1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 . ( A ) The coffee is much better this 8. ( A ) Housing within his budget is hard to
morning. locate.
( B) He's feeling bitter this morning. ( B ) It’s hard to find his house in New
( C ) The coffee isn't very good . York.
( D ) He cannot taste the butter. ( C) He can 't afford to move his house to
New York.
2. ( A ) The two classes meet in an hour and a ( D ) Housing in New York is unavailable.
half.
( B) The class meets three hours per week . 9. ( A ) The boss was working on the reports.
(C ) Each half of the class is an hour long. (B) He would have to finish the reports
( D ) T\vo times a week the class meets for before the end of next month .
an hour. (C ) He was directed to stay late and finish
some work.
3. ( A ) A few minutes ago, the flight ( D ) He could finish the reports at home.
departed.
( B) The fight will start in a while. 10. ( A ) The boisterous students made the
( C ) They are frightened about the teacher mad.
departure. (B) The teacher angered the students with
( D ) The plane is going to take off soon. the exam results.
( C) The students were angry that the
4. ( A ) He hasn ’t yet begun his project. teacher was around .
( B) He's supposed to do his science ( D) The angered students complained to
project next week . the teacher.
( C ) He needs to start working on
changing the due date. 11. ( A ) The prices are reasonable.
( D ) He’s been working steadily on his ( B) The store is too far out of town .
science project. ( C) He would like the woman to repeat
what she said .
5. ( A ) At the post office. ( D ) He agrees with the woman.
(B ) In a florist shop.
( C) In a restaurant. 12. ( A ) It has rarely rained this much .
( D) In a hospital delivery room . ( B) It hardly rained this year.
(C ) It is barely raining this year.
6. ( A ) The professor drowned the cells in a ( D) It seldom rains so little .
lab.
( B) The topic was presented in a boring 13. ( A ) He needs to do a better job writing
way. questions.
( C) The professor divided the lecture into (B) His writing must certainly be
parts. improved.
( D ) The biologist tried to sell the results (C) Without the questions, he cannot
of the experiment. write the answers.
( D ) He needs to understand the written
7. ( A ) She needs to get a drivers license. questions better .
( B) It is impossible to cash a check
without two pieces of identification.
(C) The man should check to see if he
needs credit.
( D) A credit card can be used to get a
drivers license.

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36 LISTENING COMPREHENSION PRE TEST -
lnlDlDlDlDlDlDl
14. ( A) The agent was standing in line with 20. ( A ) She’d like some pie.
his passport. ( B) It 's easy to buy it.
( B) The line to get new passports is very ( C ) The task the mans working on isn't
long. difficult.
( C ) The woman must wait her turn to get ( D) It's easier to prepare pie than do what
her passport checked. the man is doing.
( D ) He can check her passport instead of
the agent . 21. ( A ) He reported that the time for the
budget meeting had been set .
15. ( A ) He couldn't finish closing the library ( B) He is always late in submitting his
book. accounting figures.
( B) He hadn't finished the library ( C ) He never manages to budget his time
assignment , but he was close . well.
(C ) He was working on the assignment ( D ) He is never too late in turning in his
when the library closed . reports.
( D ) His homework was incomplete
because the library wasn’t open . 22 . ( A) The repairs would require an
extension .
16. ( A ) He wishes the hard work had had a ( B ) The car is going to need a lot of
better result. repairs.
( B ) He thinks the lawyer hardly prepared. ( C ) Buying a new car would be quite
( C ) He wishes the lawyer had prepared . expensive.
( D ) He thinks the lawyer worked for free. ( D ) The mechanic extended the repair
warranty.
17. ( A ) The history class begins next week.
( B) He thinks the papers should be turned 23. ( A ) Betty wrote the letter as directed.
in next week. ( B) The directions were given to Betty in
( C ) He has already done the paper for a letter.
next week. ( C ) Betty will follow the instructions later.
( D ) The papers are not due next week. ( D ) Betty worked exactly as instructed .

18 . ( A ) He's not really happy. 24. ( A ) Walters had a lack of success with his
( B) The contractors work was business.
satisfactory. ( B) Walters failed in business.
( C ) He would rather work with the ( C) Walter's new company is doing rather
contractor himself . well.
( D ) He was already contacted about the ( D ) Walter hoped to succeed in business.
work.
25. ( A ) He should put the organ in the closet.
19. ( A ) The man should try another type of ( B) The closet has already been
paper. organized .
( B) The man should locate a typist (C ) He needs to rearrange the closet.
tomorrow morning. ( D ) He wishes the closet were closer.
( C ) The man should make a tape in the
morning. 26. ( A ) She didn 't do the work.
( D) The man should complete the paper ( B) She gave the assignment her best
without help. effort .
(C ) She finished the assignment even
though it was difficult.
( D ) She gave the man a signal.

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7
LISTENING COMPREHENSION PRE-TEST 37
 lnlnlDlnlDlnlnl
27. ( A ) She said some terrible things. 29. ( A ) The woman is more than a week late.
( B) She didn’t say anything nice. (B) The children would have wrecked the
( C ) She didn 't have any nice things. house later.
( D ) She said really wonderful things. ( C ) The woman was so late that she was a
wreck.
28. ( A ) New employees are rarely initiated ( D ) He's glad that she was not any later.
into the company.
(B) New workers don’t generally 30. ( A ) He had not gone to the store .
undertake actions on their own . (B) He was still at the market .
(C ) New employees are initially rated. (C ) He was going to take care of the
( D ) It’s rare for employees to make new shopping.
suggestions. ( D ) He always went to the market .

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38 LISTENING COMPREHENSION PRE TEST -
ldlnldlDlDlnlnl
Part B

Directions: In this part of the test , you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation you
,

will hear several questions. The conversations and questions will not be repeated .
After you hear a question , read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then , on your answer sheet , find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen .
Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

31. ( A ) She’s a senior. 35. ( A ) In a book.

( B) She ’s a junior. ( B) From a television program .
(C) She's a transfer student . (C) During a trip that she took .
(D) She’s a graduate student . ( D) From a lecture.

32 . ( A ) How to transfer to a junior college. 36. ( A ) To communicate with other dolphins.

( B) How to find his way around campus. ( B) To recognize objects in the water.
( C ) The course requirements for a (C) To learn human language.
literature major. ( D) To express fear.
( D ) Who won the campus election .
37. ( A ) Five.
33. ( A ) Three . ( B) Fifteen .
( B) Five. (C ) Fifty.
( C) Eight . ( D) Five hundred .
( D) Ten .
38. ( A ) It is limited .
34. ( A ) American literature. ( B) It is greater than human intelligence.
(B) World literature. ( C) It is less than previously thought.
(C) Literary analysis. (D) We are beginning to learn how much
( D) Surveying. they have.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

TOEFL* test directions and format are reprinted by permission
of ETS, the copyright owner. However, all examples and test
7
.
questions are provided by Pearson Education Inc. LISTENING COMPREHENSION PRE TEST - 39
lDlDlDlnlDlnlnl
39. ( A ) To protect its members. 45. ( A ) To the tennis courts.
( B) To save the natural environment. ( B ) To the arena .
(C) To honor the memory of John Muir. ( C ) To the gymnasium.
( D) To improve San Francisco’s natural ( D ) To the Athletic Department office.
beauty.
46 . ( A ) Go to the Art Center.
40. ( A ) For less than a year. ( B) Sign up for sports classes.
( B) Only for a decade. (C) Visit the exercise room .
(C) For more than a century. ( D) Watch a football game.
( D) For at least two centuries.
47. ( A ) Science .
41. ( A ) San Francisco. ( B) Art .
( B) All fifty states. ( C ) Literature.
( C) The Sierra Nevadas. ( D) Music .
( D) The eastern U .S.
48. ( A ) They are completely different.
42 . ( A ) All over the world . ( B ) They are somewhat similar but have
( B) In the entire United States. an essential difference.
( C ) Only in California. ( C ) They are exactly the same in all
( D ) Only in the Sierra Nevadas. respects.
( D ) They are unrelated.
43. ( A ) Students signing up for athletic
teams. 49. ( A ) Objective.
( B) Students going on a tour of a ( B) Idealistic.
university campus . (C) Philosophical .
( C ) Students playing various sports. ( D) Environmental .
( D) Students attending a university
dedication ceremony. 50. ( A ) Heredity.
( B ) Environment .
44. ( A ) Membership on an athletic team . ( C ) Idealism .
( B) Enrollment in an exercise class. ( D ) Natural laws.
(C) A valid student identification card .
( D) Permission from a faculty member.

This is the end of the Listening Comprehension Pre- Test.

Turn off the recording.

STOP STOP STOP STOP ] (STOP) STOP STOP

"
When you Finish the test, you may do the following:
\
•Turn to the Diagnostic Chart on pages 588- > 84 , and
'

circle the numbers of the questions that you missed .

•Turn to Scoring Information on pages 581-582, and
determine your TOEFL score.
• Turn to the Progress Chart on page 591 , and add your
score to the chart.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION PRE - TEST 4I

 2 •2 •2 •2 2 •2 •2 •2
1. Indiana’s Lost River underground 6. In 1858, the site V was to become the
for a distance of 22 miles. city of Denver was settled as a way station
for outfitting gold prospectors.
( A ) travels
( B ) traveling ( A ) it
( C ) to travel ( B ) of it
( D ) it travels ( C ) what
( D ) of what
2. The 1980 explosion of the first
volcanic eruption in the continental United 7. The light from an electrical lamp includes
States in over 60 years. many different wavelengths , in a
laser is concentrated on only one
( A ) Mount St . Helens wavelength .
( B ) was Mount St . Helens
( C ) it was Mount St. Helens ( A ) all the energy
( D ) Mount St . Helens was ( B ) it is all the energy
( C) while all the energy
3. Static electricity one cloud to ( D ) while all the energy is
another or between clouds and the ground
creates lightning. 8. In the Antarctic Ocean
_ plankton and
crustacean forms of life.
( A) flows from
(B) the flow from (A) an abundance of
(C ) flowing from ( B) is an abundance of
(D) is flowing from (C) it is abundant
(D) an abundance is
4 . The Model T car, introduced in 1908 ,
$850. 9. Flintlock muskets sharp bayonets
were standard weapons during the
(A) the price was American Revolution .
( B) a price of
(C) to be priced at (A) tip with
(D) was priced at ( B) tipped with
(C ) the tips of
5. reacts with a chlorine atom , an ( D) were tipped with
electron is transferred from the outer shell
of the sodium atom to the outer shell of the 10. Benjamin Franklin believed that the turkey
chlorine atom . rather than the eagle of the United
States.
( A) A sodium atom
( B) When a sodium atom ( A) should become the symbol
(C) For a sodium atom ( B) the symbol becomes
( D) It is a sodium atom (C) should symbolize becoming
(D) becoming the symbol

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496 COMPLETE TEST FOUR
 2 •2 •2 •2
11. -
to occur in the Earth 's crust , push 14. The temperatures take place vary
pull and shake waves would be generated widely for different materials.
simultaneously.
( A) which melting and freezing
( A ) Were a break (B) at which melting and freezing
( B ) If a break (C) which they melt and freeze
( C ) A break was ( D) at which they melt and freeze
( D ) If broken
2 15. In general , the cells of large animals and
12. Fossil fuels likt coal , oil , and gas produce plants are only slightly larger than
carbon dioxide when plants and animals.
(A) are burned (A ) smaller
( B) they burned (B) are smaller
( C) burned (C ) those smaller
(D) are they burned ( D) are those of smaller

13. Not until Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected

governor of Wyoming in 1924 as
governor of a U .S. state.
(A) a woman served
( B) a woman serving
( C) to serve a woman
(D) did a woman serve

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COMPLETE TEST FOUR 497
2 •
16. The music on a compact disk ( CD ) is record by lasers.
”
A B C D

17. Alaska has more active glaciers as the rest of the inhabited world combined .
~
A B C D

18. Aristotle believed that everything in the universe were composed of four basic
A B C
elements: earth , water, air, and fire .
D

19. In the cold climate of the far north , mosquito eggs may remains dormant from
A B C D
autumn until late June.

20. Passengers have ridden the first Ferris wheel at the Columbian Exposition in
A B C
Chicago in 1893.
D

21 . One type of Australian frog lays up to 25 eggs at a time and then swallows they for
A B C
protection .
D

22 . The Cro- Magnons entered the area that is today Europe and quickly eliminated or
A B
absorbed theirs Neanderthal predecessors.
C D
23. The Spanish introduced not only horses and also cattle to the North American
A B C
continent.
D

24. The best - known members of the cabbage vegetable group includes head cabbage ,
A B C D
cauliflower, broccoli , kale , collard , and brussels sprouts.

25. White blood cells are the largest of red blood cells and are more varied in size and in
A B C D
shape .

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COMPLETE TEST FOUR 499
 2»2»2«2»2*2*2»2
26. An hiccup is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm , which leads to a massive
A B C
intake of air.
D

27. To make a lithograph, an artist used a flat stone of a kind that will soak up oil and
A B C D
water.

28. Alike a bar magnet , the Earth has two magnetic poles .
A B C D

29 . Not until Harvard College was founded in 1636 was there any colleges in America.
A B C D

30. Antelopes are gregarious animals that travel in herds, ranging in amount from a few
A B C
to several thousand .
D

31. A supersonic airplane can fly faster than a speed of sound.

'

A B C D

32 . In 1821 , Emma Willard opened officially the doors of the first school in the United
A B
-
States to offer college level courses for women.
C D

33. The first gummed postage stamps issued in New York City in 1842.
A B C D

34. Typical long bone such as the femur consists of a long shaft with swellings at each
A B C D
end .

35. The common octopus lives lone in a den just big enough for its body.
A B C D

36. The vacuum tube did an important contribution to the early growth of radio and
A B C D
television .

37 . St . Augustine, Florida , founded in 1565 by Pedro Menendez , was razing 21 years

A B C
later by Francis Drake.
D

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500 COMPLETE TEST FOUR
38. A bimetallic thermometer relies the different rates of expansion of two types of
A B C
metal , usually brass and copper.
D

39. An ice crystal is the nuclei on which a hailstone is built.

A B C D

40. Tremendous flooding during the summer of 1993 left 8 million acres of nine
A B
midwestem states inundated and proved both expensively and deadly .
C D

This is the end of Section 2.

If you finish before 25 minutes has ended,
check your work on Section 2 only.

STOP ] [ STOP ] [STOP ] STOP [STOP ] [ STOP] [STOP

At the end of 25 minutes, go on to Section 3.

Use exactly 55 minutes to work on Section 3.

COMPLETE TEST FOUR 501

 3&3A3A3A 3A3A 3A 3
Questions 1 -12

Algae is a primitive form of life , a single-celled or simple multiple-celled organism that is able to
conduct the process of photosynthesis. It is generally found in water but can also be found elsewhere
,
to their
growing on such surfaces as rocks or trees. The various types of algae are classified accoiding
Line pigmentation , or coloration .
(5 ) Blue-green algae , or Cyanophyta , can grow at very high temperatures and under high -intensity
light. This is a microscopic type of algae, and some species consist of only one cell. Blue-gree algae is
the oldest form oflife with photosynthetic capabilities , and fossilized remains of this type of algae
more than 3.4 billion years old have been found in parts of Africa.
Green algae , or Chlorophyta , is generally found in fresh water. It reproduces on the surfaces of
( 10 ) enclosed bodies of water such as ponds or lakes and has the appearance of a fuzzy green coating on
the water. In large quantities, this type of algae may reproduce enough to give a green color to an
entire lake .
Brown algae , or Phacophyta , grows in shallow, temperate water. This type of algae is the largest
in size and is most recognizable as a type of seaweed; kelp is a type of brown algae that
has grown to
( 15 ) lengths of up to 200 feet. Its long stalks can be enmeshed on the ocean floor, or it can float
freely on
the ocean’s surface.
Red algae , or Rhodophyta, is a small , delicate organism found in the deep waters of the
subtropics , where it often grows with coral. This type of algae has an essential role in the formation of
coral reefs: it secretes lime from the seawater to foster the formation of limestone deposits.

1. What is the authors main purpose? 5. Algae remnants found in Africa are

( A) To show what color algae is (A ) still flourishing

( B) To differentiate the various ( B) photogenic
classifications of algae ( C) extremely old
( C) To describe where algae is found ( D) red in color
( D ) To clarify the appearance of the
different types of algae 6. Green algae is generally found
( A) on the ocean floor
2 . Which of the following is NOT true about (B) on top of the water
algae? (C) throughout ponds and lakes
( A) All types have only one cell . ( D) surrounding enclosed bodies of water
( B) It can be found out of water.
(C ) It can use photosynthesis. 7. The word “ coating ” in line 10 could best be
(D) It is not a relatively new form of life. replaced by
( A ) clothing
3. The word “ pigmentation ” in line 4 means ( B) covering
( A ) size ( C ) warmth
( B ) shape ( D ) sweater
( C) composition
( D ) color 8. Brown algae would most likely be found
(A) on trees
4. The word "microscopic” in line 6 is closest ( B) near green algae
in meaning to (C ) on rocks
(A) mechanical ( D) in the ocean
(B) tiny
(C) visual
( D) bacterial
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270 READING COMPREHENSION PRE-TEST
3 3 3 3A3 3 3 3
9. According to the passage , red algae is 11. How is the information in the paragraph
(A) sturdy organized ?
( B) huge (A) Various details supporting a theory
(C ) fragile are explored .
( D) found in shallow water ( B) Various classifications of a specific
life form are described .
10 . It can be inferred from the passage that ( C ) Various stages of the chronological
limestone deposits serve as the basis of development of a life form are
( A ) coral reefs presented .
( B ) red algae ( D) Various elements that compose a
( C ) subtropical seawater certain life form are outlined .
( D ) secret passages
12 . This passage would most probably be
assigned reading in a course on
( A) chemistry
( B) physics
(C) botany
( D) zoology

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READING COMPREHENSION PRE TEST - 271
 3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3
Questions 13 21 -
of a
Narcolepsy is a disease characterized by malfunctioning sleep mechanics. It can consist
sleep during nighttime
sudden and uncontrollable bout of sleep during daylight hours and disturbed
appearance during
hours. It occurs more often in men than in women , and it commonly makes its
At least a half million Americans are believed to be affected by
Line adolescence or young adulthood .
(5) narcolepsy of the
Narcolepsy can take a number of forms during daylight hours. One common symptom
during daytime hours is a sudden attack of REM ( rapid -eye movement ) sleep during normal
disease
others only have
waking hours. This occurs in some people hundreds of times in a single day, while ; even
narcoleptics may experience automatic behavior
rare occurrences. During a sleep attack ,
they were involved in prior to
( 10 ) though asleep , they may continue automatically performing the activity
until the activity
falling asleep. They may, for example , continue walking , or driving , or stirring a pot
is interrupted by external forces . Others experience cataplexy during daytime hours ; cataplexy
to wobble m
involves a sudden loss of muscle tone that may cause the head to droop or the knees
to occur most often in
minor attacks or a total collapse in more serious attacks. Cataplexy seems
( 15 ) conjunction with intense emotion or excitement .
the
During sleep hours , narcolepsy can also manifest itself in a variety of ways. During
. These
transitional phase that precedes the onset of sleep , it is common for hallucinations occur
to
of sights and
hallucinations , known as hypnagogic phenomena , consist of realistic perceptions
may also suffer
sounds during the semi-conscious state between wakefulness and sleep. Narcoleptics
wakening during sleep , resulting in extremely fragmented and restless sleep. Then , upon
( 20 ) from night
waking , a narcoleptic may experience sleep paralysis, the inability to move , perhaps
for several
minutes , immediately after waking.

13. Which of the following would he the most 16. Approximately how many narcoleptics are
appropriate title for the passage ? there in the United States?

(A ) A Good Night’s Sleep (A) Fewer than 500,000

( B) A Cure for Narcolepsy ( B) More than 500,000
(C) An Unusual Sleep Disturbance ( C) Fewer than 1 , 500.000
( D) Hallucinations during Sleep ( D) More than 1.500,000

14. The word " malfunctioning" in line 1 is 17. The word "bout " in line 2 is closest in
closest in meaning to meaning to

(A ) improperly working (A ) symptom

( B) regularly waking ( B) lack
(C) incorrectly classifying ( C) illness
( D) harshly interpreting (D) period

15. At which of the following ages would a 18. Which of the following would be most
person be most likely to develop likely to occur during daily activities ?
narcolepsy ? ( A) Automatic behavior
(A) 10 ( B) Hallucinations
( B) 20 ( C) Night wakening
( C) 30 ( D) Sleep paralysis
( D) 40

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r
272 READING COMPREHENSION PRE-TEST
3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3
19. Which of the following involves a complete 21. Where in the passage does the author
collapse? describe what seems to precipitate a
(A) Automatic behavior
sudden loss of muscle tone?
( B) Cataplexy ( A) -
Lines 12 14
( C) Hallucinations ( B) Lines 14— 15
( D) REM sleep (C) Lines 16-17
(D) Lines 20-22
20. When would hypnagogic phenomena most
likely occur?
(A) Just after going to bed
( B) In the middle of the night
( C) Soon after waking
( D) After getting up

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READING COMPREHENSION PRE -TEST 273
 3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3
Questions 22-30
Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely
religious and moral in tone , by the latter half of the century the revolutionary fervor that was
coming

to life in the colonies began to be reflected in the literature of the time, which in turn
served to further
, the two
Line influence the population. Although not all writers of this period supported the Revolution
(5) best -known and most influential writers , Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly
supportive of that cause.
' , the
Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother s newspaper
New - England Courant . In these articles he used a simple style of language and commonsense
argumentation to defend the point of view of the farmer and the Leather Apron man . He continued
( JO ) with the same commonsense practicality and appeal to the common man with his work on Poor
Richard's Almanac from 1733 until 1758 . Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people
,

Franklin wrote a variety of extremely effective articles and pamphlets about the colonists
revolutionary cause against England .
Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the time of
( 1 5 ) the Revolution . His pamphlet Common Sense , which appeared in 1776 , was a force in encouraging
the colonists to declare their independence from England . Then throughout the long and desperate
war years he published a series of Crisis papers ( from 1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to
continue on with the struggle . The effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional yet
oversimplified depiction of the cause of the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good
( 20 ) and evil.

22 . The paragraph preceding this passage 25 . It is implied in the passage that

most likely discusses (A ) some writers in the American colonies
(A) how literature influences the supported England during the
population Revolution
( B) religious and moral literature (B) Franklin and Paine were the only
( C ) literature supporting the cause of the writers to influence the Revolution
American Revolution ( C ) because Thomas Paine was an
( D) what made Thomas Paines literature Englishman , he supported England
successful against the colonies
( D ) authors who supported England did
23. The word “ fervor" in line 2 is closest in not remain in the colonies during
meaning to the Revolution
(A) war 26 . The pronoun “ he" in line 8 refers to
( B) anxiety
(C) spirit ( A) Thomas Paine
( D) action (B) Ben Franklin
(C) Ben Franklin 's brother
24 The word "time" in line 3 could best be ( D) Poor Richard
replaced by
27. According to the passage , the tone of Poor
(A) hour Richard 's Almanac is
(B) period
(C) appointment ( A ) pragmatic
(D) duration ( B) erudite
( C) theoretical
( D ) scholarly

274 READING COMPREHENSION PRE-TEST

3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3
2S The word "desperate " in line 16 could best 30. The purpose of the passage is to
be replaced by ( A ) discuss American literature in the
(A) unending first half of the eighteenth century
( B) hopeless ( B) give biographical data on two
(C) strategic American writers
( D) combative ( C ) explain which authors supported the
Revolution
29 Where in the passage does the author ( D) describe the literary influence during
describe Thomas Paine’s style of writing? revolutionary America

—
( A) Lines 4 6
-
( B) Lines 8 9
( C ) Lines 14-15
( D ) Lines 18-20

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READING COMPREHENSION PRE-TEST 275
 3A3A3A3A3A3A 3A 3
Questions 31-41

-
Federal Express is a company that specializes in rapid overnight delivery of high priority
packages. The first company of its type , Federal Express was founded by the youthful Fred Smith in
1971 , when he was only 28 years old . Smith had actually developed the idea for the rapid delivery
Line service in a term paper for an economics class when he was a student at Yale University. The term
(5 ) - -
paper reputedly received a less than stellar grade because of the infeasibility of the project that Smith
had outlined . The model that Smith proposed had never been tried ; it was a model that was efficient
to operate but at the same time was very difficult to institute.
Smith achieved efficiency in his model by designing a system that was separate from the
passenger system and could , therefore , focus on how to deliver packages most efficiently. His strategy
( 10 ) was to own his own planes so that he could create his own schedules and to ship all packages through
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the hub city of Memphis , a set up which resembles the spokes on the wheel of a bicycle. With this
-
combination of his own planes and hub set up, he could get packages anywhere in the United States
overnight .
What made Smith ’s idea difficult to institute was the fact that the entire system had to be
( 15 ) created before the company could begin operations. He needed a fleet of aircraft to collect packages
from airports every night and deliver them to Memphis, where they were immediately sorted and
flown out to their new destinations; he needed a fleet of trucks to deliver packages to and from the
various airports ; he needed facilities and trained staff all in place to handle the operation . Smith had
a $4 million inheritance from his father, and he managed to raise an additional $ 91 million dollars
( 20 ) from venture capitalists to get the company operating .
When Federal Express began service in 1973 in 25 cities , the company was not an immediate
success , but success did come within a relatively short period of time. The company lost $ 29 million
in the first 26 months of operations. However, the tide was to turn relatively quickly. By late 1976 ,
Federal Express was carrying an average of 19,000 packages per night and had made a profit of $3.6
( 25 ) million .

31. The most appropriate title for this passage 33. What is stated in the passage about Smiths
is term paper?
( A ) The Problems and Frustrations of a (A ) Smith submitted it through a delivers
Business Student service.
( B ) The Importance of Business Studies ( B) It was written by a student of Smith s
( C ) The Capitalization of Federal Express (C) Its grade was mediocre .
( D ) The Implementation of a Successful ( D ) The professor thought it had great
Business potential .

32. The word "developed" in line 3 could best 34. What was a key idea of Smith ’s?
be replaced by
( A ) That he should focus on passenger
(A) come up with service
( B) come about ( B ) That package delivery should be
(C) come across separate from passenger service
( D) come into (C ) That packages could be delivered on
other companies’ planes
( D ) That passenger service had to be
efficient

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276 READING COMPREHENSION PRE TEST -
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35. A "hub city" in line 11 is 39. How long did it take Federal Express to
become profitable ?
( A ) a large city with small cities as
destinations (A ) TWo months
( B) a city that is the final destination for ( B) One year
many routes (C ) Three years
( C ) a city where many bicycle routes ( D) Six years
begin
( D ) a centralized city with destinations 40. Which paragraph explains what made
emanating from it Smiths model effective?
(A ) The first paragraph
36. It can be inferred from the passage that
( B) The second paragraph
Smith selected Memphis as his hub city
(C ) The third paragraph
because it
(D) The last paragraph
( A ) was near the middle of the country
(B ) had a large number of passenger 41 The tone of the passage in describing
aircraft Smith's accomplishments is
( C ) already had a large package delivery
(A) unflattering
service
( B) sincere
( D ) was a favorite passenger airport
(C ) unconvincing
( D) snobbish
37 . The pronoun “ they" in line 16 refers to
(A) aircraft
( B) packages
(C) airports
(D ) destinations

38. It is NOT mentioned in the passage that , in

order to set up his company, Smith needed
( A) airplanes
( B) trucks
( C) personnel
( D) faculty

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READING COMPREHENSION PRE TEST 277
 3A3A3A3A3A3A3A3
Questions 42-50

Perhaps better known than the Cullman Diamond is the Hope Diamond , a valuable and rare
blue gem with a background of more than 300 years as a world traveler The 112-carat blue stone that
later became the Hope Diamond was mined in India sometime before the middle of the seventeenth
Line century and was first known to be owned by Shah Jahan , who built the Taj Mahal in memory of his
(5 ) beloved wife. From India , the celebrated blue stone has changed hands often , moving from location
to location in distant comers of the world .
In the middle of the seventeenth century, a trader from France named Jean Baptiste Tavernier
acquired the large blue diamond , which was rumored to have been illegally removed from a temple.
Tavernier returned to France with the big blue gem , where the stone was purchased by the Sun King,
( 10 ) Louis XIV. Louis XIV had it cut down from 112 to 67 carats to make its shape symmetrical and to
maximize its sparkle. The newly cut diamond , still huge by any standards , was passed down through
the royal family of France, until it arrived in the hands of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette . During the
French Revolution , Louis XVI and his wife met their fate on the guillotine in 1793, and the big blue
diamond disappeared from public sight.
( 15 ) The diamond somehow managed to get from France to England , where banker Henry Hope
purchased it from a gem dealer early in the nineteenth century. The huge blue stone was cut into a
-
45.5 carat oval , and at this point it took on the name by which it is known today. The diamond stayed
in the Hope family for around a century, when deep indebtedness brought on by a serious gambling
habit on the part of one of Henry Hope ’s heirs forced the sale of the diamond .
( 20 ) From England , the Hope Diamond may have made its way into the hands of the Sultan of
Turkey ; whatever route it took to get there , it eventually went on to the United States when American
Evelyn Walsh McLean purchased it in 1911 . Mrs. McLean certainly enjoyed showing the diamond off ;
guests in her home were sometimes astounded to notice the huge stone embellishing the neck of Mrs .
McLean’s Great Dane as the huge pet trotted around the grounds of her Washington , D.C. home. The
( 25 ) Hope Diamond later became the property of jeweler Harry Winston , who presented the stunning 45.5-
carat piece to the Smithsonian in 1958. The Hope Diamond is now taking a well -earned rest following
its rigorous travel itinerary and is on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C.,
where it has been since 1958.

42 . The paragraph preceding the passage most 44. The pronoun "it" in line 12 refers to
likely discussed
(A) its shape
( A ) why gems are considered valuable ( B) the newly cut diamond
( B) how the Hope Diamond was mined ( C) the royal family
( C ) a diamond other than the Hope ( D) the French Revolution
Diamond
( D) methods for mining diamonds 45. It can be inferred from the passage that the
author is not certain
43. The main idea of this passage is that the
(A) who bought the Hope Diamond in
Hope Diamond
England
( A) came from India ( B) who sold the Hope Diamond in
( B) has moved around a lot England
( C ) has been cut several times (C) how the Hope Diamond went from
( D ) now resides in the Smithsonian France to England
(D ) how big the Hope Diamond was in the
nineteenth century

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278 READING COMPREHENSION PRE-TEST
3A3A3A3A3 3 3 3
46. A “ dealer” in line 16 is most likely a 49. Which country is NOT mentioned in the
passage as a place where the Hope
(A) card player Diamond spent some time?
( B) miner
(C) cutter (A ) India
( D) businessman ( B) France
(C ) England
47. It can be determined from the passage that (D) Denmark
Henry Hope most likely had how many
carats cut off the Hope Diamond ? 50. Where in the passage does the author
describe what happened to the royal
(A) 21.5 French owners of the diamond ?
( B) 45.5
(C) 66.5 ( A) Lines 7-8
( D) 67 ( B) Lines 10-11
( C) Lines 12-14
48. According to the passage, Mrs. McLean ( D) Lines 15-16

(A ) donated the Hope Diamond to the

Smithsonian
( B) let her dog wear the Hope Diamond
( C ) purchased the Hope Diamond from
the French
( D ) had the Hope Diamond cut to its
present size of 45.5 carats

This Is the end of the Reading Comprehension Pre-Test.

(STOP)

^
@ (sw) TQpj ( STOP ) (STOP) (STOP)

rWhen you finish the test , you may do the following:

588 > 90, and “

•Turn to the Diagnostic Chart on pages -

that you missed .

circle the numbers of the questions
• Turn to Scoring Information on pages 581-582 , and
determine your TOEFL score .
•Turn to the Progress Chart on page 591, and add your
score to the chart.

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READING COMPREHENSION PRE TEST 279