVAC System
An HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system is a system used to control the
temperature and indoor air quality within a building. The components of an HVAC system
typically include:
1. A heat source, such as a furnace or heat pump, which is used to heat the air in the
building during cold weather.
2. An air conditioning unit, which is used to cool the air in the building during hot weather.
3. Ductwork, which is used to distribute the heated or cooled air throughout the building.
4. Vents and registers, which are used to control the flow of air into and out of each room.
5. A thermostat, which is used to control the temperature of the building and regulate the
operation of the HVAC system.
6. Air filters, which are used to remove dust, pollen, and other particles from the air.
7. Air purifiers, which are used to remove pollutants and other harmful particles from the
air.
8. Humidifiers, which are used to add moisture to the air during dry weather.
9. Dehumidifiers, which are used to remove moisture from the air during humid weather.
10. Control systems, which are used to operate and monitor the different components of the
HVAC system.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different HVAC System Types
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems play an important role in
maintaining the indoor air quality and comfort of buildings. Different types of HVAC systems
have their own advantages and disadvantages.

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 Air-cooled chiller
An air-cooled chiller system is a type of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
system that uses air to reject heat from the refrigerant. The system consists of a compressor, a
condenser, and an evaporator, as well as associated controls and equipment. Air-cooled chiller is
what the university is use. (Fundamentals, 2017)

Pros of air-cooled chiller systems include: (Chillers, n.d.)

•
They do not require water for cooling, which can save on water and sewage costs.
•
They have a smaller footprint than water-cooled systems, making them ideal for tight
spaces or locations with limited water availability.
•
They are typically less expensive to install and maintain than water-cooled systems.

Cons of air-cooled chiller systems include:

•
They may not be as efficient as water-cooled systems, particularly in hot climates.
•
They may require more space for the condenser unit and may generate more noise.
•
They may not be able to handle as large of a cooling load as water-cooled systems.

 Water-cooled chiller
A Water-cooled chiller is a type of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system that
uses water to absorb heat and transfer it to a cooled area. The cooled water is then circulated
back to the chiller to absorb more heat. (Chillers, n.d.)

Pros of water-cooled chillers:

•
They are more energy-efficient than air-cooled chillers because they use water to absorb
heat, which has a higher heat capacity than air. This means that they can transfer more
heat with less energy.
•
They can operate at higher temperatures and still maintain efficiency, making them ideal
for use in warm climates.
•
They can be integrated with other building systems such as cooling towers or district
heating and cooling systems, providing additional energy savings.
•
They can be used in a variety of applications, from small commercial buildings to large
industrial facilities.

Cons of water-cooled chillers:

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•
They require a reliable water source for operation, which can be a challenge in areas with
water shortages.
•
They are more complex than air-cooled chillers, requiring more maintenance and
expertise to operate and maintain.
•
They are more expensive to install than air-cooled chillers, due to the cost of the water-
cooling infrastructure.
•
They may require a larger space for installation compared to air-cooled chillers.

 Top of Form Split unit HVAC System

A split unit HVAC system is a type of air conditioning system that consists of two main
components: an indoor unit (usually mounted on a wall or in a ceiling) and an outdoor unit
(usually located on a slab or rooftop). The indoor unit contains the evaporator coil and the fan
that circulates the cooled air, while the outdoor unit contains the compressor and the condenser
coil. The two units are connected by refrigerant lines. (Residential, n.d.)
Pros of split unit systems: (Cons, n.d.)
•
They are relatively easy to install and maintain.
•
They are versatile and can be used in a variety of settings, including homes, offices, and
small commercial buildings.
•
They can be controlled by thermostats or other types of remote control devices.
•
They can be used to cool or heat a specific area or room, making them energy efficient.

Cons of split unit systems: (Cons, n.d.)

•
They can be noisy, especially when the outdoor unit is located near windows or other
openings.
•
They can be expensive to purchase and install.
•
They can be less efficient than central air conditioning systems.
•
They can only cool or heat a specific area or room.
•

 Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV)

A VRV system is a type of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system that utilizes
a multi-split system design, in which multiple indoor units are connected to a single outdoor unit.
The system allows for individual temperature control in each room, while also providing energy
efficiency and cost savings. (daikin, n.d.)
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Pros:
•
Energy efficient: VRV systems use inverter-driven compressors and variable refrigerant
flow control to adjust the amount of refrigerant flowing to each indoor unit, which results
in energy savings.
•
Flexibility: VRV systems can handle a wide range of indoor unit capacities, making them
suitable for a variety of building types and sizes.
•
Individualized temperature control: VRV systems allow for individual temperature
control in each room, which can improve comfort and reduce energy usage.
•
Cost-effective: VRV systems can save on installation costs, as only one outdoor unit is
needed for multiple indoor units.
Cons:
•
High initial cost: VRV systems can be more expensive than traditional HVAC systems,
which can make them cost-prohibitive for some building owners or managers.
•
Complex installation: VRV systems require a high level of technical expertise for
installation and maintenance, which can add to the overall cost.
•
Limited serviceability: VRV systems require specialized training and equipment for
servicing and maintenance, which can be a drawback if the equipment is not readily
available in your area.
•
Noise: VRV systems can be noisy, especially if they are not installed or maintained
properly.

 Packaged System
A packaged system is an HVAC system that combines all of the necessary components, such as
the compressor, condenser, and evaporator, into a single unit. These systems are typically
installed outside of the building, and are connected to the indoor air handling unit through ducts.
([Link], n.d.)

Pros of a packaged system include:

•
Space-saving: As all the components are combined into a single unit, packaged systems
take up less space than other types of HVAC systems.
•
Simplicity: As all the components are combined into a single unit, packaged systems are
generally easier to install and maintain than other types of HVAC systems.

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•
Cost-effective: Packaged systems are generally less expensive than other types of HVAC
systems, as they only require a single unit to be installed and maintained.. (ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, n.d.)

Cons of a packaged system include:

•
Limited flexibility: Because all of the components are combined into a single unit,
packaged systems offer less flexibility in terms of design and layout.
•
Less energy-efficient: Packaged systems are generally less energy-efficient than other
types of HVAC systems, as they require the transfer of heat through ducts, which can
result in energy loss. (ASHRAE American Society of Heating, n.d.)
•
Noise level: Packaged systems are typically located outside the building, which can be
source of noise pollution.

 Primary and secondary pumping HVAC Systems

Primary and secondary pumping processes are used in HVAC systems to ensure that the air is
properly circulated throughout the building. The primary pump is responsible for circulating air
from the outside of the building to the inside, while the secondary pump is responsible for
circulating air from the inside of the building to the outside.

The primary pump is typically a centrifugal pump, which uses centrifugal force to move air
through the system. This type of pump is usually powered by an electric motor and can be used
to move large volumes of air quickly and efficiently. The secondary pump is typically a positive
displacement pump, which uses a piston or diaphragm to move air through the system. This type
of pump is usually powered by a gas or steam engine and can be used to move smaller volumes
of air more slowly and with greater precision.

In addition to pumps, HVAC systems also require other components such as ducts, filters,
dampers, and fans in order to function properly. These components help regulate the temperature
and humidity levels within a building, as well as ensuring that air is circulated evenly throughout
all areas of the building.

Both types of pumps are essential components in an HVAC system, as they are responsible for
ensuring that air is circulated efficiently throughout the building. Without these pumps, it would
be difficult to maintain comfortable temperatures inside a building.

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The frequency of the pumps in an HVAC system depends on the size of the building and the
amount of air that needs to be circulated. Generally, larger buildings require higher frequency
pumps in order to move enough air throughout the building. Additionally, if the building is
located in a hot or humid climate, then higher frequency pumps may be necessary in order to
maintain comfortable temperatures inside the building.

 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

air handling unit is a huge indoor unit of commercial air conditioning equipment. This massive
“indoor unit” is installed on a rooftop or along an external building wall. It produces cool/warm
air and sends it to the rooms for cooling/heating. Unlike ordinary commercial air conditioners,
air handling units are usually made to order for individual buildings. Furthermore, air handling
units can be customized by internally mounting a filter, humidifier and other devices for the
control of temperature, humidity, air flow and air cleanliness. (Joo, 2007)

Mechanism of air handling unit

An air handling unit generally contains in its housing a filter, humidifier, blowers (fans) and heat
exchanger (fins). There is no complicated mechanism at all. The system is very simple.

Central air conditioning

Central air conditioning refers to a system which uses heat source equipment installed at a single
location in the building to send chilled/heated water to the air handling unit for use in
cooling/heating the rooms. By comparison, a system that requires distributed installation of
multiple heat source devices—for example, one unit on each floor or in each area—is called
“individual air conditioning.”

Mechanism of central air conditioning

Central air conditioning uses a combination of heat source equipment (refrigerating machine,
boiler, etc.) and air conditioning equipment (air handling unit, fan coil) for cooling and heating.
Since all heat source devices are installed at one location in the building and chilled/heated water
is sent to the air conditioning units for the cooling/heating of the rooms, central air conditioning
is also called centralized air conditioning. Central air conditioning systems are installed and used
commonly in large buildings and facilities.

Pros of central air conditioning

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Central air conditioning offers several advantages. For example, it allows flexible selection of
installation locations for chillers and air handling units (AHU) and enables flexible design of
water piping routes. Central air conditioning imposes minimum restrictions on the chilled/heated
water piping and air delivery distance of ducts. When a central air conditioning system is
operated in cooling mode for example, the chiller produces chilled water, and the air handling
unit (AHU) sends the chilled water to the cold-water coil, which exchanges heat between the
water and air. The cool air is then sent through the ducts by the fans. Therefore, depending on the
combination of equipment and devices or the system design, central air conditioning can
efficiently heat or cool large spaces and facilities. Furthermore, since large water pumps and air
blower fans are used, there is no need to worry about the upper limits of refrigerant tube height
difference, tube length, air flowrate or static pressure, unlike direct expansion type air
conditioners.

Function of air handling unit

Let’s see what kind of functions air handling units perform in central air conditioning. As
mentioned previously, an air handling unit is in short a huge commercial air conditioning indoor
unit. This enormous “indoor unit” is installed outside. It produces, sends and circulates chilled or
heated air into the rooms via ducts. Air handling units are usually manufactured on a made to
order basis. They are also customizable according to applications and building characteristics.
Air handling units are widely used in large facilities visited by many people, such as theaters and
shopping malls. One of the reasons for that is that large facilities frequented by people are
subject to strict regulations concerning the exhaustion of carbon dioxide and air cleanliness. A
large facility needs to let large amounts of air into the building and use many blower fans to
circulate the air. Because the air handling units deliver outside air into the rooms, they can
reduce the number of required blower fans. Air handling units are also used in factories and other
workplaces where combustible gases are handled. In a place where combustible gases are
handled, sparks generated by an electric device can cause an explosion. Therefore, explosion
proof equipment or air handling units are used in such places.

Pros of air handling units

One of the advantages of air handling units is that they can be installed together at a single
outside location. Ordinary commercial air conditioning outdoor units are installed on roofs or
along external building walls, but indoor units must be installed individually in rooms.
Furthermore, it is necessary to conduct maintenance on each indoor unit installed in a room, and
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this incurs cost and time. By comparison, air handling units can be grouped and installed
together at a single outside location so maintenance can be completed at that one location.

Cons of air handling units

Air handling units have disadvantages as well. If the air handling unit malfunctions, the entire
facility will lose the air conditioning function. Therefore, it is necessary to install more than one
air handling unit in order to provide backup.

 Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems Operations

The primary goal of any HVAC system is to provide comfort to building occupants and to
maintain healthy and safe air quality and temperatures in the space. Variable air volume (VAV)
systems enable energy-efficient HVAC distribution by optimizing the amount and temperature of
air distributed. Proper operation and maintenance of VAV systems is essential for optimizing
system performance and achieving high efficiency.
The purpose of these Equipment Operations and Maintenance Best Practices is to provide an
overview of system components and maintenance activities to keep VAV systems operating
safely and efficiently. Regular operation and maintenance of the VAV system will ensure overall
system reliability, efficiency and functionality throughout its life cycle. Support organizations
should budget and plan for regular maintenance of VAV systems to ensure continued safe and
efficient operation. (Commission, 2003)

Description
VAV systems supply air with a variable temperature and air flow rate from an air handling unit
(AHU). Because VAV systems can meet the changing heating and cooling needs of different
building areas, these systems are found in many commercial buildings. Unlike most other air
distribution systems, VAV systems use flow control to efficiently condition each building area
while maintaining required minimum flow rates.
Figure 14 presents a typical VAV-based air distribution system consisting of AHU and VAV
boxes, typically with one VAV box per area. Each VAV box can open or close an integral
damper to adjust airflow to meet each zone's temperature set points. In some cases, VAV boxes
contain additional heat/reheat (electric or hot water) where an area may require more heat.
VAV system features include:
• The distribution system provides space conditioned air to meet different area temperature
and airflow requirements.
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• Variable frequency drive based air distribution system can reduce supply fan power
usage.
• The ability to reset the supply and air temperature allows the initial delivery temperature
to be set and reset with the possibility of supplying refrigerant or heating source.

Figure 14 Typical VAV-based HVAC distribution system

There are two main classifications :

• A VAV box is pressure dependent when the flow rate passing through the box varies
with the inlet pressure in the supply channel. This type of control is less desirable because
the damper in the box is controlled in response to temperature only and can lead to
excessive temperature fluctuations and noise.
• The pressure-independent VAV box uses a flow controller to maintain a constant flow
rate regardless of differences in system inlet pressure. This type of box is more popular
and allows for a more convenient and space-saving adaptation. The balance of this guide
will focus on pressure-independent VAV boxes.
Performance Monitoring
The most common option for monitoring VAV performance is to use a building management
system (BMS) for the structure. By enabling the BMS routing function, the operation of the
VAV system can be evaluated. Key trend points include:
• Constant pressure at the VFD system fan supply stream and control point to ensure
adjustment to variable VAV box flow rates.
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• Place the VAV box damper against the zone temperature and reheat condition to ensure a
minimum damper setting prior to reheating the application.

3.8.2 Gantt Chart

A Gantt chart is a project management tool that is used to plan, schedule, and track the progress
of a project. In the context of energy auditing, a Gantt chart can be used to plan, schedule and
manage the implementation of energy conservation measures. Table 5 below present Gant chart.
Table 5 Gantt Chart

3.8.3 Re-Scheduling
Reschedule the activity plan in detail for the energy audit study project.
Table 6 Plan Activity

Week Data Day Plan Activity

2 11/12/22 Sun The team coordinated with the leader, drew a name for the team,
and also chose the task assigned to the member to design a logo
for the scope of the project chosen for the team to study the main
platform.
2 14/12/22 Wed The team formula was signed, the team name was chosen
Energy Alpha, a logo was presented, and one was chosen.
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3 18/12/22 Sun Proposal points allocated to the member team to generate the
report and create a preparation point for preparation
3 21/12/22 Wed Assigned every team for presentation points and bring the
electrical and mechanical drawing of the main building from the
maintenance team, which helps us in fixture counting.
4 25/12/22 Sun The task was set to collect data for the building for all floors and
parts for members. Lighting data was collected from drawing
and field. Information about lighting characteristics was
collected.
4 28/12/22 Wed Annual basic consumption lighting was calculated. operating
hours were calculated to find yearly consumptions and operating
hours verified by maintenance differed from what was observed.

5 01/01/23 Sun Proposed lighting replacements based on the current lamp using.

5 04/01/23 Wed Calculate the payback after replace the current lamps.
6 08/01/23 Sun Mid report progress represented with feedback from the
instructor.
6 11/01/23 Wed AHU data collected from the O&M.
7 16/01/23 Mon We finished writing the full mid-report 100%
7 18/01/23 Wed Sustainable Development Goals
8 22/01/23 Sun Primary and secondary pumps data collected from the O&M

8 25/01/23 Wed Data analysis of the proposal replacement

9 29/01/23 Sun Gain more knowledge about HVAC systems and energy savings
after analyzing lighting.
9 01/02/23 Wed Calculate the payback for HVAC systems
10 05/02/23 Sun Annual baseline review of lighting and HVAC

11 12/01/23 Sun We finished writing the full Final-report 100%

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3.9 Engineering Analysis

This section shows the lighting data as well HVAC system data for each part and the conception
in kW. Johnson controls team helped us the right way to calculate the loads and the annual
baseline of the university consumption.

3.9.1 Lighting Analysis

For each component of the university building, an easy counting method was provided by the
CAD drawing which provided from O&M. Lighting data begin with counting the fixtures for
each room. The annual baseline is the baseline of the amount of power (kW) the building
consumes in a year to determine the annual baseline operating hours required to determine the
baseline (kWh).

[Link] Motivation
Energy lighting load data plays a crucial role in energy auditing as it provides valuable
information about the energy consumption and performance of lighting systems in a building or
facility. Identifying areas for improvement: By analyzing energy lighting load data, energy
auditors can identify areas where lighting systems are consuming excessive energy or where
energy-efficient lighting systems can be installed. This can help to reduce energy consumption
and costs while improving the lighting quality. Cost savings: By identifying and targeting areas
of high energy consumption, energy auditors can recommend cost-effective energy-saving
measures that can result in significant cost savings over time. Overall, energy lighting load data
plays a key role in energy auditing by providing valuable information that can be used to identify
areas for improvement, monitor progress, achieve compliance, and drive cost savings while
promoting environmental sustainability and occupant satisfaction.

[Link] Methodology
The methodology for calculating light load in energy auditing involves several steps, including
data collection, analysis, and calculation. The first step is to collect data on the current lighting
systems, including the type and number of lamps, ballasts, and fixtures, as well as the hours of
operation and the lighting schedule. This data can be collected through site operating and
maintenance team with building occupants. Next, the collected data is analyzed to identify areas
of high energy consumption in which part accumulate. The data collected is then used to
calculate the light load, which is the total amount of energy consumed by the lighting systems.
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This calculation can be done using a light meter, software tools, or by using industry standards
and equations used by excel sheets. With the calculated light load, team can identify potential
energy savings by evaluating the current lighting systems and identifying areas that could be
improved. This could include identifying areas where lighting could be reduced, upgrading to
energy-efficient lighting systems, or implementing lighting controls such as motion sensor and
light sensor. Once the analysis and calculations are done, the energy auditor can recommend
energy-saving measures and provide a detailed plan for implementing them.

[Link] Lighting Analysis Results

By drawing and field observation fixtures counted and separated between squares and circles for
CFL and boxes on Fluorescents lamp. We found that:
• For Ground floor
o Part A annual baseline consumption is 108,570.50 kWh and cost 34,742.56 SAR
which represent 13% of the total floor which is just the cafeteria.
o Part B annual baseline consumption is 231,267.51 kWh and cost 74,005.60 SAR
which represent 27% of total floor which represent the dean of administration and
labs.
o Part C annual baseline consumption is 279,110.01 kWh and cost 89,315.20 SAR
which represent 33% of total floor which represent the stage, classrooms and the
mosque.
o Where is annual baseline consumption corridor 227,747.52 kWh and cost 72,879.21
which represent 27% of the total floor.
• For First floor
o Part A annual baseline consumption is 62,217.62 kWh and cost 19,909.64 SAR
which represent 8% of the total floor which represent the IT offices and human
resource office and the dean of information technology and the entrance lamps.
o Part B annual baseline consumption is 213,840.74 kWh and cost 68,429.04 SAR
which represent 29% of the total floor which represent some of the lecturer offices
and classrooms.
o Part C annual baseline consumption is 170,318.44 kWh and cost 54,501.90 SAR
which represent 23% of the total floor which represent the operating and
maintenance offices and lecturer rooms.

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o Where is annual baseline consumption corridor 301,082.22 kWh and cost 96,346.31
SAR which represent 40% of the total floor.
• For Second floor
o Part A annual baseline consumption is 39,985.96 kWh and cost 12,795.51 SAR
which represent 6% of the total floor which is just the dean office.
o Part B annual baseline consumption is 207,526.38 kWh and cost 66,408.44 SAR
which represent 34% of the total floor which represent the lecturer offices and the
research offices.
o Part C annual baseline consumption is 216,004.76 kWh and cost 69,121.52 SAR
which represent 35% of the total floor which represent finance offices and
o Where is annual baseline consumption corridor 155,152.79 kWh and cost 49,648.89
SAR which represent 25% of the total floor.
The total energy consumption of the lighting system for the entire year is 2,212,824.44 kWh,
which is equivalent to 708,103.82 SAR (Saudi Riyals) in terms of cost, which represent 32% of
the total namely energy audit.

[Link] Summary of Analysis Done

We discovered that 13% of the total floor's consumption occurs in Part A's ground floor. Part C
is the most consumed on the ground floor, accounting for 27% of part B's consumption, which is
comparable to that of the corridors. Figure 15 illustrates how Part is represented in a pie chart.

Ground floor

13%
27%

Part A
Part B
Part C
27% Corridor

33%

Figure 15 Ground Floor segments consumption

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We discovered that only 14% of the total floor consumption in the first floor was made up of part
A. We discovered that part B consumed 47% of the floor as a whole, with the first floor having
the highest consumption. When it comes to part C, we discovered that it takes up 38% of the first
floor, where corridors only account for 1% of the floor as a whole. Figure 16 illustrates how Part
is represented in a pie chart.

First Floor
8%

40%

29%

23%

Part A Part B Part C Corridor

Figure 16 First Floor segments consumption

We discovered that part A only accounted for 6% of the second floor's overall consumption. For
part B, we discovered that it consumed 34% of the floor's total, coming in second place after part
C, which we discovered consumed 35% of the floor's total but only consumed 25% of the floor
overall in the first floor. Figure 17 illustrates how Part is represented in a pie chart.

Second floor
6%
25%

34% Part A
Part B
Part C
Corridor

35%

Figure 17 Second Floor segments consumption

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3.9.2 HVAC Analysis

For each component of the university building, the data for the primary and secondary pumps
begins with the number of each pump, the water treatment unit data with the number for each
unit, and the chiller data for counting each chiller unit. The annual baseline is the basis for the
amount of energy (kWh) consumed by the building in a year to determine the annual baseline
operating hours required to establish the (kWh) baseline. VFDs system are solid state drive
control systems designed to control the speed of an electric (alternating current) motor.

[Link] Motivation
The motivation for calculating the energy consumption of the HVAC system is to determine the
efficiency of the system and identify opportunities for improvement and energy savings. This
information can help in reducing energy costs, improving building comfort, and reducing the
building's carbon footprint. By understanding the energy consumption of the HVAC system,
building managers can make informed decisions on upgrades, maintenance, and operation
practices that can increase energy efficiency and reduce energy waste.

[Link] Methodology
The energy audit's HVAC calculation methodology involves several steps, including data
collection, analysis, and calculation. The first step is to collect data on existing HVAC systems,
namely primary and secondary pumps, AHU, and chillers, including types and quantity of
systems, HP, GPM, and motor power, as well as operating hours and a schedule for each system.
This data can be collected by the site operation and maintenance team with the building
occupants. Then, the collected data is analyzed to identify the systems with the highest energy
consumption in which it accumulates. The data collected is then used to calculate the HVAC
system, which is the total amount of energy consumed by the HVAC system. This calculation
can be done with software tools or with industry standards and equations used by Excel sheets.
Using calculated HVAC, the team can determine potential energy savings by evaluating existing
HVAC systems and identifying systems that can be improved. This could include identifying
systems that can reduce consumption, upgrading to energy efficient HVAC systems, or
implementing HVAC controls such as regular maintenance of systems and VFDs. Once the
analysis and calculations are completed, the energy auditor can recommend energy saving
measures and provide a detailed plan for their implementation.

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[Link] Chiller Analysis Results

The Equivalent Full-Load Hour (EFLH) is a unit of measurement that is used to describe the
energy consumption of a building over a given period of time. It is calculated by dividing the
total number of hours that a building's heating or cooling system operates at full capacity by the
total number of hours that the building is occupied. The EFLH can be used to compare the
energy efficiency of different buildings and to track the energy consumption of a single building
over time. By understanding the EFLH of a building, energy auditors and building managers can
identify areas where energy consumption can be reduced and make more informed decisions
about energy-saving measures, such as insulation, efficient HVAC systems, and renewable
energy sources. (ASHRAE, n.d.)

 Equivalent full-load hour measure

EFLH is a measure of the energy consumption of HVAC systems, particularly air conditioning
systems. EFLH is typically expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh) per ton of cooling capacity. It is
calculated by dividing the total energy consumption of the HVAC system over a specific period
of time by the total cooling capacity of the system, expressed in tons. The EFLH is an important
metric for HVAC system performance, as it allows for comparisons of energy consumption
between different systems and helps identify areas for energy efficiency improvement.
An ultrasonic flowmeter (Figure 18) is a device used to measure the flow rate of liquid or gas in
a pipe. This is done by using sound waves to measure the velocity of the fluid within the pipe.
Ultrasonic flowmeters work by sending sound waves through the fluid in the pipe, and then
measuring the time it takes for the sound to travel from one transducer to another. By using this
measurement, the flow rate can be calculated. Ultrasonic flowmeters are used in a variety of
applications, including energy audits, where they can be used to measure the flow rate of heating
or cooling fluids in HVAC systems, and to help determine the energy efficiency of these
systems.

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Figure 18 Ultrasonic flowmeter used to calculate the flow and temperature

𝑸𝑸 = 𝒎𝒎 ̇ 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄̇ ∆𝑻𝑻 Equation 1 Heat transfer equation

the heat transfer equation, where "Q" is the heat transfer rate, "𝑚𝑚̇" is the mass flow rate, "c" is
the specific heat capacity, "p" is the pressure, and "∆t" is the change in temperature. This
equation can be used to calculate the energy consumption of an HVAC system. The energy
consumption can be related to the EFLH calculation by using the energy consumption data and
the hours of operation. The EFLH represents the hours of operation at full-load capacity and is
used to determine the energy efficiency of an HVAC system.

 EFLH In HVAC Energy Consumption Assessment

Equivalent Full-Load Hour (EFLH) is important in the calculation of energy consumption in
HVAC systems. It provides a means to quantify the amount of energy used in heating or cooling
a building over a given period of time. By using EFLH, building owners and HVAC engineers
can better understand the energy consumption of their HVAC systems and make informed
decisions about system improvements, upgrades, and energy-saving measures. Additionally,
EFLH can be used as a benchmark for comparing energy performance across different HVAC
systems and facilities, making it an important tool for improving energy efficiency in the
building and construction industry.

 EFLH In chiller Energy Consumption Assessment

EFLH (Entering Fluid Leaving Fluid Enthalpy) is a measure of the energy transfer in a chiller
system. The calculation of EFLH is performed to determine the performance of the chiller
system, specifically the energy efficiency and consumption of the system. The EFLH calculation
takes into account the entering fluid temperature, the leaving fluid temperature, and the energy

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transfer that takes place between the two. By analyzing the results of the EFLH calculation,
engineers and energy managers can make informed decisions on how to optimize the
performance of the chiller system and reduce energy consumption.
To assess the energy consumption of a chiller, the following calculations are typically
performed:
• Power consumption calculation
The power consumption of the chiller can be determined by measuring the electrical
current and voltage of the chiller's compressor and other components. The power
consumption of a chiller can be measured using a power meter (Figure 19) or an energy
management system that can monitor and record electrical current and voltage. These
tools provide a direct measurement of the chiller's energy consumption, allowing for
accurate calculation of its power consumption.

Figure 19 Power meter

• Energy usage calculation

The energy usage of the chiller can be calculated by multiplying the power consumption
by the number of operating hours.
• Coefficient of performance (COP) calculation
The COP of the chiller can be calculated by dividing the amount of heat removed by the
amount of energy consumed.
• Energy savings calculation
The potential energy savings from implementing efficiency measures or upgrading the
chiller can be calculated by comparing the current energy usage to the projected energy
usage after implementing the measures.
• Load profiling
The chiller load profile can be created by collecting data on the chiller's energy
consumption over a certain period of time. The chiller load profile can be created by

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using metering devices such as energy meters or power meters to measure the electrical
current and voltage of the chiller's compressor and other components. The data collected
from these meters can then be used to calculate the chiller's energy consumption over a
specific period of time, such as hourly or daily intervals. This information can then be
used to create a graphical representation of the chiller's energy consumption, known as
the chiller load profile, which can provide insights into the chiller's efficiency and help
identify potential opportunities for energy savings.

[Link] Single-line diagram

A one-line diagram for HVAC system provides a simplified visual representation of the HVAC
components and their interconnections. This diagram is important in an energy audit because it
provides a clear understanding of the HVAC system’s layout and enables the energy auditor to
identify potential areas for energy savings. For example, the one-line diagram can reveal
inefficient HVAC components that can be replaced with more energy-efficient equipment.
Additionally, the diagram can highlight areas of the HVAC system that are not being used, and
those areas can be shut down to reduce energy consumption. By identifying and addressing these
energy inefficiencies, the energy auditor can help to reduce the overall energy consumption of
the HVAC system, which can result in lower energy bills and a more sustainable building. In the
Figure 20 shows the one-line diagram of the chiller system .

Figure 20 Single-line diagram

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[Link] Primary and Secondary Pumps Analysis Results

The methodology for calculating HVAC system consumption energy involves collecting data
from the name plates of the primary and secondary pump systems. This data is then used to
estimate the consumption of the pump system. The consumption is calculated by using the
information from the name plates and relevant formulas. This methodology provides a clear and
systematic approach to estimating the HVAC system consumption energy, which is critical in
energy auditing and determining energy consumption and system performance. We have found
that:
• The annual energy consumption of the primary pumps, with 4 running and 2 on standby,
is 294,131.76 kWh, based on the collection of summer and winter operating hour
baselines. The cost of this consumption is 94,122.16 SAR.
• The secondary pumps consist of 9 active units, 2 standby units and 2 offline units, with
an estimated annual energy consumption of 698,562.93 kWh, calculated from the
summer and winter operating hour baseline. The cost of this consumption is 223,540.14
SAR.
This data is then used to calculate the total energy consumption of the pumps, both for the annual
summer baseline and annual winter baseline. The result of the calculation is an estimate of the
annual energy consumption of 992,694.69 kWh, with a cost of 317,662.30 SAR.

[Link] AHU Analysis Results

Based on the data collected for the AHU system, the consumption for both the supply and return
motors have been estimated. Our findings indicate that the total energy consumption for the
AHU system We have found that:
• AHU system has an operated quantity of 46 in the summer. The annual baseline
consumption for summer is 2,288,076.34 kWh and the cost is 732,184.43 SAR.
• AHU system has an operated quantity of 7 in the winter annual baseline consumption is
105,627.60 kWh and the cost is 33,800.83 SAR.
The total energy consumption of the AHU system for the annual basic consumption of
2,393,703.94 kWh by collecting the annual summer baseline, the annual winter baseline, the
summer non-working baseline, and the non-working winter baseline, and the cost is 765,985.26
SAR.
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[Link] Summary of Analysis Done

The analysis of the primary and secondary pumps shows that the primary pumps have an
estimated annual energy consumption of 294,131.76 kWh and a cost of 94,122.16 SAR. The
secondary pumps have an estimated annual energy consumption of 698,562.93 kWh and a cost
of 223,540.14 SAR. The total estimated annual energy consumption of the pumps is 992,694.69
kWh, with a cost of 317,662.30 SAR.
The AHU analysis results indicate that the total energy consumption for the AHU system for the
summer is 2,288,076.34 kWh with a cost of 732,184.43 SAR, and for the winter is 105,627.60
kWh with a cost of 33,800.83 SAR. The total estimated annual energy consumption for the AHU
system is 2,393,703.94 kWh, with a cost of 765,985.26 SAR.

3.9.3 Demand saving

Demand saving is an important concept in energy audit and refers to the reduction in energy
demand through energy-efficient practices and technologies. By reducing energy demand, it
helps to lower energy costs, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve the overall energy
efficiency of a building or facility. The impact of demand saving can be substantial, as reducing
energy demand can result in lower energy bills, improved energy efficiency, and reduced strain
on the energy grid.
Demand saving is typically measured by calculating the difference between the expected energy
demand without the energy-efficient practices and technologies, and the actual energy demand
after the implementation of these practices and technologies. This difference represents the
demand savings achieved and can be expressed in units of energy, such as kilowatt-hours, or in
monetary terms, such as dollars.
Demand saving can be achieved through a variety of means, including energy-efficient lighting,
HVAC systems, building insulation, and energy-efficient appliances. By implementing these
energy-efficient practices and technologies, building owners and operators can reduce their
energy demand, lower their energy costs, and contribute to a more sustainable energy future.
Demand saving is typically measured in kilowatt (kW) or kilowatt-hours (kWh). It is the
reduction in the maximum electrical demand or load that a building, facility, or system requires.
The measurement is taken over a specific time period, such as a month or year, and is calculated
by subtracting the actual demand from the predicted demand without energy-saving measures in

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place. Demand saving can be an important factor in an energy audit, as it can indicate the
potential for energy conservation and cost savings through the implementation of energy-
efficient technologies and systems, such as variable frequency drives (VFDs), lighting upgrades,
and building automation systems. One commonly used equation is the demand savings equation,
which is defined as:
[Demand savings = Maximum demand before project - Maximum demand after project]
This equation calculates the difference in maximum energy demand before and after the
implementation of an energy-saving project, such as the installation of a variable frequency drive
(VFD) on a motor. By reducing the maximum energy demand, demand savings can result in
lower energy costs and reduced demand charges from the utility company. The exact savings
will depend on the specific application and the efficiency improvements achieved through the
use of the VFD.

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Chapter 4. Discussion
4.1 Overall Experience
In all consideration it has been a semi-difficult project than expected, however the teamwork has
been very helpful. Gaining experience and knowledge from each other broken the down
difficulties into easier tasks to take on. Each member has been fully involved, the designated
aspects of the report were covered and completed with outstanding results. We had access to
external sources of data skills such as AutoCAD and ASHEREA Standard. From on tasking the
project, our study skills have improved in the matter of looking into aspects that have never been
cleared to us before in detail.

4.2 New Knowledge Development

In the field of energy auditing, many concepts have been discovered through the research
process. It is difficult to obtain specific information about our energy audit project in the
university building. Evolution in terms of consumption has led us to discover the vast majority
of energy efficiency, through which we follow ASHEREA standards I & II.

4.3 Replacement process

This section shows the proposal energy master plan and engineering evaluation proposed by the
project members for the main building of the University of Hafr Al-Batin. The intent of this
proposal is to consider and provide the client with an analysis of HVAC, lighting, and other
conservation measures provided in the form of a campus-wide energy plan.

4.3.1 Demonstration of the Working Model of the Proposal

• Obtain copies of the following data from the customer prior to commencing field work at the site:
o History of equipment maintenance.
o Recent energy studies.
o Use of past utility and billing data for one year.
o Optimization of capital, deferred maintenance and power master schemes.
o Mechanical and electrical built drawings.
o Measurement trends data and data logger.
o One recent utility bill for the building.
o Energy purchase data.
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• Develop a weather-adjusted energy consumption baseline and measure energy consumption

and energy cost data against other peer groups. Use this benchmark analysis to help create a
building-level energy use index.
• Evaluation of existing power systems based on criteria: operating loads, appropriate sizing,
efficiencies, working hours, and possible replacement systems.
• Identify and recommend building level measurement functions and additional energy data
analytics that will provide immediate and long-term energy management benefits to the
client.
• Conduct a ASHRAE level I&II Energy Audit.
• Conduct interviews with facility operation and maintenance staff regarding the building
systems operation, occupancy patterns, unique energy needs, problems with comfort levels,
and equipment reliability.
• Evaluation of all major energy systems in the building: cooling systems and related
equipment, heating and heat distribution systems, automatic temperature control systems
and equipment, outdoor ventilation systems and equipment, and energy-saving lighting.
• Identify inexpensive, low-cost energy conservation measures that are effective in reducing
consumption and will positively impact the customer's bottom line.
• Provide detailed summary information: Relevant assumptions and estimates used in energy
savings and other calculations, costs, annual utility savings, annual operations and
maintenance savings, and payback period.
• Provide project report: energy cost and consumption, benchmarking analysis and built
energy systems inventory.
4.3.2 Idea scoring and Selection Process of Final proposal.
After analyzing the light load in the energy audit, the next step would be to use a Pugh chart to
evaluate and compare different options for improving the lighting systems. The Pugh chart is a
decision-making tool that helps to evaluate different options and identify the best solution. It
involves listing the different options and then evaluating each option based on a set of criteria
such as energy efficiency, cost, and ease of implementation. The option that scores the highest on
the Pugh chart would be the best solution for improving the lighting systems. Once the best
solution has been identified, the energy auditor can then proceed to implement the recommended
measures and provide a detailed plan for doing so.

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[Link] Lighting
The selection of replacements for the current lighting will be based on the socket compatibility
of the fixtures. The tables 7 and 8 provide information on the different options for replacement
lighting for LED stick and table 10,11,12 and 13 LED tube including their data sheets. a Pugh
chart in table 9 and 14 is presented which ranks different lighting options based on various
factors including energy efficiency class, wattage, luminous flux, color temperature, lifespan,
and cost.
• Compact-fluorescent lamp (CFL) replacement

Table 7 Represent the LED Stick TC-D Dulux D-E 13W 840 Product Sheets.
LED stick TC-D Dulux D-E 13W 840
Energy efficiency class A
Wattage (W) 13W
Luminous flux (lm) 900 lm
Color temperature (K) 4000K

Lifetime (h) 20000h

Cost 9.98 SAR

Table 8 Represent the LED Stick Master PL-C 13W 840 2P Product Sheet.
LED stick Master PL-C 13W 840 2P
Energy efficiency class A
Wattage - (W) 13
Luminous flux - (lm) 900
Color temperature - (K) 4000
Lifetime - (h) 10000
Cost SAR 10.42

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Table 9 Paugh Chart on CFL lamp

Design/ LED Stick (Master LED Stick (TC-D TC-D Dulux

Criteria PL-C 13W 840 2P) Dulux D-E 13W 840) D-E 26W 840
Energy efficiency class + +
Wattage – (W) + +
Luminous flux – (lm) _ _
Color temperature – (K) Same same

Reference
Lifetime – (h) _ same
Cost _ +
∑+ 2 3
∑- 3 1
Score -1 2

• Fluorescent Tube Lamp replacement.

Table 10 Represent the LEDtube CorePro LEDtube EM 8W 840 600mm Product Sheet
LED tube CorePro Led tube EM 8W 840 600mm - Lamp (1)

Energy efficiency class A+

Wattage - (W) 8
Luminous flux - (lm) 800
Color temperature - (K) 4000
Lifetime - (h) 30000
Cost SAR 26.74

Table 11 Represent the LEDtube Master TL5 14W 840 HE Highly Efficient G5 Product Sheet
LED tube Master TL5 14W 840 HE G5 - Lamp (2)
Energy efficiency class A+
Wattage - (W) 14
Luminous flux - (lm) 1250
Color temperature - (K) 4000
Lifetime - (h) 24000
Cost SAR 12.08

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Table 12 Represent LED 12W/T8 600MM 220V the LEDtube Product Sheet
LED tube LED 12W/T8 600 mm 220V - Lamp (3)

Energy efficiency class A+

Wattage - (W) 12
Luminous flux - (lm) 1200
Color temperature - (K) 6500
Lifetime - (h) 30000
Cost SAR 6

Table 13 Represent LED MASTER Value LEDtube T8 the LEDtube Product Sheet
LEDtube MASTER Value LEDtube T8 - Lamp (4)

Energy efficiency class A+

Wattage - (W) 8
Luminous flux - (lm) 1050
Color temperature - (K) 4000
Lifetime - (h) 50000
Cost SAR 9

Table 14 Paugh Chart on Fluorescent Lamp

Design/
Lamp (1) Lamp (2) 18W/865 Lamp (3) Lamp (4)
Criteria
Energy efficiency class + + + +
Wattage – (W) + + + +
Luminous flux – (lm) + Same + +
Reference

Color temperature – (K) - Same same same

Lifetime – (h) - - + +
Cost - - + +
∑+ 2 2 4 5
∑- 4 2 1 0
Score -2 0 3 5

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[Link] Data Analysis of the Proposal Replacement

In the previous chapter, we calculated the light load data for the entire building. In this section,
we will determine the light load after replacing the current lamps with more energy-efficient
options. Specifically, we have chosen LED Stick (TC-D Dulux D-E 13W 840) to replace
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and MASTER Value LED tube T8 to replace fluorescent
lamps. The total energy consumption of the lighting system for the entire year was determined to
be 2,212,824.44 kWh, which corresponds to a cost of 708,103.82 SAR. After implementing these
replacements, we have found that the new annual energy consumption is 1,145,102.18 kwh,
which translates to an annual cost of 366,432.70 SAR. This results in a yearly savings of
1,094,382.48 kwh or SAR 350,202.39.
• For Ground floor
o Part A annual baseline consumption is 54,285.25 kWh and cost 17,371.28 SAR
which represent 13% of the total floor which is just the cafeteria.
o Part B annual baseline consumption is 115,633.76 kWh and cost 37,002.80 SAR
which represent 27% of total floor which represent the dean of administration and
labs.
o Part C annual baseline consumption is 139,555.00 kWh and cost 44,657.60 SAR
which represent 33% of total floor which represent the stage , classrooms and the
mosque.
o Where is annual baseline consumption corridor 113,873.76 kWh and cost 36,439.60
which represent 27% of the total floor.
• For First floor
o Part A annual baseline consumption is 29,965.90 kWh and cost 9,589.09 SAR
which represent 14% of the total floor which represent the IT offices and human
resource office and the dean of information technology and the entrance lamps
o Part B annual baseline consumption is 100,830.42 kWh and cost 32,265.73 SAR
which represent 47% of the total floor which represent some of the lecturer offices
and classrooms.
o Part C annual baseline consumption is 81,830.60 kWh and cost 26,185.79 SAR
which represent 38% of the total floor which represent the operating and
maintenance offices and lecturer rooms.

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o Where is annual baseline consumption corridor 150,541.11 kWh and cost 48,173.16
SAR which represent 41% of the total floor.
• For Second floor
o Part A annual baseline consumption is 19,992.98 kWh and cost 6,397.75 SAR
which represent 6% of the total floor which is just the dean office.
o Part B annual baseline consumption is 103,029.06 kWh and cost 32,969.30 SAR
which represent 34% of the total floor which represent the lecturer offices and the
research offices.
o Part C annual baseline consumption is 107,635.31 kWh and cost 34,443.30 SAR
which represent 35% of the total floor which represent finance offices and
o Where is annual baseline consumption corridor 77,209.33 kWh and cost 24,706.99
SAR which represent 25% of the total floor.

[Link] Payback
Energy payback is a way to measure the time it takes for energy savings generated by an energy-
efficient measure or technology to compensate for the energy used to produce, install and operate
it. This time frame is often measured in years and is known as the energy payback period. It is a
vital factor in evaluating the environmental benefits of energy-saving technologies. In evaluating
the potential savings from an energy-efficient measure, it's important to consider the energy
payback period to understand how long it will take for the investment to pay for itself. In this
case, we found that the cost of the new lamps, along with the labor cost provided by JCI team for
the installation of LED stick 11 SAR and LED tube 7 SAR, the payback period is 1.06 year.

4.4 Upgrades HVAC system

In this section we will talk about the upgrades that are available on the HVAC system upgrades
will depend on the type of system, age, and specific requirements of the building. An energy
audit engineer will be able to provide recommendations for specific upgrades after conducting a
thorough analysis of the existing systems.

4.4.1 Chiller Upgrades

replacing an old chiller with a new, more efficient model, improving refrigerant management,
and optimizing the chiller control system. The relationship between chiller replacement and
Equivalent Full-Load Hour (EFLH) is an important consideration in improving energy efficiency

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in HVAC systems. The EFLH is a measure of the total hours of full-load operation of a chiller
over a certain period of time, usually a year. A high EFLH indicates that the chiller is operating
at full capacity for a significant portion of the year, which can lead to increased energy
consumption and higher operating costs.
If a chiller has a high EFLH, it may be an indication that the chiller is not operating efficiently,
or that it is too large for the load it is serving. In these cases, replacing the chiller with a more
energy-efficient unit that is appropriately sized for the load can lead to significant energy savings
and reduced operating costs. Additionally, the replacement of an older chiller with a newer, more
efficient model can also result in improved performance and increased reliability, reducing the
likelihood of costly breakdowns and repairs.

4.4.2 Primary and Secondary Pumps

installing variable speed drives, optimizing control systems, and improving the overall piping
and pumping design. As AHU approach the pump will not be much different with the
implementing controls. The figure 21 shows the pump load as well the implementations.

Pump Load
kWh SAR

992,694.69 955,583.55

565,008.62 527,897.48

317,662.30 305,786.74

136,859.54 168,927.19

Annual baseline Schucal proposed VFD and Schedule VFD consumption

proposed 25%

Figure 21 Pump load

The annual energy consumption of the pumps was determined to be 992,694.69 kWh, resulting
in a cost of 317,662.30 SAR. By implementing control systems into the pumps, energy savings
of 427,686.08 kWh, equivalent to 136,859.54 SAR, were achieved. This brought the new annual
energy consumption down to 565,008.62 kWh, which represents 57% of the original
consumption, and resulted in a cost of 180,802.76 SAR. The investment in the control systems
cost 266,280.00 SAR, with a payback period of 1.95 years.

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One of the control systems that can be implemented is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), which
adjusts the frequency of the pump motors. However, VFDs can only be installed on specific class
F and above motors and only with secondary pumps.
The installation of VFD can help save up to 25% of the energy consumed by the motors in the
pump system. However, it can only be applied to 5 out of the total 9 units, resulting in a savings
of 37,111.14 kWh. This reduces the annual baseline of the AHUs to 955,583.55 kWh, which is
4% less than the previous baseline. The cost of installing the VFD devices is 235,840.00 SAR,
with a payback period of 19.86 years.

4.4.3 AHU Upgrades

Improving air filtration, upgrading air distribution systems, and optimizing control systems.
Through the implementation of a control system, it was discovered that savings could be
achieved by turning off the air handling units (AHUs) during the evening when the building is
unoccupied. The figure 22 shows the AHU load as well the implementations.

AHU load
3,000,000.00

2,500,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,500,000.00

1,000,000.00

500,000.00

-
Annual baseline Schucal saving VFD and Schucal VFD saving
(SAR) baseline saving propsed baseline

kWh SAR

Figure 22 AHU load

The annual energy consumption of the AHUs was determined to be 2,393,703.94 kWh, resulting
in a cost of 765,985.26 SAR. By implementing control systems into the AHUs, energy savings of
1,228,279.85 kWh, equivalent to 393,049.55 SAR, were achieved. This brought the new annual
energy consumption down to 1,165,424.08 kWh, which represents 51% of the original
consumption, and resulted in a cost of 372,935.71 SAR. The investment in the control systems
cost 1,240,850.00 SAR, with a payback period of 3.16 years.
One of the control systems that can be implemented is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), which
adjusts the frequency of the AHU motors. However, VFDs can only be installed on specific
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motors and in combination with Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems. VAVs are crucial as they
regulate the pressure in the ducts by reducing the flow of cooled air to rooms where it is not
needed, allowing the VFD to slow down the supply and return motors of the AHU system.
The installation of VFD can help save up to 25% of the energy consumed by the motors in the
AHU system. However, it can only be applied to 11 out of the total 46 units, resulting in a
savings of 84,482.19 kWh. This reduces the annual baseline of the AHUs to 2,309,221.75 kWh,
which is 4% less than the previous baseline. The cost of installing the VFD devices is 871,020.00
SAR, with a payback period of 32.22 years.

[Link] Infante law

The Infinite Law is a mathematical expression that describes the relationship between the speed,
torque, and power of a motor. The Infinite Law can be used to calculate the speed and torque of a
motor under various conditions, including when it is being driven by a variable frequency drive
(VFD).
VFDs work by controlling the frequency of the power supplied to a motor, and as a result, they
can vary the speed and torque of the motor. By using the Infinite Law to calculate the speed,
torque, and power of the motor under different conditions, VFDs can optimize the performance
of the motor and reduce energy consumption. The Infinite Law is particularly useful in HVAC
systems, where motors are used to control the flow of air and regulate the temperature of a
building. By controlling the speed of the motors with a VFD, HVAC systems can be made more
efficient and consume less energy. The infinite law is used to calculate the energy savings that
can be achieved by using a variable frequency drive (VFD) in HVAC systems. The infinite law
calculates the energy savings based on the speed control of the motor and the resulting change in
power consumption. The formula for the infinite law is :
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐾𝐾 ∗ 𝑁𝑁 3
where P is the power, N is the speed, and K is a constant. The infinite law can be used to
calculate the energy savings from a VFD by comparing the power consumed by the motor with
and without the VFD. By adjusting the speed of the motor through the VFD, the power
consumption can be reduced, leading to energy savings. This calculation can be used to
determine the potential energy savings from the use of a VFD in HVAC systems. The "k" in the
infinite law is a constant that represents the motor's torque/speed relationship, often referred to as
the motor's speed/torque constant. The value of "k" is specific to each motor and helps determine
the motor's torque at a given speed. In VFD applications, the infinite law is used to model the

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speed/torque relationship of the motor, which helps in controlling the VFD to optimize energy
consumption and efficiency. The infinite law can also be used to determine the potential energy
savings that can be achieved by using a VFD to control the speed of the motor.

4.4.4 Summery analysis

In this section, energy savings were determined by replacing existing lighting fixtures with more
energy-efficient options. The total energy consumption was reduced from 2,212,824.44 kWh to
1,145,102.18 kWh, resulting in a yearly savings of 1,094,382.48 kWh and SAR 350,202.39. The
payback period for this upgrade was 1.06 years. The upgrades to the HVAC system, such as
chiller replacement, and primary and secondary pump upgrades, will depend on the specific
requirements of the building and can be determined through an energy audit. These upgrades
have the potential to lead to significant energy savings and reduced operating costs. The audit
recommends several upgrades for HVAC systems, including replacing old chillers with more
efficient models, optimizing refrigerant management, and upgrading chiller control systems.
Installing variable speed drives and optimizing control systems for primary and secondary pumps
are also recommended, as well as improving air filtration and air distribution systems for air
handling units (AHUs). The audit found that implementing control systems in the AHUs and
pumps can lead to significant energy savings, with a payback period of 3.16 years and 1.95
years, respectively. Installing VFDs can also help save energy but can only be applied to specific
motors and with VAV systems, with a payback period of 32.22 years and 19.86 years,
respectively. In table 15 below summaries the ESM of each approach.
Ref Baseline
In Oper Qty under
ESM No. ESM Name Total Qty Consumption Savings Savings Payback
Qty ESM
kWh
Lighting
1.1 Replacement 16104 16104 16104 2,212,839.95 51% 1.03
1,118,449.72
Convectional to LED
46 in
AHU Scheduling and
2.1 46 46 Summer 7 2,393,703.94 51% 3.16
Controls 1,228,279.85
in winter
11 in
2.2 AHU VFD 11 0 Sumer 0 2,393,703.94 4% 32.22
84,482.19
in winter
Pump Scheduling and
3.1 19 13 13 992,694.69 124% 1.95
Controls 1,228,279.85
3.2 Pump VFD 6 0 6 992,694.69 9% 19.86
84,482.19
Total 8,985,637.21 42% 2.49
3,743,973.80
Table 15 Summery proposal

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4.5 BMS Application

BMS stands for Building Management System. It is a computer-based system used to control and
monitor the various building services such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC),
lighting, security, and fire protection systems. The aim of BMS is to increase the energy
efficiency, comfort, and safety of the building while reducing costs. The BMS system receives
signals from sensors and devices installed throughout the building and uses this information to
control the various systems in real-time, ensuring the building operates efficiently and
effectively.

4.5.1 Design for X

The results of our building efficiency audit have a significant impact on cost, sustainability and
the environment. The cost will decrease due to the optimization of lighting and HVAC systems,
which are adjusted according to the actual demand, thereby increasing efficiency. We discovered
that there is potential for savings in the operating hours of the lighting system, for example, some
sections can be turned off during the summer months. The implementation of a Building
Management System (BMS) can help control and optimize these systems, as seen in scenario one
where the energy consumption and cost were reduced by turning off lighting in unused
classrooms.

4.5.2 Case Study

Based on the information provided, the study found that the university's energy consumption can
be divided into three main areas: classrooms, corridors, and offices. The study found that the
corridors have the highest energy consumption, with 1,611,541.45 kwh, and that by making
changes in this area, a 35% savings could be achieved, with a payback period of 0.58 years. The
offices were found to have the second-highest energy consumption, with 395,629.98 kwh, and
that making changes in this area could result in a 9% savings, with a payback period of 1.61
years. Finally, the classrooms were found to have a total consumption of 312,639.78 kwh, with
the potential for a 7% savings and a payback period of 2.40 years. These findings highlight the
potential for significant energy savings in large buildings, such as universities, through targeted
energy efficiency measures.

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Table 16 Case study on areas of the university

Area Current state Proposed state New baseline % Payback

Corridor 1,611,541.45 805,770.73 1,514,040.49 35% 0.58

Office 395,629.98 197,814.99 2,121,996.22 9% 1.61

Classrooms 312,639.78 138,951.01 2,146,122.44 7% 2.40

4.5.3 Summer Term Case

In scenario one, during the summer term, there is potential to reduce energy consumption by
turning off lighting in unused classrooms. By turning off a row of classrooms in the summer, the
university was able to reduce its energy consumption by 285944.10 kWh, resulting in a cost
savings of 38,613.54 SAR from the original cost of 91,502.11 SAR for the total consumption.
Table 17 Summer term consumption
Scenario A Current state Proposed state
annual baseline consumption (kWh) 285,944.10 130,942.31
Two rows summer consumption(kWh) 18,415.80 8,465.34
Two rows non-summer consumption(kWh) 105,541.79 48,233.79
total year (SAR) 91,502.11 41,901.54
Scenario A (SAR) 39,666.43 18,143.72
Saved (SAR) 51,835.68 23,757.82

4.5.4 Ramadan Case

To calculate the energy consumption during Ramadan month, you need to consider the operating
hours, number of days and number of weeks. The formula would be:
[Energy consumption = Operating hours x Number of days x Number of weeks x Energy
consumption per hour]
In this case, the operating hours are 6 hours, the number of days is 5 days, and the number of
weeks is 4 weeks. The energy consumption per hour can be calculated based on the data
provided.

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Areas Current state Proposed state

Corridor 123,631.87 61,815.94
Office 15,175.68 7,587.84
Classrooms 17,988.48 7,994.88

4.6 Insulation HVAC

Thermal insulation in air conditioning system is primarily used to reduce heat gain or heat loss
from piping. Other factors include preventing the icing of water vapor and condensation on cold
surface.

4.6.1 Why insulation for HVAC?

Insulation in building provides resistance to heat flow and lowers your heating and cooling costs.
Properly insulating building not only reduces heating and cooling costs, but also improves
comfort. (SAINT-GOBAIN, n.d.)
Ducts that leak heated air into unheated spaces can add hundreds of dollars a year to your
heating and cooling bills, but you can reduce that loss by sealing and insulating your ducts.
Insulating ducts in unconditioned spaces is usually very cost-effective. (Saver, n.d.)

4.6.2 Types of insulation:

1. Closed Cell Insulation
Closed-cell insulations are commonly used for air conditioning refrigerant copper pipes
and drainpipes. Many air conditioners and chillers also used closed cell insulation for
their internal pipes and body. Closed-cell insulations are usually black in color, and they
are soft like a sponge but with a smoother surface. Figure 23 show the closed cell.

Figure 23 Closed cell insulation.

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2. Polyurethane (PU) Insulation

Polyurethane (PU) insulations are commonly used for air conditioning chilled water
pipes. PU insulations also can be found in the panel of air handling units (AHUs). In
some applications, PU insulations are sprayed onto concrete slabs to insulate the floor
with normal room temperature from the floor above that are heavily air-conditioned to a
very low room temperature. PU insulations for chilled water pipes are mostly pre-
insulated. Chilled water pipes are usually pre-insulated in the factory rather than on-site
because it is more difficult and costly to insulate on-site. Figure 24 shows the PU
insulation.

Figure 24 PU insulation
3. Fiberglass Insulation
Fiberglass insulation can be found on the ductwork of air conditioning systems. The
insulation of flexible ducts used in air conditioning are always fiberglass. Rigid ducts of
air conditioning system are commonly insulated by fiberglass insulations. Fiberglass
insulations are soft and puffy, but they are harmful to humans when inhaled. Fiberglass
insulations often have a layer of aluminum foil on the outer surface to protect and contain
the fiberglass. Figure 25 shows the fiberglass insulation.

Figure 25 Fiberglass Insulation

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4. Polyethylene (PE) Insulation

Polyethylene (PE) insulations are commonly used for the rigid duct in air conditioning
systems. PE insulations also can be found on the body of some types of air conditioner
such as fan coil units and ceiling cassettes.
PE insulation is a form of closed-cell insulation. However, PE insulations are often grey
in color. Most PE insulations come in roll form for the duct installers to cut into specific
sizes for their applications. Figure 26 shows the PE insulation.

Figure 26 PE insulation

5. Rockwool Insulation
Rockwool insulations can be found on the wall of a mechanical room for the air
conditioner. They are used to soundproof the room from the loud noise generated by air
conditioners. Rockwool is actually a company name. The scientific name of the said
insulation material is stone wool. Rockwool is a company that manufactures stone wools.
Rockwool is so popular that people use Rockwool instead of stone wool when referring
to the insulation material. Figure 27 shows the rockwool insulation. (Zhen, 2023)

Figure 27 the rockwool insulation

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4.6.3 Reducing Energy Consumption in University Buildings through Insulation: A Case

Study Analysis
The energy consumption and costs of a university building before and after the installation of
insulation were analyzed. The results showed that the insulation measures reduced energy
consumption by approximately 12% and resulted in an annual cost savings of $12,000. The study
also demonstrated that proper insulation is an effective and cost-efficient way to reduce energy
consumption in large buildings.
In terms of calculations, the study used a combination of heat transfer theory and energy
consumption data to determine the energy savings from insulation. The R-value, or thermal
resistance, of the insulation was used to determine its effectiveness in reducing heat transfer,
while the energy consumption data was used to determine the amount of energy saved through
the use of insulation. By combining these two factors, the study was able to accurately calculate
the energy savings and cost savings from the insulation measures.
Insulation can have a significant impact on energy consumption in large buildings, such as
universities. It helps to reduce heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer, leading to a reduction
in energy consumption for heating and cooling. By improving the insulation of a building, the
energy consumption for heating and cooling can be reduced by up to 30%. This, in turn, can
result in lower energy bills and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

4.6.4 Calculating the Potential Benefits

In order to calculate the potential savings from insulation, it is necessary to determine the current
energy consumption for heating and cooling and the current insulation levels. The savings can
then be estimated based on the R-value of the insulation and the climate in the area. For example,
if a building currently has an R-value of R-20 and the insulation is upgraded to R-40, the
estimated energy savings could be 15%. This estimate can be refined by considering other
factors such as the age of the building, the type of heating and cooling systems, and the
occupancy patterns.
It is important to note that the actual savings will depend on a variety of factors, including the
type and quality of the insulation, the location and climate of the building, and the building's
usage and occupancy patterns. However, by properly insulating a building, it is possible to
achieve significant energy savings and reduce the environmental impact of the building.
(Conservation, 2019)

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4.6.5 ASHRAE Standard 55

Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy outlines the guidelines for thermal
comfort in buildings. This standard sets forth specific requirements for air temperature, air
velocity, relative humidity, and radiant temperature to provide thermal comfort for occupants.
The standard also recommends insulation as one of the methods to maintain thermal comfort and
energy efficiency in buildings. The recommended insulation levels vary depending on the
climate zone, type of building, and type of HVAC system used. It's important to note that
ASHRAE Standard 55 is a minimum guideline and building owners and designers may choose to
exceed the recommended levels for improved comfort and energy efficiency. In terms of
insulation, the standard specifies the minimum R-value requirements for different types of
building elements, such as walls, roofs, and floors. The R-value is a measure of the insulation's
resistance to heat flow, and the higher the R-value, the greater the insulation's effectiveness.
The standard also includes guidelines for air exchange rates, temperature and relative humidity
ranges, and air movement. By following these guidelines, building designers and engineers can
ensure that the thermal environment of a building is comfortable and healthy for occupants,
while also minimizing energy consumption.

4.7 Carbon footprint

Carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, etc.) emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, such as
the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The carbon footprint is
commonly expressed in terms of equivalent tons of CO2, known as CO2e. The purpose of
calculating a carbon footprint is to quantify an individual's or organization's impact on the
environment and to help identify areas where emissions can be reduced. Reducing carbon
footprint is important for mitigating climate change and ensuring a sustainable future.
CO2e stands for "Carbon Dioxide Equivalent." It is a metric used to measure the total impact of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terms of the amount of CO2 emissions that would have the
same global warming impact. CO2 is commonly used in emissions reporting, policymaking, and
in setting emissions reduction targets. The CO2e metric takes into account the fact that different
GHGs have different global warming potentials, and by using a CO2e metric, it allows for a
more accurate representation of the total impact of GHG emissions on the environment.

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The saving of 2,896,008.98 Khw in an energy audit can reflect on the carbon footprint as a
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The CO2 e (carbon dioxide equivalent) is a measure of
the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted and is expressed in terms of the equivalent amount
of carbon dioxide. The CO2e factor for Saudi Arabia based on the trashed is 0.75, which means
that for every 1-kilowatt hour of energy saved, 0.75 kilograms of CO2e is reduced from the
carbon footprint. So, in this case, the saving of 2,896,008.98 kWh would result in a reduction of
approximately 2,172,006.24 kilograms of CO2e from the carbon footprint.
The reduction in energy consumption of 2,896,008.98 KWh in the energy audit can have a
significant impact on the carbon footprint of your facility. By using the conversion factor of 0.75
kg CO2e per KWh in Saudi Arabia, you can estimate the reduction in CO2 emissions as a result
of your energy savings.
To calculate the reduction in carbon footprint, you can multiply the energy savings (in KWh) by
the conversion factor:
2,896,008.98 KWh * 0.75 kg CO2e/KWh = 2,172,006.74 kg CO2e
This means that the energy savings achieved in your energy audit have resulted in a reduction of
approximately 2,172,006.74 kg of CO2e emissions.

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Figure 28 CO2e equivalent (EPA, 2022)

4.8 Contribution of Each Group Member

Each member tackled a specific section of the project and learned many details of the energy
audit. Learning details covered drawing, function and study diagrams requirements and
specifications. Member Mujtaba tackled the lamp information in the failed as well as the
potential replacement for the [Link] well he tackled the HVAC system field information’s
to help with the potential upgrading. Member Mujtaba brought the insulations for the audit.
Member Muhannad tackled the calculations for the lighting load and the operation hour. As well
he tackled the calculations for consumption of the HVAC system and add the controlling
potential to calculate the new baseline. As well member Muhannad brought the CO2e with the
equivalents.

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Chapter 5. Conclusion & Recommendations

In this project is to study the energy consumption of the lighting and HVAC system in the main
building of the University of Hafr Al-Batin. The study aims to increase the efficiency of
operations by lowering operating costs, making things work more efficiently, and making things
safer. The team performs energy audits of building in accordance with guidelines set by
ASHRAE. The teamwork plan includes generating different ideas and rough outlines of ideas to
reach solutions commensurate with the objectives of the study. The team also collects data,
designs lighting and HVAC system data, and analyzes energy data using specific standards. The
study found that university buildings were consuming high energy in lighting and HVAC
systems. The energy audit of the university building showed that the lighting and HVAC system
is 5.6 million kWh which costs annually 1.8 million SAR. For this reason, a well-developed
energy management system in the building can help reduce excessive energy consumption. BMS
is designed to solve the problem of excessive energy consumption, and this will reduce the
installed capacity of uncontrolled redundant lighting within some rooms. The study also
identified energy saving opportunities through the implementation of energy saving measures
such as replacing inefficient lighting with LED lighting and upgrading HVAC systems to more
energy efficient models. The study found that the measures implemented led to a reduction in
energy consumption and university costs, resulting in a significant return on investment. One of
the important things that must be recommended and taken into account is to educate the workers
inside the building, whether they are students or faculty members, using signs indicating the
importance of this subject. These signs should stress people inside the building to eliminate any
wasted energy source.

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Chapter 6. References
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2. (NREL), N. R. E. L., n.d. Building Energy Benchmarking. [Online]

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and the Prospects of Cleaner Energy Production by Solar Energy Integration in the
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6. Agarwal, Y. et al., 2010. Occupancy-driven energy management for smart building

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8. Al Qdah, K., 2010. Potential Opportunities for Energy Savings in a Jordanian Poul-try
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10. Al-Ghandoor, A. a. A.-H. I., 2007. Prospects of Energy Savings in the Jorda-nian Plastic
Industry. Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, pp. 1, 93-98.

11. Alhazmi, A. A. A. &. A.-G. A., n.d. Energy audit of buildings in King Saud University.
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12. Al-Widyan, M. S. I. A. A. A. Z. O. a. J. A., 2018. Energy Performance Assessment of a

Non-Domestic Service Building in Jordn. Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial
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13. American Society of Heating, R. a. A.-C. E. (., n.d. Commercial Buildings. [Online]
Available at: Development of Energy Performance Metrics for Commercial Buildings

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14. ASHRAE American Society of Heating, R. a. A.-C. E., n.d. HVAC Systems: Overview.
[Online].

15. ASHRAE, n.d. EFLH: Understanding Energy Consumption in HVAC Systems. s.l.:s.n.

16. B. Li, J. L. a. Y. L., n.d. Development of a Building Energy Management System.

[Online]
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Needs Identification and Prioritization

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Appendices
Appendix A - Parts List
The Ground Floor:
Part A

Figure 29 AutoCAD Ground Floor for Part A

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Part B

Figure 30 AutoCAD Ground Floor for Part B

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Part C

Figure 31 AutoCAD Ground Floor for Part C

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The First Floor:

Part A

Figure 32 AutoCAD First Floor for Part A

Part B

Figure 33 AutoCAD First Floor for Part B1

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Figure 34 AutoCAD First Floor for Part B2

Figure 35 AutoCAD First Floor for Part B3

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Part C

Figure 36 AutoCAD First Floor for Part C1

Figure 37 AutoCAD First Floor for Part C2

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The Second Floor:

Part A

Figure 38 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part A

Part B

Figure 39 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part B1

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Figure 40 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part B2

Part C

Figure 41 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part C1

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Figure 42 AutoCAD Second Floor for Part C2

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Appendix B - Data Sheet

Lighting
Ground floor:

Frist floor:

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Second floor:

HVAC Systems

Primary and secondary pumps:

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AHU load data:

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Appendix C: Analysis

Lighting

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HVAC Systems

Primary and secondary pumps:

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AHU load data:

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