UGANDA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LAW
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024
TRINITY SEMESTER
COURSEOUTLINE AND READING LIST

Course Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW

Course Code: BLAW

Contact Hours Six Hours Per Week (Four hours for Lecture Sessions, Two hours for
Tutorials)
Coordinators: MAIN CAMPUS KAMPALA CAMPUS
STREAMS A & B STREAM B
Mr. Albert Sibuta Mooli Ms. Maureen Kemigabo
Mr. Victor Stephen Bwambale Mr. Donald Munanura

STREAMS C & D STREAM A & C

Ms. Christabella Judith ACENG Mr. Oscar Kamusiime
Mr. Henry Waiswa Mr. Martin Kirume Juuko

COURSE OVERVIEW AND DESCRIPTION:

This course is the foundation for the study of criminal law. This course is introductory as
it prepares the student for the later course in criminal liability. The course covers the
basic and introductory essential principles of criminal law. If a student does not fully
comprehend the fundamentals of criminal law, then he or she shall find it difficult to
understand the criminal liability in the next semester. Students will be steered on
principles and concepts of the criminal with critical analysis on how to relate and apply
the concepts.

COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course is intended to equip students with knowledge and application of principles of
criminal law in Uganda and generally including East Africa the British Commonwealth.

RELEVANCE/CAREER OPTIONS:
Examples include:

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 • Judges/Magistrates
• State Attorneys
• Defence Lawyers
• Law enforcement
• Investigators
• Criminal law consultants/researchers

DELIVERY METHOD
The course shall be conducted through guided interaction by the lecturer and Tutorial
Assistant. Classes will be blended, with face to face learning and online learning. This will be
communicated accordingly. Class attendance is compulsory. The online classes will be
conducted using any of the online interactive platforms available as will be earlier
communicated by the course leaders respectively. For instance on Moodle, Zoom, and Google
Meet. The coordinators of the course are expected to use visual aids such as power point
slides, videos, recordings etc, to deliver the content online. All this will be stored on the UCU
Moodle [Link] platform for prior or future reference by both the course
leaders and the students. Students are expected to frequently visit the Moodle platform to
abreast themselves with any developments on the course content provided by the respective
course leaders.
The reason why this course outline and reading list is provided to students at the start of the
course is because, it is important for the students come to class well prepared to benefit from
the classes. Students should not expect to rely on the lecture notes; as such, students are
required to make notes from both class and personal study, guided by this document and some
of the study aids provided.
Students are free to approach any of the course leaders for any assistance needed for better
appreciation of the course.

Evaluation:
This course shall have two forms of evaluation as follow:-.
Coursework
Students will be required to write coursework. This will constitute 30% of the final mark.
Further details on how this will be distributed according to respective assessments and
attendance will be communicated.
Examination
Students will do a three (3) hour exam. This will constitute 70% of the final.
Note
Students must comply with all university regulations concerning class attendance and
examination (Coursework and final examination). For example, the student must have attained

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the average mark and over of the course work (15/30 and over) to be able to write the
examination according to the university regulations. Any form examination malpractice may
lead to suspension or dismissal from the university.

READINGS
Note that the guided readings and more can be accessed at the University Library
physically, the library website: [Link] and other online sources as will
be guided accordingly.

Legislation
• Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.
• Evidence Act, Cap 6.
• Judicature Act, Cap 13
• Penal Code (Amendment Act) 2007.
• Penal Code Act, Chapter, 120 of the laws of Uganda.

Textbooks
• Baird, Norman: Q & A Series, Criminal Law (1999) London,
Cavendish.
• Card, Cross & Jones Criminal Law (2012) 20th Ed, Oxford.
• Catherine Elliot & Frances Quinn Criminal Law (2010) 8th Ed,
Pearson. (UCU Law lib shelves).
• Cherkassky, Lisa. Criminal Law (2013) London; Routledge.
• Christina Mc Alhone & Natalie Wortley Criminal Law the
fundamentals 3ed (2016) Sweet & Maxwell. (UCU Law lib shelves).
• George W.K.L. Kasozi ‘Criminal Law’ in George [Link] (Editor) Introduction
to the Law of Lesotho: A Basic Text on Law and Judicial Conduct and Practice. Vol I,
Ministry of Justice, Human Rights and Rehabilitation, Lesotho, Morija Printing Works,
1999. (UCU Law Lib Shelves).
• Harvey, William Barnett Introduction to the Legal Systems in East Africa (1975)
EALB.
• J W Cecil Turner Outlines of Criminal Law 19ed (2006) Cambridge University Press,
U.K. (UCU Law Lib shelves).
• Jacqueline Martin & Tony Storey Unlocking Criminal Law (2013) 4th
Ed, Routledge. (UCU Law lib Shelves).
• Kiapi Abraham: Leading East African Criminal Law Cases, UCU Reserve section.
• Lillian T. Ekirikubinza: Criminal Law in Uganda, Sexual assaults and offences against
morality.

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 • Morawetz, Thomas Criminal Law (2019) Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis, an
imprint of Routledge.
• Nemeth, Charles P. Criminal Law 2ed (2012) Boca Raton: CRC Press.
• Seidman R.B Sourcebook of Criminal Law of Africa, Lagos African University (1966)
(UCU Call No. 345.0096 SEI).
• Smith and Hogan: Criminal Law, International Student Edition, Ninth Edition,
Buttterworths, 1999.
• Smith and Hoggan Criminal Law, Cases and Material 7ed, (1999) Butterworths.
• Tibatemwa-Ekirikubinza, Lillian Offences Against the Person : Homicides and Non-
Fatal Assaults in Uganda . Kampala, Uganda: Fountain, 2005.
• W. C. Turner: Kenny’s Outlines of criminal law (2013) Cambridge University Press.

Articles in Journals and Periodicals for general reading

• ‘Collingwood: Criminal Law of East and Central Africa’ The Modern Law Review
1970: 342
• ‘Crime and Punishment in West Africa, Twilight of Customary, Law’, 1964 Howard
Law Journal pp.64 – 186
• ‘Criminal Law in the Africa of Today and Tomorrow,” 1963 J.A.L pp.5 -7.
• ‘Some Legal Problems in East Africa’ (1966) E.A. LJ, p. 37, 39- 62.
• ‘When is Customary Law Relevant?’ 1963 J.A.L pp. 57-59.
• A.N. Allot: Judicial Precedent in Africa Revisited, 1968 J.A.L volume 12, pp.3 – 31.
• AJ. Ashworth: Reason, Logic and Griminal Liability 91 L.Q.R, pp.75 – 102.
• Byamugisha A. criminal Responsibility under the East African Codes, Uganda Law
Focus, volume No.2, pp. 72 – 81.
• Eugene Cotran and Rebin: Reading in African Law, volume I, pp. 191 – 199.
• Eugene Cotran: Report on Customary Criminal Law Offences in Kenya, 1962
• H. F. Morris: Jurisdiction of the Buganda Courts and the Scope of Customary Law in
Uganda, (1965) J.A: L pp. 154 – 163.
• Junod: Reform of Penal Systems in East Africa, 1966, E.A.L.I pp. 25 -28.
• Kaawa: Crime and Penal Problems in East Africa, 1966, [Link] pp. 6-8
• Rahim: The Penal Code of Tanganyika 1966 [Link]. 37 – 38
• Saikwa: An Approach to Penal Administration in East Africa.1966, E.A.L.I pp. 25 – 28.

Cases
Note:
These have been placed throughout the course content
(English cases cited here in the reading list must be read with the Supreme Court decision in
Uganda Motors v Wavah Holdings Civil Appeal No. 19/1991. In mind. Otherwise it should be
noted that, ‘English Common Law has to be modified to suit the local conditions in Africa as
was enunciated in Nyali Ltd v Attorney General. P 9551 All E.R 1 p. 646 at 653 paragraphs C
– E.

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 Law Reports
AC: Appeal Cases (England)
All E.R: All England Law Reports
Cr. App R. Criminal Appeal Reports (England)
Crim. L.R: Criminal Law Report (England)
E.A: P .L.R East African Protectorate Law Reports
EA: East African Law Reports (East Africa)
EACA: East African Court of Appeal
EALJ: East African Law Journal (East Africa)
HCB: High Court Bulletin (Uganda)
HL: House of Lords (England)
KBD: King’s Bench Division (England)
KLR: Kenya Law Reports (Kenya)
LQR: Law Quarterly Review (England)
M.L.R: Modem Law Review (England)
ULR: Uganda Law Reports (Uganda)
W.L.R: Weekly Law Reports (England)

COURSE CONTENT
Please note that this course outline is not exhaustive.

1.0 INTRODUCTION, NATURE AND SCOPE OF CRIMINAL LAW

1.1 Understanding Definitions and concepts criminal law as a
branch of law.
1.1.1 Definition of Criminal law & types of criminal law
1.1.2 Difference between criminal law and civil law
1.1.3 Reasons for development of criminal law
1.1.4 The purpose and functions of criminal law.
1.1.5 Theory of punishment in criminal law
1.1.6 Criminal law and morality
1.1.7 Nature, scope and Sources of criminal law.
1.1.8 General Principles of Criminal law
1.1.9 How criminal law operates/Methods-process
1.1.10 Players and the role of players in criminal law-
the criminal victim (Complainant); Police in investigations; Defence
Lawyer; and Judicial officers

Definition of criminal law

Fitzgerald P J Criminal Law and Punishment (1962) London, Oxford University Press.
Gardner G. ‘The Purpose of Criminal Punishment’ (1958) Vol 21 M.L.R 221
George [Link], (Editor) Introduction to the Law of Lesotho: A Basic Text on Law and
Judicial Conduct and Practice. Chapter 1 (Criminal Law) pp 3 – 4.

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Hughes G ‘The Concept of Crime: America View’ (1959) Criminal L.R 239
Kumwaka wa Mulumbi (1932) 14 K.L.R 137
Pollock S ‘The Distinguishing Mark of Crime’ (1959) M.L.R Vol. 22 495

Criminal Law and Morality

Lawrence Opoya and Another v Uganda, Criminal Application No 94 of 1967
R v Instan (I893 – 94) CCR 1213
R v Knuller [1971] E.A 3 All E.R 314
R v Manley [193311. K.B 529 Juma v R [1934]1 T.L.R 195 .
R v Oman and Anor [I973] E.A 29
Shaw v D.P.P [1961] 2 All E.R 446 (leaving on the earnings of prostitution)

Nature, scope and sources

• Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995Arts 2& 28.
• Judicature Act Cap 13, Volume II. Laws of Uganda. 2000, Section 14 (1) - (5)
• Evidence Act, Cap 6.
• Penal Code Cap 120, Volume VI. Laws of Uganda. 2000, Sections 4, 5, and 6. Penal
Code (Amendment) Act, 2007. (Main Criminal Law Legislation.
• Anti-Corruption Act, 2009.
• Prevention of Trafficking in persons, Act, No.7/ 2009.
• Anti Terrorism Act, 2002 and (Amendment) Act (2017).
• Prevention and Prohibition of Torture Act, No.3/2012.
• Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2013 and (Amendment) Act 2017.
• International Criminal Court Act, 2010, sec 18 on Universal Jurisdiction
• Domestic Violence Act, No. 3/2010.
• Seidman R.B 'The Reception of English Law in Colonial Africa', Vol 2. Eastern Africa
Law Review. 47 (1969) pp. 56 - 60.
• Morris and Reid Uganda: The Development of its Laws and Constitution (1966).
Cases
Wallace Johnson v R 1940 (Available in Kiapi
R v Lulma and Others 16 E.A.C.A (Available in Kiapi)
R v Zulu and Others (961) R & N (Available in Kiapi)
Jivraj v Devraj 1968 16 E.A p.268
Dohia v National and Grindlays Bank [1970] E.A 195
Gichina V. Republic [1970] 1 EA 105

2.0 RELEVANCY OF CUSTOMARY LAW

2.1 What is the relevance of Customary Law?
2.2 Assessing the local circumstances
2.3 Determining who is a reasonable person/reasonableness.
2.4 Determining a blameworthy state of mind
2.5 Influencing judges/magistrates when passing judgment.

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The Uganda Constitution Articles 28 (11).
Penal Code Act, Cap. 120. SS.150, 121, 273& 274
The Judicature Act, Section 15

Cases
R v Amykeo (1917) E.A.P.L.R 14
Alai v Uganda [I967] E.A 596
Oyat v Uganda [I967] E.A 827
Wawji v The Queen (1956) E.A.C.A 607
Kakiyumu v Uganda [1969] E.A337
Abudlrahman Bin Mohamed and Another v R [1963] E.A 188
Uganda v Michael Naika, Criminal Session Case No 78 of 1974. (Unreported?)

3.0 THE CONCEPT OF A CRIME

3.1 Definition of crime
3.2 The elements/characteristics of the crime
3.3 Categories of crime-Penal Code Act. Sec 2
3.4 Classification of crimes
3.5 Kind of acts that constitute a crime.

Cases
Besigensi v. Uganda [2005] 2 EA 37
Butiti (Masenu) v. Republic [1967] EA 382
Kibale V. Uganda 1 EA 148 (SCU)

Offence and Crime: Do they mean the same thing?

The Penal Code Act Cap 120, section 2 (s)

4.0 CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES

4.1 Felony
4.2 Misdemeanour

The Penal Code Act Cap 120, (Volume VI Laws of Uganda, 2000.) (Section 2(e), (n);
For General Punishment for misdemeanours, see section 22 of the Penal Code Act.
Michael Jefferson Criminal Law 5ed (2001) Longman (Pearson Edition) pp 19 - 25
Smith & Hogan Criminal Law 9ed (1999) International Student Edition, Butterworths pp.
22 - 25

Cases
Ntavoba and Anor v. Republic [1976-1985] EA 433
Kigula and Anor v AG [2005] 1 EA 132

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5.0 MAIN PRINCIPLES IN CRIMINAL LAW

Right to fair hearing

The 1995 Constitution of Uganda, article 28 (1) (3) (a)
The Evidence Act Cap 6 Sections 100 – 104

5.1 Principle of Legality nullum crimen sine lege

The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 Article 2(1) (2), articles 20
– 28;

Cases
Gichina v Republic [1970] E.A 105
A. person cannot be charged with an offence, which did not constitute a crime at the
time it was committed.
Avone v Uganda [l969]1 EA 129
Liyanage and others v Reginam [I967] AC 259
Criminal law must be uniform and should not be, in any way Adhominem that is to
target certain individuals.
Uganda v Francis Atugonza Constitutional reference No. 31/2010
Uganda v Solomon [1969] EA 46
R v Manlcy [1933] K.B 529
Shaw v DPP [1961] All ER 462
R v Oman and Anor [1973] EA 29
Jums v R [1934] TLR 195
Lawrence Opoya and Anor. V Uganda Cr. Pp. No.94/1967

5.2 The Burden and standard of proof

Presumption of innocence
Onus of proof

The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda,1995 article 28 (1) (3) (a)

The Evidence Act Cap 6 Sections 101 - 104.

Cases
Uganda v Candia (Criminal Case 19 of 2020) [2020] UGHC 180 (30 September 2020)-
ULII
U v Hussein Hassan Agade & 12 Others ICD CSC No. 0001/2010
Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462
SSebakijje John v Uganda Crim. App. No.6/2000
Bogere Moses and Another Vs Uganda: Criminal Appeal No.1 of 1997 (Identification,
doctrine of recent possession of property)
R V Edwards [1975] WLR 70

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 Mancini v DPP [1942]1All ER 60
Sekitoleko v Uganda [1967] EA 531
Kayongo's case [1971] HCB No 29
Mutesasira Kiza and Ano. v Uganda [I978] HCB 279
Raphael v Republic [1973] EA 473
Wibko Alias Musa v R [I960] EA 184
Republic v Kuinga [1963] EA 172
Kamau v R [1963] EA 172
Kalla v R [1963] EA 448
Ali Hassan Mohamed v R [1959] EA 606
Wanga v. Republic [I935] 246
Okoth Okare v R [1965] EA 555
Bombay Trading Stores [1962] EA 589
Ndege Managwa v R [I955] EACA
DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290
Chendari v Republic fl9351 EA 246
Semufukwe and Others v. Republic [1967-1985] EA 536

5.3 Criminal Liability

I. Actus reus & Mensrea
a) Actus Reus (Omissions & causation),
What is an act?
When does failure to act constitute a crime?
Possession as a criminal act
Status as a criminal act

Cases
Woolmington v DPP (1935)
Mboi v. R [1962] EA 780
Kigozi v. R [1958] EA 1
Mohammed v. Republic [1973] EA 238
Bukenya and Anor v Uganda [2007] EA 348
Uganda v. Omong [1974] EA 459
R V Chrasty [1991] 1 WLR 1381
Mawji v R 23 E.A.C.A 609
White's Case [1910] KB 124

Texts
• Turner: The Mental Element in Crimes at Common Law.
• Williams: The Mental in Crime.
• Hart: Negligence, Mens Rea and Criminal Responsibility in Oxford Essays in
Jurisprudence

Uganda Christian University SCL LLB I

 II. Mens Rea (intention, recklessness, negligence & transferred malice)
a. Objective and subjective tests.
b. General and specific intent
c. Why should the intent be proved?
Cases
R v Anderson [1986] AC 27
Yusuf v Republic [1974] EA 501
Uganda v. Rukwandura [1973] EA 574
Magayi v. Uganda [1965] EA 667
Menezes v. Republic [1975] EA 209
Katimba v. Uganda [1967] EA 363
Tolson (1889) 23 QBD 168
Hibbert v McKiernan [1948] 2KB 142
Republic v Ndesario [1969] EA 267
Haswett v R [1967] EA 796
R v Kemp [1956] 3 All ER 249 at 253, per Devlin J.
Hyam v DPP [1975]1 AC ...
R v Moloney [1985] I All ER 1025.
Mohamed v Republic [1968] EA 665
Bombay Trading Store (U) Ltd and Another v R [1962] EA 589
R v Oliver [1943] 2 All ER 800
Mohamed Ishmael v R (1955) 22 EACA 461

Recklessness and Negligence as Factors for Criminal Liability

DPP v Majewski [1976] 2 All ER 142, [I977] AC 443
Short (I950) S.R 280
Thabo Meli and Others v Regina [I954]1 All ER 373 (Privy Council)
Church [1966] 1 Q.B 59
R v Chiswibo cited in Kasozi ‘Introduction to the Law of Lesotho’ supra p.30

III. Strict Liability

Abdallah v R [1964] EA 270
Alphacell v Wooward [1972] 2 All ER 21
Bishops Case (1880) 5 QB 259
Bombay Trading Store (D) Ltd and Another v R [1962] EA 589
Bratty v Attorney General for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386
Cundy v le Cocq (1884)13 QBD 207
Gammon (Hog Kong) Ltd v Attorney General for Hong Kong [1985] 2 All ER 503
Hill v Baxter [1958]1 QB 277
Hobbs v Winchester Co. [1910] KB 471
Lemon [1979] AC 617 (HL)
Lim Chin Aik [1963]1 W.L.R 42
Lim Chin Aik v R [1963] 1 All ER 223

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 Mumir v Republic [1967] EA 430
Parter v Winchester Corp. [1910] 2 K.B 471
Pierre 1963 Crim LR 513
Price (1875) LR2 CCC 154
PSGB v Storkwain [1986] 2 All ER 635
R v Hibbert 1869) LR 1 CCR 184.
R v Howells [1977] 3 All ER 417
R v Larsonneor (1933) Cr. App R. 74
R v Lemon; R Gay New Ltd [1979] 1 All ER 898
R v Prince [1874-80] All ER Rep 881
R v St Margaret's Trust [1959] 1 W.L.R 522
Sherras v De Rutzen [1895-9] All ER Rep 1167
Smeldeys Ltd v Breed [I974] AC 839
Sweet v Parsley [1907] AC 132
Sweet v Parsley [1969] 1 All ER 347
Warner v MPC [1968] 2 All ER 475
Watmore v Jenkins [I962]2 QB 572
Whitehouse V Lemon [1979] 1 All ER 898 at 920
Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent (1983) Times 28 March

[Link] Liability
Allen v Whitehead [1930]1 KB 211
Bwanika and Ano. v. R [1957] EA 279
Coopen v Moore (1898) QB 306
Huggin's Case 17302 Stra 883 .
Lloyds v. Grace, Smith and Co. [l9171] AC 716 (HL)
Sopp v Long [1970] 1 QBD 518
Tesco Stores Ltd. v Brent LBC [I993] 2 All ER 718
Vane v Yiannopoulos [1965] AC 486
Winson [969] 1 QBD 371

V. Liability for Legal Personalities (Companies/Corporations)

Solomon v Solomon Ltd [1897] AC 22
Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Natrass (1972) AC

6.0 MODES OF PARTICIPATION

6.1 Principal and Joint principle (offenders)
6.2 Innocent agent
6.3 Accomplices (Accessories-aiders, abettors, counsellors, procurers)
Uganda v Ayebare & Anor (Criminal Session 86 of 2014) [2017]
UGHCCRD 114 (28 August 2017)-ULII aiding and abetting rape.

Penal Code Act, Cap.120 sections 19, 20 & 393-395.

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Presence at the scene of Crime
R v Bland [1988] Crim. LR 41
R v Clarkson [1971] 1 WLR 1402
R v Coney (1982) 8 QBD 534

Persons who are not parties to a crime can-not be charged

Republic v Ndesario [1969] EA 267
Uganda v Kanahiriho and Another [1994-95] HCB

Participation pursuant to a joint enterprise

R v Baldessare (1930) 22 Cr App R 70
Davies v DPP [1954] AC 378
R v Anderson and Morris [1966] 2 QB 110
R v Mahmood [1994] Crim LR 368.
R v Dunbar [1988] Crim LR 693.
R v Smith [1963] 1 WLR 1200
R v Betty (1964) 48 Cr App R 6,
Chan Wing-Siu v R [1985] AC 168

Other Cases
Njani v Republic [1970] EA 260
Shah (Zaverchad Hemraj) V. R [1960] EA 562
Uganda V. Kolokole [1972] EA 313
R v. Thorley [1962] 3 ALL ER 583, CCA
R v. Rook [1993] 2 ALL ER 955
R v Calhaem [1985] QB 808.
National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11.
R v Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129.
Blakely and Sutton v DPP [1991] Crim LR 763.

7.0 PARTICIPATION-INCHOATE OFFENCES

7.1 Attempt
7.2 Incitement
7.3 Conspiracy

7.1 Attempts
Sections 386 - 389 Penal Code, Cap 120.
Mwandikwa s/o Mutisva v R [1959] EA
Muiruri v Republic [1967] EA 808

7.2 Incitement
Secs 21, 51, 52, & 83 Penal Code, Cap 120

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7.3 Conspiracy
Uganda v Bwebirwoha [I976]HCB 189.
R v Mulji Jamnadas et al (1946) 13 EACA 147
R v Golkaldas Kanji Karia and Alibhai Mawji (1946) 16 EACA116.

Cases
R v. Jones (Kenneth) [1990] 3 ALL ER 886
R v. Mohan [1975] 2 ALL ER 193
Cheruiyot v Republic [1976-1985] EA 47
Gitau v. Republic [1967] EA 449

8.0 CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY AND DEFENCES

8.1 Defences asserting lack of capacity to commit the crime –

8.1.1 Insanity
8.1.2 Diminished responsibility Penal Code Act 194
8.1.3 Automatism
8.1.4 Intoxication
8.1.5 Infancy/immaturity-Children’s Act

Insanity
Magistrates Court Act, Cap 16 Part XIII
Mental Treatment Act, Cap. 279
Penal Code Act, Cap. 120 Secs 10 & 11
Trial on Indictment Act, Cap 23 Part VI

Cases
Insanity-Sec 11 Penal Code.
Desease of the Mind
R v Kemp 1957] 1 QB 399
R v Sulivan [1984] AC 156

Who can raise the defence of Insanity

Ellis v R 24 Crim. App R 87
R v Mandi S/o Ngonda [1965] EA 744

Examining Bahaviour of the accused

Karioki v R 25 KLR 164
Nyinge S/o Suwatu v R [1959] EA 974

Diminished Responsibility-Abnormality of the mind

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 R v Byrne [1960] ALL ER; [1960] 2 QB 396
R v Shekanga (1994) Crim. App R 125
R v Tandy [1988] 1ALL ER 267

Automatism
Bratty v AG for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386, [1961] All ER 523 (HL)

Intoxication-Penal Code Act Sec. 12

A-G for Northern Ireland V Gallagher [1963] AC 345
DPP v Beard [1920] AC479
DPP v Majweski [1971] AC 142
R v Sheehan & Moore [1975] 1 WLR 739
R v Stubbs (1989) Crim. App R 53

Voluntary Intoxication
R v Allen [1988] Crim. LR 698
R v Kingston [1994] 1 ALL ER 353

Burden of Proof in Intoxication

Nyakite v R [1957] EA 322
R v Amin Bin Abdallah (1942) 11 EACA 39
R v Mwita (1944) EACA 75
R V Odima (1941) 8 EACA 29

Immature Age/infancy
Walters v Lunt, 53 cr. App. R 34

Others Cases
Bratty v A-G for North Ireland [1961] 3 ALL ER 523
Kieti (Malungu) v. R [1959] EA 797
Kimani v. Republic [2000] 2 EA 417
Liundi v Republic [1967 -1985] EA 251
Ogwang V Uganda [1999] 2 EA 254
Oyugi v. R [1959] EA 322
Philibert v Republic [1976-1985] EA 477
R v. Burgress [1991] 2 ALL ER 769
Rukarekoha v Uganda [1999] 1 EA 303
Sodeman v. R [1959] 3 ALL ER 418

8.2 Defences asserting excuse or justification

8.2.1 Necessity
8.2.2 Consent

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 8.2.3 Mistake of Law-Ignorance of the Law s. 6 Penal Code
Act
8.2.4 Mistake of fact
8.2.5 Bonafide claim of Right-Sec 7 Penal Code Act, Cap. 120
8.2.6 Alibi
Uganda v Candia (Criminal Case 19 of 2020) [2020] UGHC 180
(30 September 2020)-ULII
Uganda v Anguyo Robert (Criminal Case 209 of 2016) [2020]
UGHC 183 (30 September 2020)-ULII
8.2.7 Accident-Sec 8 Penal Code
8.2.8 Provocation
8.2.9 Compulsion/Duress
Cases
Necessity
Regina v Duddley and Stevens [l884] QBD 273
R v Willer (1986) 83 Cr. App 225

Consent
R v Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 .

Mistake of law
Mangai v R [1965] EA 667
Musa & Others v R [1970] EA2
R v Reid [1973]3 All ER 1020

Mistake of fact
Leosoni alias S/o Matheo v R [1961] EA 364
R v Prince (1875) LR 2 CCR 154
R v Sultan Magingab[1967] HCB 33

Compulsion/ Duress
Dpp for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653
R v Coles [1994] Crim. LR 582
R v Singh [1973] 1 All ER 172

Test for duress

R v Graham [1982] 1 WLR 294
R v Howe & others [1987] AC 417

Immediacy
DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653
R v Howe & others [1987] AC 417
R v Hudson and Taylor [1971]2 QB 202

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Other cases
Haslett v. Republic [1967] EA 796
Katemi v Republic [1990 – 1994] EA 166
Kenga v Republic [1999] 1 EA 145
Kibale v. Uganda [1999] 1 EA 148
Masesi v Republic [1970] EA 102
Mtaki (Doto) v. Republic [1959] EA 860
R v Bourne [1939] 1KB 687, [1938] 3 All ER 615
R v Conway [1988] 3 All ER 1025
R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273
R v Martin [1989] 1 All ER 652
R v Willer (1986) 83 App 225

8.3 Defences justifying the Use of force

8.3.1 Self defence; Defence of property S. 15 Penal Code
8.3.2 Superior orders
8.3.3 Defence of others
8.3.4 Use of force by police

Superior orders
Clegg n 99511 All ER 334
Dafasi Magay & Anor. v Uganda [1965] EA 667
Ededy v State [1972]1 All ER 15
Yip Chin Chewing [1994] 2 All ER 924

Defence for others

R v Rose (1884) 15 Cox 540

Reasonable force
Palmer v R [1971] AC 814

R v Clegg [1995] All ER 334

R v Scarlett [1994] Crim. LR 288
R v Owino[1995] Crim LR 743

Duty to retreat
R v Bird [1985] 1 WLR 816

Imminence of the threatened attack

Beckford v R [1988] AC 130

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 Attorney Genral’s reference [1984] 2 WLR 465

Defence of Property
Augustino Okware Achodo v Uganda [I975] HCB 74
Forrester [1992] Crim. LR 792
Marwa v R [1959] EA 660
Patson s/o Mwanyula v Rep (EACA) Crim. App. No118/75
R V Hussey (1924) Crim. App R 160
Zedekiya Lukwago v R (1956) 23 EACA 507

Mistake as to self defence

R v willoiams (Gladstone) (1994) 78 Cr. Ap. 276
Backford v R [1988] AC 130
Han v R 21 EACA 276

Effect of Self Defence

Mengi v R [1964] EA 289
Yusufu son of Lesso v R 19 EACA 249

Superior oders
A v Hayden (No.2) 1984 156 CLR 532 at 440
Clegg n 99511 All ER 334
Yip Chin Chewing [1994] 2 All ER 924
Dafasi Magay and Anor. v Uganda [1965] EA 667
Other Cases
Josia v Republic [1972] EA 157
Zahura V Uganda [2005] 2 EA 358
Magayi (Dafasi) v Uganda [1965] EA 667
Ussi (Selemani) v. Republic [1963] EA 442
Mengi Manzi v R [1964] EA 289

8.4 Defences based on constitutional and statutory authority

8.4.1 Jurisdiction Penal Code Act S. 4, 5, 23-28
8.4.2 Presidential pardon Constitution of the Republic of
Uganda, 1995-Art 121 & 282; 28(10).
8.4.3 Amnesty-Amnesty Act, Cap 294; Also See the case of
Thomas Kwyelo alias Latoni V Uganda Supreme Court
Decision (No amnesty for international crimes i.e. those
that fall under the International Criminal Court Act)
8.4.4 Double jeopardy Constitution of the Republic of Uganda,
1995 Art. 28(9)
Penal Code Act Section 18
Article 14 (7) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966.

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 Cosma v. R (1955) 22 EACA 450-453
Kabubga s/o Mayingi v R )1955) 22 EACA387 - 391
Philibert toizeua and Ano. v Reginam 23 (1956) EACA 566.
US Government v Atkinson [1969] 2 All ER 1151.

8.4.5 Immunity
Diplomatic Immunity-Diplomatic Privileges Act. Cap201
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Immunities Article 29, 31 (1) (a) - (c);
Diplomatic Privileges Act, Cap 201.
Oddo v Republic [1970] EA 256 (T)
Said B. Kionywaki v R 1967 HCDigest 443.

Judicial Immunity Penal Code Act Sec 13

Presidential Immunity – Constitution of the Republic of Uganda,
1995 Art 98 (5)
Traditional rulers see Bowman v Nadyope 1[968] EA 360.

Cases
DPP v. Nasralla [1967] 2 ALL ER 161
Flatman v Light [1946] 2 ALL ER 368
R v Madan [1961] 1 All ER 588

Pardon and Amnesty

Bowen 1996 2 Cr. App R 157
Graham [1982]1 W.L.R 294
Josia v Republic [1972] EA 157
Lynch v DPP for Northern Ireland [1975]1 All ER 913
M'Nduyo Kayoro v R [1962] EA160/760
R v Gill [I 963]2 All ER 688
R v Steane [1947] KB 997
R v Wambogo (1924) 10 K.L.R 3
Thomas Kwoyelo alias Latoni v Uganda Supreme Court 2015
Uganda v Charles O [I991] HCB 36.
Uganda v Rev. Father Kabisanga and Ano. [1978] HCB 69

Note: This course Outline is not conclusive; you may refer to other authoritative criminal law
texts.

Uganda Christian University SCL LLB I