Solids Handling - Coarse solids that are water-insoluble like coal,

gravel, sand can be stored outside in open and

SOLIDS IN BULK
large piles,
- Granular solids can behave like a fluid - Surge piles – these are temporary storage piles
- When solid particles are dry and non-cohesive. that are usually outdoors.
- They flow through orifice or openings and exert - Stock piles- stockpiles are outdoor storage
pressure on the side walls of the container. spaces to be used for other purposes.

Problems that can arise in solids in Bulk Hazards

- They do not come out from the container like - Surge piles can usually contain cavities that may
fluids. collapse at any time.
- They can interlock under pressure - Result to casualties
- They do not slide over one another unless
Bins
external force is applied
- These are used to store abrasive materials.
Coefficient of flowability
- Wider and short in height silos.
- Ratio of the normal pressure pN and applied - Bins are usually situated near processing
pressure pA equipment

Silos

- These are taller and smaller in diameter.

- High volume storage
K depends on three factors: Hoppers
1. shape and interlocking tendencies of the - Found at end of bins or silos for material flow
particles,
2. degree of packing, and
3. stickiness of the particles. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN STORAGE VESSELS
• For cohesive solids: K = 0 Friction
• For free-flowing granular materials: K= 0.3 to 0.6 - friction between the vessel wall and solid
Angle of Internal Friction, αi particles.
- Interlocking of particles
- the tangent of this angle is the coefficient of
friction between two layers of particles. Pressure
- This determines the flowing characteristics of - Due to weight of the solids inside.
storage vessels like bins, silos, and hoppers. - Like a fluid the pressure is greater at the lower
- αi may vary from 15 to 30° for granular solids section of storage vessel
and as high as 90 ° for cohesive solids.
FLOW OF BULK SOLIDS
Angle of repose αr
i. Moisture content
- which the sides of the pile make with the
horizontal when solids are piled up on a plane ii. Humidity
surface
iii. Temperature
- useful for determining the capacity of a bin
iv. Pressure
STORAGE OF BULK SOLIDS
v. Particle size
Outside Storage
There are three flow patterns observed Solid transportation

1. Funnel Flow - Solid are more difficult to transport than liquid

- Depends on material characteristics and
2. Mass Flow
orientation of flow
3. Expanded Flow
Several Factors that must be considered when designing
Funnel Flow material transportation

- Best suited for free-flow, non-segregating bulk 1. Form of material at point of origin
solids 2. Characteristics of the material
- Cylindrical flow channel 3. Flow demands
- Materials along the wall begin to flow laterally 4. Final position or destination
into the central column 5. Handling equipment available

Mass flow Flow Analysis

- Ideal for cohesive solids and degrading solids - flowchart and floor plan is an ideal method
- “First-in, First out.” Flow when analyzing the path of materials through a
- Since there is flow along the walls, stagnant plan
zones and rat-holes are eliminated - shows a timetable on how fast the material
flows through the plant
Expanded flow
Transportation Equipment
- It is a combination of funnel flow and mass flow
Classifications
Problems in Storage Vessels
1. Holding, feeding, metering
No Flow 2. Transferring, positioning
- High pressure due to weight of the bulk solids 3. Lifting, hoisting, elevating
often packs the solids more tightly rather than 4. dragging, pulling, pushing
increasing flow 5. Loading, carrying, excavating
- vibrations tend to strengthen arch as they cause 6. Conveyor moving and handling
more compaction Holding Devices
Erratic Flow - A material holding system that ensures the
- Frequent formation and collapse of arches continuous flow of material.
result in fluctuating discharge causing uneven - Can either be stationary or moving
vibrations Holding Devices
Flushing - Tanks
- Arch collapses due to pressure and solids fall - Bins
uncontrollably into the open channel. - Hoppers
- Called flooding - Reels
- Trays
Segregation
Feeding and Metering Devices
- During the filling of a storage vessel, finer
particles tend to move towards the central These are equipment that transfers material from one
portion and larger particles move towards the machine to another
wall.
Lifting, Hoisting, and Elevating - The first number represents the exact number
of strands in the
Welded Chain
- The second number represents the number of
- (Grades 30,43, and 70) - these are welded wires in each strand.
carbon-steel chains
Core of a Wire Rope
- Grade 80 - welded alloy-steel chain
- Used for light-duty, low- strength industrial and - • Fiber core - Have a solid core where the
commercial applications strands are wrapped around.
- • Independent wire rope core (IWRC) -the core
Chain end fittings
uses a smaller diameter wire rope as the core of
- Industrial chains have end fittings known as a larger diameter strand.
master links - Wire strand core (WSC) - use a single strand as
- These are usually oblong, pear- shaped, or ring its core of a larger diameter rope
(masters)
Grade of a wire rope
Oblong Links
• Grade defines the wire rope minimum breaking force.
Master Rings
• Extra improved plow steel (EIPS) are used for standard
Wire Rope wire ropes.

- A wire rope has three parts: the core, the • Extra extra improved plow steel (EEIPS) are known to
multiwire strand helically laid be 10% stronger

Parts of a Rope Holding Mechanisms

- Core - it is the center where the strands are Lifting Tongs

helically wrapped around. Serves as the
- A cam grips a plate where the goods are being
foundation and support
loaded
- Strand - has a center and wires are wrapped
- Chains are then tightened by tension from the
around it
load's weight, preventing slipping
- Wire - make up the individual strands.
Buckets and Scrapers
Wire Rope Fabrication
- Can lift and hold large amounts of material
Cold forming or cold wire drawing
onsite. Can be used on construction and
- subjecting the material to a die at a pressure, quarrying operations
thus drawing the desired size of the wire.
Hand-chain hoist
Patenting
- These are portable lifting devices suspended
- heat treatment done on wire ropes from a hook and operated by pulling on a chain.
- Operates over by pulling the hand chain which is
Wire Rope Lay connected via the brake mechanism and gear
a. Right lay - as a right-hand spiral, most common train
b. Left lay - has a left-hand spiral Pullers or Come-alongs
c. Regular lay - have wires in the strands laid in the
opposite direction - Lever-operated chain or wire rope hoists that
d. Lang lay - have wires in the strands lie in the has a reversible ratchet mechanism that permits
same directions as the strands tensioning and relaxing of the hoist.

Classifications of Wire Rope

Electric hoists

- Used for repetitive or high-speed lifting. Its

components are a hoist with a drum or sprocket
centered in the frame

One advantage of a hand chain hoist over an electric

chain hoist is its simplicity and ease of use, especially in
situations where electricity or power sources are limited
or not available