WHISPERS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS: A

PSYCHOANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ALEX

MICHAELIDES’ THE SILENT PATIENT

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO CALICUT UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

BY

K ARCHANA

Register No. VZAVAEGR04

VEDAVYASA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE KARADPARAMBA,

MALAPPURAM DISTRICT 2021- 2024
 DECLARATION

I, K ARCHANA hereby declare that the project report entitled Whispers Of The

Unconscious: A Psychoanalytical Perspective on Alex Michaelides’ The Silent

Patient is the result of a bonafide research carried out by me under the guidance and
supervision of Ms. AHANAJITH K, Assistant Professor, Department of English,
Vedavyasa College of Arts And Science, Karadparamba and has not previously formed
the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar title or
recognition.

Place: Karadparamba. K ARCHANA

Date: SIXTH SEMESTER

BA ENGLISH

VZAVAEGR04
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled Whispers Of The Unconscious: A
Psychoanalytical Perspective on Alex Michaelides’ The Silent Patient, submitted to
the University of Calicut in partial Fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature, is the result of a
bonafide research work done by K ARCHANA with Reg. No: VZAVAEGR04 under
my guidance and supervision. It is further certified that this project report has not been
included in any other project or submitted for the award Of any degree, diploma,
fellowship or other similar titles or recognition.

Place: Karadparamba. AHANAJITH K

Date: Assistant Professor

Department of English

Countersigned By:

RESHMA K R

Head of the Department

English Department

Vedavyasa College of Arts and Science

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For the successful completion of this work, I have received valuable help and
guidance from different sources. I here express my profound gratitude to my
teacher and guide Ms. AHANAJITH K, Assistant Professor, Department of
English, Vedavyasa College of Arts and Science, Karadparamba.

I also express my sincere and profound thanks to Mrs. RESHMA K R, Head of

the Department of English and to all the other faculty members of the
Department of English, Vedavyasa College of Arts and Science for their
encouragement and support which inspired me to do my best.

I am also deeply indebted to my friends for their emotional support, without

them this work would have become a labyrinth. I am also grateful to all those
who have directly and indirectly helped me to complete this project report.
Above all I express my sincere gratitude to God Almighty for making this
attempt a reality.

K ARCHANA
 CONTENTS

[Link] Content Page No.

1 Introduction 1-7

2 Depth and Discovery: A Theoretical Framework 8-14

3 Behind the Masks :Analyzing Alicia and Theo 15-23

4 Conclusion 24-26

5 Works Cited 27
 1

INTRODUCTION
The Silent Patient is a psychological thriller novel by Alex Michaelides, published in
2019. The story revolves around Alicia Berenson, a celebrated artist, who on surface
appears to have it all- a loving husband, a beautiful home and a promising career.
However, her life takes a dark turn when she’s found standing next to her husband’s
lifeless body, a murder she is accused of committing. When the police questioned her,
Alicia remained silent throughout the interview. Nor did she speak when charged with
her husband Gabriel’s murder. She remained silent when she was placed under arrest,
refusing to deny her guilt or confess it. Alicia never spoke again – but she made one
statement, a painting. The painting was a self-portrait, and entitled it in one word:
Alcestis, a heroine of Greek mythology.

Alicia’s silence baffles everyone, and she becomes a patient at The Grove, a secure
forensic psychiatric facility in London. Theo Faber, a criminal psychotherapist, is
determined to treat Alicia and uncover the truth behind her silence. As he delves into
her past and explores the depths of her psyche, he unravels a web of secrets and hidden
traumas. As the narrative unfolds, it becomes clear that Theo’s motives are not purely
selfless, and he has his own hidden agenda. His involvement in Alicia’s case exposes
his own unresolved issues and motives. Throughout the novel Theo’s interactions with
Alicia, the facility’s staff, his relationship with his parents and wife and his own deeply
rooted emotions add layers of complexities to the story.

The Silent Patient is recognized for its contribution to the modern thriller genre. The
novel’s unique mixture of psychological suspense, unconventional narrative styles,
complex character development and a captivating exploration of human psyche and
themes of obsession, love, and hidden traumas has solidified its place in the thriller and
psychological fiction genre. It has sparked discussions in literary circles and readers,
particularly in the context of psychoanalytic interpretations and character analysis. As
readers delve deeper into Alicia’s past and psyche, they encounter a multitude of secrets,
shifting perception of reality, and the presence of unreliable narrators. The novel leaves
 2

readers in a constant state of uncertainty about the nature of truth and complexities of
human psyche.
Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 19 th
and early 20th centuries. Freud used this term to describe his method of delving into the
unconscious part of mind to understand and treat mental disorders. Freud worked in a
clinic to establish psychoanalysis as a path of treatment and research into the workings
of human mind. The origins of psychoanalysis lie in Freud’s work with neurologist
Jean-Martin Charcot, he was the one who demonstrated Freud that paralysis could be
neurotic, this was Freud’s first introduction to the idea that unconscious processes could
have profound effect on a human’s mental functioning.

Studies of Hysteria is a significant work in the history of psychoanalysis, co-authored

by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer, a Viennese clinician. Published in 1895, this book
laid the foundation for the development of psychoanalysis. In this text, Freud and
Breuer presented several case studies of patients with hysteria. One of the most
influential aspects of Studies of Hysteria was the understanding of the role of the
unconscious mind in the development of hysteria. Freud and Breuer’s work with
patients demonstrated the power of repressed emotions and desires in shaping
psychological and physical symptoms. Studies of hysteria presents an emergent version
of psychoanalysis and represents the experience with hysteria that brings Freud’s first
major intervention in psychoanalytic theory, The Interpretation of Dreams, a major step
in Freud’s articulation of the unconscious processes of the human mind.

The core of psychoanalytic theory is the idea that human psyche is divided into three
main components: the unconscious mind, the conscious mind and the preconscious
mind. The conscious mind consists of thoughts and feelings we are currently aware,
guiding our everyday actions and decisions. In contrast, the preconscious or the
subconscious, is a reservoir of thoughts and memories that may not be in conscious
awareness but can be easily summoned when needed, comprising a repository of
experiences and knowledge .The unconscious mind includes the repressed feelings,
hidden memories, violent and aggressive thoughts, morally wrong desires and
 3

reactions. Memories and emotions that are too painful or distressing to consciously face
are stored in the unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud believed that unravelling the
unconscious was the key to understanding and resolving psychological conflicts.
Psychoanalytic criticism has a profound influence on the analysis and interpretations of
literature. Freud’s theories such as the structural theory, Oedipus complex, dream
analysis and symbolism have provided a valuable framework for the deep explorations
of the human psyche portrayed in literary texts. Psychoanalysis and literature are bound
together because literature is the representation of human struggles and problems.
Literature deals with the conflicts of human life and the solutions humans seek to
appease those conflicts, these conflicts are also hidden within us in our unconscious
mind. Psychoanalysis looks to the history of literature as model for human living and
psychoanalysis has been instrumental in uncovering the hidden motives, conflicts and
symbolism in literary works.

One of the key contribution of psychoanalysis to literature is its ability to reveal the
subconscious desires and motives of the characters. Characters in literature often exhibit
complex behaviors that may not be immediately evident. With the help of
psychoanalysis, literary analysts can dissect characters’ actions, and the psychological
conflicts that affect their behavior. For example, in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights,
the tumultuous relationships and intense emotions of the characters Heathcliff and
Catherine, can be explored through Freudian and Jungian psychology, shedding light
on the intricate web of human desires and conflicts in the novel. The primary literary
narrative that psychoanalytical reading addresses is the ancient Greek tragedy of
Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. The concept of Oedipus complex offers a compelling lens to
analyze characters’ relationships with their parents, exploring themes of jealousy and
conflict.

By employing psychoanalysis, readers can uncover hidden layers of meaning in

literature, gaining insight into the human condition, desires, and the complexities of
emotions. It allows us to explore the depths of characters’ subconscious thoughts and
impact of their past experiences on their actions. It offers a deeper appreciation of the
detailed narratives and characters within literature, showcasing the enduring relevance
 4

and richness of this interdisciplinary approach. Furthermore the psychoanalytic

perspective reminds us that the human experience is a landscape of ambiguities and
paradoxes, underscoring that our conscious thoughts and feelings are often just the tip
of an iceberg.
In The Silent Patient by Alex Michaelides, the application of psychoanalysis plays a
central and intriguing role in unravelling the mysteries that shroud the story. The novel
deftly employs this psychological approach to probe the depths of the human psyche,
emphasizing the significance of psychoanalysis in its narrative. One of the major
aspects of psychoanalysis in the novel is the exploration of repressed thoughts,
emotions and desires. The protagonist, Alicia Berenson, who has remained silent since
the death of her husband, becomes a subject of great fascination. Her silence is a symbol
of a deeper psychological turmoil, an unknown world of repressed emotions and
experiences, waiting to be unraveled.

Furthermore, the novel delves into the complexities of the therapeutic process, as Theo
Faber, the psychotherapist, is determined to break through Alicia’s silence. He brings
his expertise in psychoanalysis to bear other case, aiming to uncover the hidden
traumas and motives that have led to her muteness. Theo’s past and his own
psychological struggles come into play, shaping his approach to Alicia’s case. The novel
demonstrates how the process of psychoanalysis involves not just understanding the
conscious mind but also deciphering the unconscious and the subconscious, a realm in
which deep tangled truths may lie dormant. Moreover, the concept of the unreliable
narrator adds another layer of psychoanalytic intrigue. Alicia’s silence and her
unconventional way of communication through artwork present a challenge to the
reader, who must navigate her fragmented and symbolic expressions to uncover the
truth of her psychological state. This mirrors the complex nature of psychoanalysis
itself, which often involves deciphering symbolism and hidden meanings.

For The Silent Patient, psychoanalytical reading becomes a tool to unearth the deeper,
hidden truths of the characters, allowing readers to question their own interpretations
and the reliability of the narrator. As the novel unfolds, the significance of
 5

psychoanalysis continues to be the driving force in the narrative, inviting readers to

explore the depths of human psyche and the mysteries that lie within. It is this profound
exploration that shows the true essence of plot and characters, making psychoanalysis
an integral and captivating element of the novel. As readers delve into the psychological
unravelling of the story, they are compelled to immerse themselves in a thought
provoking journey that transcends conventional storytelling.

The Silent Patient is a psychological thriller that unfolds within a distinct literary
context, enriching the reader’s experience. The author, Alex Michaelides’ background
as a British-Cypriot writer and screenwriter significantly shapes the novel’s narrative.
His cinematic storytelling skills, influenced by his work in films and television, infuse
the book with a visual quality and a keen sense of pacing. He studied psychotherapy for
three years, and worked for two years at a secure unit for young adults. This work
provide material and inspiration for his debut novel The Silent Patient and his second
novel The Maidens, a psychological detective story about a series of murders at
Cambridge University. This background hints at his tendency for creating suspense and
crafting a narrative that keeps the readers engaged.

Within the psychological genre, The Silent Patient finds its place, drawing the rich
tradition of literature that delves deep into human psyche and explores intricate
psychological states. Authors such as Gillian Flynn and Patricia Highsmith have left
their indelible marks on this literary genre. Gillian Flynn, through her work in novels
like Gone Girl has demonstrated the art of weaving psychological intricacies into her
storytelling. Her use of unreliable narrators and tangled plot twists has set a high bar in
the genre. Likewise, Patricia Highsmith known for her mastery of psychological
suspense, crafted characters with multifaceted personality, often blurring the lines
between protagonist and antagonist. Her novels, including The Talented Mr. Ripley are
primes examples can be a playground for exploring the darker corners of human souls.

As readers dive into the story, they can draw parallel to these literary predecessors,
anticipating a narrative that takes them on a deep and suspenseful exploration of the
characters’ inner worlds.
 6

The contemporary setting of the novel The Silent Patient, in London further adds to its
appeal. Moreover, the novel’s adds an intriguing layer to the reading experience.
Employing multiple narrators and unreliable perspectives, Alicia, the story weaves
together different perspectives and challenges readers to discern the truth. The narrative
technique, reminiscent of Flynn’s work in Gone Girl, offers a unique lens through which
they can engage with the complex storytelling. This structural choice not only enhances
the suspense but also deepens the psychological exploration, making The Silent Patient
a compelling and multi-dimensional addition to the genre.

This project embarks on a profound psychoanalytic exploration of The Silent Patient by

Alex Michealides, seeking to uncover the intricacies of the characters and their hidden
motives through the lens of psychoanalytic theories. This project delves into the depths
of human psyche using the foundational principles of Sigmund Freud. The subsequent
chapters delves into a meticulous analysis of the central characters, Alicia Berenson and
Theo Faber, dissecting their behavior and motives through the psychoanalytic
framework. Ultimately, this project aims to enrich our interpretation of the novel by
unravelling the enigma through psychoanalytic insight.

The first chapter of the analysis sets the stage by introducing the theoretical framework
of psychoanalysis. Structural theory, a cornerstone of Freudian psychoanalysis,
Topographic theory that delves into the layers of consciousness. Analyzing their
childhood traumas allows us to examine the impact of past traumatic events on the
psychological well-being and behaviors. Repression, defense mechanisms and
transference are explored to understand the characters. The exploration of psychosocial
development stages, as proposed by Erik Erikson, provides insights into the characters’
identity formation and interpersonal relationships. In the novel, symbolism is prevalent,
adding layers of meaning to the narrative.

The second chapter focuses on a comprehensive psychoanalytic analysis of the two

main characters, Alicia Berenson and Theo Faber. Alicia’s silence, the novel’s central
mystery, is examined through the lens of unconscious and repression. Her muteness is
a defense mechanism, shielding her from the overwhelming emotional pain caused by
 7

the traumatic event. Through interpretation of art, we decipher the symbolic language
she employs to express her inner turmoil. Theo Faber, a psychotherapist, presents a
unique character whose professional background adds layers of complexity to the
narrative. His motives, transference dynamics and personal unresolved conflicts come
under the scrutiny. By examining their childhood incidents, dreams, and decisions,
offering a richer understanding of the characters’ psyches.
 8

CHAPTER I
Depth and Discovery: A Theoretical Framework

This chapter consists of the theories that are used for the psychoanalytic analysis of The
Silent Patient, a literary creation by Alex Michaelides that stands as a contemporary
masterpiece in the realm of psychological thrillers. Within its pages, Michaelides
weaves a gripping narrative that delves into the intricate web of the human psyche,
offering readers an immersive journey through the enigmatic landscapes of silence,
trauma, and the complexities of the mind. Published in 2019, this work has garnered
not only popular acclaim but also critical recognition for its ability to captivate readers
with its psychological intrigue.

Psychoanalysis is a revolutionary theory of mind, of feeling, and of behavior. It is a

form of therapy that aims to cure mental disorders by investigating the interactions of
conscious and unconscious elements in the mind. In this therapeutic exploration,
individuals embark on a journey of self-discovery, guided by a trained psychoanalyst.
The process involves unveiling the layers of the unconscious, where buried memories,
desires, and unresolved conflicts reside. Through this deep introspection, patients gain
a nuanced understanding of the forces shaping their thoughts and behaviors, paving the
way for transformative healing. This open-ended exploration not only uncovers the
roots of mental distress but also cultivates self-awareness, empowering individuals to
navigate the complexities of their emotional landscapes with newfound resilience.
Psychological criticism deals with a work of literature primarily as an expression, in
fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of personality of the individual
author.
This approach emerged in the early decades 19th century, as a part of the romantic
replacement of earlier mimetic and pragmatic views by an expressive view of the nature
of literature. A very widespread form of psychological criticism in 1920s comes to be
psychoanalytic criticism, whose methods and presuppositions were developed by
Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic criticism uses the techniques of psychoanalysis in the
interpretation of literature. It calls for the understanding of the unconscious, the
 9

repressed mind in order to understand the human life experience, culture, language, and
ultimately, society because the text, to critics, can only be analyzed as if it’s a dream.
In text this theory argues that because literature are much like dreams the text represents
the author’s unconscious desires, fears, anxieties, and traumas, and therefore through
the text the author deals with his or her own psychosis.

Sigmund Freud, often hailed as the foundational figure of psychoanalytic criticism,

brought about a transformative shift in literary analysis by highlighting the significance
of concealed psychological elements within literary works. His exploration of the
unconscious mind, characterized by repressed desires and unresolved conflicts,
presented a nuanced framework for interpreting characters and narratives. An exemplar
of this is Freud’s introduction of the Oedipus complex, offering a lens through which
familial relationships and power dynamics in literature could be comprehended. This
concept unveiled latent tensions that intricately shaped character motivations and plot
development.

Carl Jung expanded the horizons of psychoanalytic criticism by introducing the concept
of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Jungian analysis in literature entails
identifying recurring symbols and universal themes that tap into shared human
experiences. Archetypes, such as the hero’s journey or the shadow, became
indispensable tools for understanding the deeper layers of literary works. Jung’s
contribution broadened the scope of psychoanalytic criticism, providing a framework
that transcended individual psychology to explore the shared aspects of the human
condition within literary creations.

On the other hand, Jacques Lacan, a significant successor to Freud, extended

psychoanalytic ideas by seamlessly integrating linguistic theory into literary analysis.
The introduction of Lacan’s “mirror stage” accentuated the role of language in shaping
identity and consciousness. In literature, this perspective manifested in scrutinizing how
language constructs and deconstructs characters, contributing to the intricate interplay
between words and the psyche. The Lacanian approach to literature involves
 10

deciphering the symbolic structures embedded in language and narrative, peeling back
layers of meaning beneath the surface.

The collective Impact of Freud, Lacan, and Jung has etched an enduring legacy on
psychoanalytic literary criticism, transforming it into a multi-faceted exploration of
characters, symbolism, and narrative structures. This approach retains its influence in
uncovering the intricate connections between literature and the human psyche,
shedding light on the complexities of storytelling and elucidating universal themes that
resonate across cultures and epochs. The interplay of language and archetypes deepens
our grasp of the human experience in literary art, bridging conscious and unconscious
realms.

This project is a comprehensive exploration of the novel The Silent Patient, employing
the psychoanalytic frameworks of renowned theorists Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav
Jung. Drawing from Freud’s psychoanalytic concepts, such as structural theory
topographic theory, repression, defense mechanisms and dream analysis, the study aims
to unravel the psychological complexities of the characters in the novel, shedding light
on their repressed desires and unresolved conflicts. Simultaneously, the application of
Jungian symbols adds a layer of depth to the analysis, unraveling the symbolic threads
that weave the narrative together. By intertwining the perspectives of Freud and Jung,
this project strives to provide a nuanced and insightful examination of The Silent
Patient, unveiling hidden layers of meaning and contributing to a richer understanding
of the novel’s psychological dimensions.

Sigmund Freud's topographic theory delves into the intricate landscape of the human
psyche, emphasizing the profound role of the unconscious mind. Within this theoretical
framework, Freud posits that the mind is structured into three layers: the conscious,
preconscious, and, most notably, the unconscious. The unconscious mind, like a
submerged iceberg, holds hidden desires, memories, and unresolved conflicts
inaccessible to conscious awareness. Freud contends that these submerged elements
shape human behavior, influencing thoughts and actions without individuals being
consciously aware of their impact. The unconscious, a reservoir of repressed emotions
 11

and primal instincts, becomes a dynamic force driving human behavior, often surfacing
through dreams, slips of the tongue, or symbolic manifestations. This analytical
framework seeks to unveil the subconscious undercurrents that shape their behavior and
contribute to the novel’s suspenseful narrative, shedding light on the complexities of
the human psyche intricately woven into The Silent Patient’s storyline.

Freud’s structural theory, consisting of the id, ego, and superego, can be applied to
analyze characters and their motivations in The Silent Patient. The id represents primal
desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego reflects societal
norms. Exploring how characters’ actions align with these components, reveals the
subconscious motivations. For example, analyzing Alicia’s silence as a defense
mechanism (ego) to cope with a traumatic event (id), and consider societal expectations
(superego) influencing her behavior. This psychological lens can provide insights into
character dynamics and plot developments.

Freud’s concept of repression is the unconscious mechanism through which the mind
excludes distressing or threatening thoughts, memories, or desires from conscious
awareness. According to Freud, these repressed elements are often of a sexual or
aggressive nature, and their suppression is a defense mechanism aimed at reducing
anxiety. Repression involves pushing these thoughts or memories into the unconscious,
rendering them inaccessible to the individual’s awareness. Freud believed that repressed
content could still influence behavior, dreams, and emotional well-being, even though
the individual might not consciously recognize or recall the suppressed material. In The
Silent Patient, Freud’s theory of repression serves as a valuable lens for dissecting
Alicia Berenson’s complex psychological state. As her silence becomes the novel’s
central enigma, Freud’s concept of unconscious exclusion of distressing memories
provides a framework to explore the hidden layers of Alicia’s past. For Theo repression
is evident in his subconscious avoidance of confronting uncomfortable truths or
emotions related to Alicia’s silence.

Freud’s defense mechanisms entails unconscious psychological strategies that

individuals employ to cope with anxiety and shield themselves from distressing
thoughts or impulses. Alicia’s prolonged silence itself can be interpreted as a form of
 12

repression, a defense mechanism where distressing memories or emotions are kept

hidden from conscious awareness. Her art, serving as a medium of expression, might
also involve sublimation, channeling inner turmoil into a socially acceptable outlet.

Where as, Theo Faber, the psychotherapist determined to unravel Alicia’s silence,
demonstrates elements of rationalization as he grapples with his own motivations and
the intricacies of her case. His unwavering commitment to the truth may also involve
aspects of denial, as he navigates through his own psychological landscape while trying
to decipher Alicia’s. Additionally, his intense focus on his profession could be seen as
a way of avoiding or displacing personal challenges.

Transference, a fundamental concept in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory,

involves the unconscious redirection of emotions and expectations from past
relationships onto the therapist in the therapeutic setting. This phenomenon provides a
unique window into the patient’s unconscious mind, allowing psychoanalysts to
explore unresolved conflicts and gain insights into deep-seated patterns of relating. In
the context of Theo and Alicia, transference could manifest as Theo, the therapist,
becoming a symbolic figure onto whom Alicia unconsciously projects emotions or
expectations linked to significant figures from her past. Given Alicia’s prolonged
silence and the mysterious circumstances surrounding her case, transference in this
dynamic may involve complex emotions, possibly ranging from trust to resistance or
even hostility. Additionally, Theo’s responses to Alicia may be influenced by his own
transference, as he grapples with personal motivations, biases, and unresolved elements
that surface in the therapeutic relationship.
Freud emphasized the significance of childhood experiences and traumas in shaping
adult personality. According to Freudian theory, early life events, particularly those
involving conflict or stress, could leave lasting imprints on the unconscious mind. Freud
proposed that unresolved issues from childhood, often related to parental relationships
and experiences such as sexual development, could lead to the development of defense
mechanisms and psychological disorders in adulthood. In The Silent Patient, Alicia’s
traumatic experiences are revealed gradually, showcasing the impact of her family
dynamics on her mental health. Theo too, grapples with the consequences of a
 13

challenging upbringing, and his childhood experiences play a role in shaping his adult
behavior and choices. In The Silent Patient, the exploration of psychosocial
development stages, as proposed by Erik Erikson, can provide insights into the
characters’ identity formation and interpersonal relationships.

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory delineates eight stages that individuals
navigate throughout their lives: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs.
Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation,
Integrity vs. Despair and Generativity vs. Stagnation From the foundational trust
established in infancy to the reflective integrity sought in late adulthood, each stage
introduces a unique conflict shaping one’s identity and interpersonal relationships.
Whether grappling with autonomy in early childhood, forging a coherent identity in
adolescence, or seeking generativity in adulthood, Erikson’s framework provides a
comprehensive understanding of the psychological challenges inherent in each life
stage. In The Silent Patient, the theme of Trust vs. Mistrust is particularly evident in the
characters, Alicia Berenson and Theo Faber.
Symbolism is an effective literary and creative device that goes beyond literal portrayals
by conveying abstract ideas or concepts through symbols such as objects, actions, or
characters. This gives stories additional levels of meaning and encourages varied
interpretations. Influential figures, including Charles Baudelaire associated with the
19th-century Symbolist movement, integrated symbolism into poetry to evoke complex
emotions. Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist, advanced the understanding of universal
symbols and archetypes within the collective unconscious. In The Silent Patient,
symbolism serves as a compelling narrative device, employing various elements to
convey abstract ideas and add depth to the story. Alicia’s silence, her artwork, her diary
entries, portraying herself as Alcestis provides a lens through which her emotions can
be analyzed.

Advancing through the subsequent chapter, this theoretical foundation becomes a

pivotal lens for the in-depth exploration of The Silent Patient. Freud’s psychoanalytic
theories serve as a discerning tool, peeling back layers to unveil hidden motivations and
delve into the characters’ subconscious realms. Simultaneously, Erikson’s psychosocial
 14

stages will shed light on their developmental journeys, offering insights into the
intricate formation of identities. Concurrently, our ongoing exploration of symbolism
seeks to unravel hidden meanings within the narrative. This approach aims to uncover
not only the psychological intricacies of the characters but also to reveal the intricate
interplay between theoretical frameworks and the narrative elements, ensuring a
comprehensive and insightful psychoanalytic analysis of The Silent Patient.
 15

CHAPTER II
Behind the Masks: Analyzing Alicia And Theo
In Chapter 1, the exploration of psychoanalytical theories laid the groundwork for the
analysis of The Silent Patient. The purpose of the character analysis of Alicia Berenson
and Theo Faber in The Silent Patient is to unravel the psychological intricacies that
shape their identities, behaviors, and relationships within the narrative. Applying
psychoanalytical lenses, specifically drawing from Freud’s structural theory, repression,
and defense mechanisms, as well as Jung’s symbolism, Erikson’s psychosocial stages,
and the concept of psychological realism. By utilizing these frameworks, we seek to
uncover the deeper layers of the characters’ psychological makeup, providing a
comprehensive understanding of their roles in the captivating storyline of The Silent
Patient.

Alicia Berenson and Theo Faber serve as intriguing subjects, each offering a unique
lens into the complexities of the human psyche. Alicia, the enigmatic artist who
communicates through her silence, becomes a canvas for Freudian and Jungian
interpretations, particularly in the symbolic realm where her artworks hold the key to
her suppressed emotions and inner conflicts. On the other hand, Theo, the astute
psychotherapist, invites an examination through the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial
development, unveiling the layers of identity formation and unresolved issues that
shape his character. Through this dual character study, our aim is to illuminate the
intricacies of the human mind as depicted in The Silent Patient, unraveling the mysteries
that lie beneath the surface of silence and spoken words alike.

The Silent Patient by Alex Michaelides, published In 2019, is a psychological thriller

with two plots intertwined with each other. One plot, narrating the story from first point
of view of Theo Faber, a forensic psychotherapist, who sets to find out the reason behind
Alicia’s silence after her husband’s death. This plot betrays who Theo Faber is, what
his childhood was like, his relationship with his parents and his wife Kathy. The second
plot unfolds through Alicia’s diary. In a way Theo can be assumed as alter male persona
of Alicia. Both Alicia and Theo had a difficult childhood, complicated relationships
 16

and both were betrayed by their partners. The parallel struggles of Alicia and Theo draw
readers into a nuanced exploration of resilience, identity, and the impact of past traumas
on one’s present actions.
Theo was married to Kathryn, an American stage-actress whose buoyant personality
gave Theo his first taste of real happiness. After finding suspicious messages on her
laptop, he began to follow Kathy in the hope of discovering her affair. Theo’s personal
life unravels as he confirms that she is having an affair with another man. Spying on
the man, Theo finds that he is married and that his wife is ignorant of the affair, he
started to stalk them regularly like an obsessed person and he decides to confront the
said man’s wife, she is revealed to be Alicia Berenson. Turns out that Gabriel was the
man who was involved with Kathy.

Here Theo acts as an unreliable narrator, by strategically altering the sequence of events,
he creates a distorted version of reality that shields his dubious actions from scrutiny.
His perspective is tainted by personal biases, hidden agendas, and a desire to conceal
his involvement in questionable activities. Theo has been manipulating the timeline of
the story to conceal his stalking of Alicia and his involvement in the death of Gabriel.
In her final diary entry, Alicia explains what actually happened on that fateful night.
Theo barges into her house, covering his face and ties up both Alicia and Gabriel with
a rope. Hoping to expose Gabriel’s disloyalty. But Theo leaves without killing anyone
and he had no idea that Alicia would kill Gabriel.

Alicia Berenson, the central figure, first emerges into focus as a well-known artist
recognized for her skill and colorful works. Her life, however, drastically changes as
she is suspected of killing her husband, Gabriel, a well know fashion photographer
making her a complicated and mysterious lead character. Her willful retreat into total
silence in the wake of the tragedy only serves to heighten the curiosity regarding her
motives. Alicia’s decision to remain mute becomes the core of her character, serving as
a metaphor for the aftermath of the tragedy.

The novel starts with an epilogue of Alicia writing her diary, through this diary, the
author provides Alicia’s point of view. As the story progresses, we realize that Alicia is
 17

a woman grappling with loss, trauma and the weight of unspoken truth. We can have a
glimpse about her state of mind in the very beginning of the novel when she writes in
her diary, “I’ve been feeling depressed lately” (Michaelides, 1). We can assume about
her mental state when she forces herself to write only. “positive”, “happy” and “normal
thoughts”, further she writes “no crazy thoughts” (Michaelides, 3). It’s clear that she
was struggling with negative thoughts and was hiding and repressing her emotions, as
she didn’t want to trouble her husband, Gabriel. Here in the very beginning we see the
foreshadowing of Alicia’s repressed trauma, desires and anxiety and these suppressed
memories triggered her to murder her own husband.

Analyzing Alicia through Freud’s structural theory provides valuable insights into the
layers of her psyche. According to Freud, the mind consists of three components: the
id, ego, and superego. In Alicia’s case, the id may represent her initial instincts and
desires. The act of murdering her husband could be seen as a manifestation of intense
emotions or repressed desires, possibly linked to her childhood. When Theo was
inquiring about Alicia’s background, he came to know about an incident where, Alicia’s
father, Vernon was grieving his wife Eva’s death, said “Why she had to die? Why did it
have to be her? Why didn’t Alicia die instead?” (Michaelides, 271), psychologically,
her father killed her in that moment and something similar triggered her to kill her
husband. The night when Theo tied them up, he gave Gabriel to two choices: his life or
Alicia’s and Gabriel chooses to save himself. Gabriel was the second man to condemn
Alicia to death; bringing up the original trauma, which is why she picked up the gun
and fulfilled her long-awaited revenge on her father, but upon her husband.

Alicia’s ego which represents the conscious, the rational part of mind seems to be in
conflict with her Id. Alicia staying silent and using art to express herself might be her
way of finding a balance between her inner feelings and the reality of her situation. This
could show how she manages her desires and emotions in a more controlled manner, as
suggested by Freud’s concept of the ego. Alicia’s silence can be interpreted as a
multifaceted response to her past trauma. It may serve as a defense mechanism, a way
for her subconscious to protect itself from the emotional pain associated with traumatic
events. Simultaneously, her silence might carry elements of irony or a poignant motive.
 18

Before she fell silent, the men in her life, including her husband, Gabriel, and her
therapist, Christian, failed to take her reports of being stalked seriously. All her concerns
went unheard and could have contributed to her ultimate decision to remain silent. This
could be a symbolic commentary on the societal tendency to dismiss or overlook the
voices of individuals, particularly women, when they express genuine concerns or fears.

A central irony in the novel, that nobody listens to Alicia until she stops talking. After
the murder of Gabriel, Alicia entitles a self-portrait Alcestis, the heroine of a play by
Ancient Greek tragedian Euripides. In the play, the fates, figures from Greek myth,
condemn a man named Admetus to death, though he is offered a deal: if he can convince
someone else to take his place, Admetus will be spared. He readily accepts the sacrifice
of his wife, Alcestis, though she is later miraculously rescued from the underworld.
Admetus is moved by the reunion with his wife, but Alcestis remains silent, she doesn’t
speak. The choice of depicting Alcestis in Alicia’s painting could symbolize Alicia’s
own struggles and sacrifices. Alicia was condemned to death by her husband just as
Alcestis was, Alicia died the day Gabriel willingly chose to sacrifice her over his life
and she says “I remained silent. How could I talk? Gabriel had sentenced me to death.
The dead don’t speak” (Michaelides, 325)

Another instance of symbolism is seen between Gabriel and Jesus Christ. Alicia
unintentionally painting her husband Gabriel’s face instead of Jesus Christ is a powerful
example of psychological realism. The act of imagining her husband as Jesus suggests
a profound emotional connection, wherein Gabriel holds a central and significant role
in Alicia’s emotional universe, she considered Gabriel as her God. According to her
Gabriel was her savior, she mentioned “He saved me – like Jesus. Maybe that’s what
the painting is about. Gabriel is my whole world – and has been since the day we met.
I’ll love him no matter what he does, or what happens- no matter how much he upsets
me – how thoughtless, how selfish. I’ll take him as he is.” (Michaelides, 70) Alicia
loved and trusted Gabriel too much, she feels that Gabriel killed her psychically if not
physically as he broke her trust and ruined their relationship, their marriage. As she
said, “I didn’t kill Gabriel. He killed me. All I did was pull the trigger.(Michaelides,326)
 19

As Sigmund Freud said, “unexpressed emotions will never die. They are buried alive
and will come forth later in uglier ways.” The way one’s childhood is developed plays
a vital role in forming the personality and identity of one during the subsequent stages
of life. The case of Alicia murdering her husband is the result of the repressed and
suppressed emotions of her childhood. Alicia had a traumatizing childhood. Her mother
Eva was mentally unstable and was an alcoholic. She commits suicide by running the
car into a brick wall with Alicia in the passenger seat. Alicia always questioned this
incident “Why she strapped me into the passenger seat of her yellow mini and sped us
towards that red wall?” (Michaelides,67), “Sometimes I think I was the intended victim
– it was me she was trying to kill, not herself.” (Michaelides, 68). This tragic incident
left a huge impact on Alicia’s mind as she had to see her mother die in front of her eyes.
Alicia always had repressed thoughts like she will end up like her mother, “I’m terrified
of myself – and if my mother in me. Is her madness in my blood? Is It? Am I going to
-No. Stop” (Michaelides, 68).

One of the most beautiful and important phases of life is childhood. Many events that
can impact an individual’s future can occur throughout childhood. A youngster may
experience trauma at some point during their development. Everybody who has
experienced trauma has lifelong effects from the event. Coping strategies won’t be
accessible. When a caregiver fails to protect a child from emotional harm, they are
accused of betraying the child, adding to the intensity of the trauma and its possible
repercussions. Suffering from trauma makes it harder to control one’s conduct and
emotions. Erikson’s theory suggests that childhood trauma can significantly impact
psychosocial development by disrupting the successful resolution of stages Negative
experiences, especially involving criticism or failure, can contribute to feelings of
inferiority and impact the development of competencies.

Trust vs mistrust- plays an important role in every childhood. Alicia never received
parental care when she needed it the most. Her mother was hardly sane and after her
mother died, her father never showed sympathy or affection towards her. After her
mother’s death she never trusted anyone, being deprived of parental affection affected
 20

her so much that, she never wanted to have kids even after having a loving husband and
successful marriage. Alicia compares the summer her mother died in her diary “It
reminded me of another summer, hot like this one – the summer mum died…. In my
memory that summer lasts forever” (Michaelides, 63), a part of Alicia is still stuck there.
The rage that filled Alicia when she pulled the trigger was directed towards her father,
when Vernon condemned Alicia to death, he did an act of psychic infanticide. She
directed the rage towards her husband, the man who had taken the place of her father
in her life, she saw her father in her husband “Gabriel had tyrant eyes, my father’s eyes”
(Michaelides, 326).

As we conclude the examination of Alicia Berenson, the incorporation of Freudian

ideas, Jungian symbolism, and Erikson’s stages has provided us with a thorough
comprehension of the psychological nuances of her personality. The novel’s secrets can
be better understood by examining Alicia’s mentality, which has been meticulously
examined through the well-known psychological frameworks. As we move to Theo’s
persona, we are invited to explore unexplored ground where new suspense and
revelation levels are waiting to be discovered.

Theo Faber, the next main character of The Silent Patient, is a forty-two-year-old
forensic psychotherapist. He started psychotherapy with a selfish motive to help himself
heal from his past traumas. He initially emerges as a person who is determined to help
Alicia Berenson and unravel the mystery surrounding Alicia’s silence and the intricacies
of Gabriel’s murder. Theo was raised in an environment filled with difficult family
dynamics, thus understanding his early years is essential to comprehending the nuances
of his personality.

Id is the reservoir of a person’s sexual, violent and aggressive thoughts which works on
the pleasure principle. Throughout the novel, Theo seems to be under pressure from
both Id and ego. Theo’s attraction towards Kathy was the moment when his Id started
developing. “She was right, it was love at first sight – well, lust anyway” (Michaelides,
52) Both Kathy and Theo we involved with different people at the time they met , but
they couldn’t control their sexual desires towards each other, as Id works on pleasure
 21

principle, he decides to satisfy his Id, they were performing double infidelity. “Even
though I was with Marianne that night, I couldn’t keep my eyes off Kathy”
(Michaelides, 52). But when the same happens to him, his approach towards the
situation changes. After finding out about Kathy’s infidelity, Theo started to slip
towards smoking weed.

Even though he knows things are wrong and he needs to confront and leave Kathy, his
Id urges him to seek Kathy’s affection. “It was Kathy I would reach for in a moment of
crisis… I wanted her to look after me. I thought about calling her.” (Michaelides, 103).
He knows that his wife betrayed him, but his Id isn’t ready to accept the truth and he
decides to pretend he knows nothing rather than confronting Kathy. His aggressive
instincts can also be seen when he starts to stalk Kathy and then Gabriel. Not being able
to let go of his wife, Theo directs his anger towards Gabriel, his Id wants to kill Gabriel
to get his woman back, “Was that what I should do? Kill him? Dispose him?”
(Michaelides, 257) he even imagines possible ways to kill him i.e., plunge his head
underwater, push him towards an ongoing train or shove his head on a brick wall. He
was so enraged that rather than confronting his wife he went to spill the beans in front
of Alicia.

Theo’s decision to leave the house without killing either of them can be his ego acting
based on the reality principle. He also says that he never assumed that Alicia would kill
Gabriel, he never wanted that to happen, his only motive was to awaken Alicia, he
wanted to show her that Gabriel didn’t love her. He never had an idea about Alicia’s
instability “I never would have pushed things so far. I had no idea she would react like
this” (Michaelides, 329). Theo further feels a deep sense of guilt and responsibility
towards Alicia, he wanted to help her through the aftermath of the murder. His
willingness to work on Alicia and determination to know what happened to her are to
satisfy his ego and to be guilt free. All the actions he did after the murder fell under the
category of ego because he took every decision rationally.

The downfall of his marriage brought back Theo’s initial trauma, the trauma of not
being loved when needed. Over time a person would lose contact with the origins of
 22

their trauma, dissociate the roots of its cause and forget but all these memories and
emotions are still present in the unconscious part of one’s mind. Theo was a neglected
child, he never received parental love, mainly his father’s, rather his father was abusive,
and this made him anxious. “I grew up feeling edgy, afraid, anxious… I suspect it
originated in my relationship with my father, around whom I was never safe.”
(Michaelides, 17). The rejections from his parents made Theo paranoid, he started to
believe that he’s worthless and doesn’t deserve to be loved. Even though he left his
home a part of himself, never left, he was trapped. And after failed suicide attempts
Theo decides to try therapy, there he meets Ruth, a psychotherapist, who in a way saved
his life from slipping into darkness.
When he received the love he craved, all his life, from Kathy, he became extremely
attached to her. Theo felt contained with Kathy. “Kathy did that for me – she was my
invitation to life; one I grasped with both hands.” (Michaelides, 56). He worshipped her
just like Alicia worshipped Gabriel. So, when he came to know about Kathy cheating
on him, his first thought was it was inevitable, and he doesn’t deserve her affection.
“What better way for me to prove my father was correct – that I’m worthless and
unlovable” (Michaelides, 111) and all this turned out to be connected to the trauma
induced by his father. He has internalized his father, buried him deep in his unconscious.
“This wasn’t just about Kathy: it was about my father, and my childhood feelings of
abandonment; my grief for everything I never had and, in my heart, still believed I never
would have.” (Michaelides,111)

Theo could never digest the fact that Kathy would do this to him, for Theo she was his
savior, and he knew if they part ways he had the most to lose and without Kathy he
would return to the empty solitary existence that he had to endure before. Hence, he
slipped into a state of denial. Throughout the novel Theo uses different defense
mechanisms like repression and denial, to cope with reality. Theo kept debating with
Ruth when she showed him the reality of his relationship with Kathy. Ruth reminds him
of a similar story about his relationship with his father, saying his relationship with
Kathy has fallen into same pattern. Ruth suggested to him to end the relationship, but
he wasn’t ready to do so. “Kathy was not my father; I wasn’t condemned to repeat the
 23

past. I could change the future. Kathy and I were happy before; we could be again”
(Michaelides, 115).
Theo represses himself out of anxiety after his wife accuses him of consuming
marijuana once more. He plans to face his wife about her infidelity in an attempt to
make her furious, but it doesn’t work out because she has confronted his error. Theo is
simultaneously mad and guilty. He imagines blasting his wrath by attacking her and
then hugging her as quoted, “I wanted to hit her. I wanted to weep and howl and bury
myself in her arms. I did none of this” (Michaelides, 115). His intention to repress is
motivated by moral uneasiness, which makes him hold back. He withdraws his attempt
to inquire about his wife’s extramarital affair as well. He prefers to act as though nothing
occurred. Furthermore, he pretends that he hasn’t read any of Kathy and Gabriel’s
emails.
Another element that we can see significantly in this novel is transference. In
psychoanalysis, transference refers to a psychological phenomenon where a person
redirects certain emotions, expectations, and desires from past relationships onto the
therapist or another person in the present. In the early times when Theo went to receive
therapy from Ruth, Theo started to delegate his unacceptable feelings to his therapist:
and she held everything he was afraid to feel. “And to my surprise, tears would be
collecting in her eyes as she listened. This may seem hard to grasp, but those tears were
not hers. They were mine.” (Michaelides, 20) And through this Theo started to feel less
empty and less afraid.

This transference of emotion can also be seen between therapeutic relationship of Theo
and Alicia. He becomes emotionally invested in uncovering the truth, mirroring the
intensity of Alicia’s situation. Theo’s fixation on solving the mystery and his emotional
entanglement with Alicia’s case can be seen as a manifestation of transference. The act
of transference can also be seen during their therapy sessions as in order to understand
Alicia, he had to be receptive to Alicia’s feelings. “And this sudden wave of sadness –
this desire to die, die, due – did not belong to me either. It was all hers.” (Michaelides,
83). This became a non verbal way of communication.
 24

CONCLUSION
The main objective of psychoanalysis is to understand and interpret individuals
behaviors which are shaped by their unconscious desires and repressed feelings. The
introductory section, provides a concise overview of the gripping narrative within The
Silent Patient by Alex Michaelides. Following this, the project delves into the author’s
background, emphasizing his noteworthy contributions to the psychological thriller
genre. And it also discusses the origin of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic criticism.

Chapter 1 laid the groundwork for our psychoanalytic exploration, establishing a

theoretical framework rooted in prominent psychological theories, meticulously laying
the foundation for a profound exploration of the human psyche within the context of
The Silent Patient. Sigmund Freud’s insights, including the Theory of Unconscious and
Defense Mechanisms, Carl Jung’s symbolism along with Erikson’s Psychological
Stages, provided a rich tapestry upon which we built our analysis. This chapter served
as a guidepost, directing our subsequent examination of the main protagonists, Alicia
and Theo Faber.

In Chapter 2, we focus shifted to the application of the established theories in

scrutinizing the characters. We unraveled the intricacies of Alicia and Theo’s
personalities, exposing the impact of childhood trauma and the manifestation of
repressed emotions. Through the lens of Freudian concepts such as Repression,
Transference, and Symbolism, a nuanced understanding emerged, shedding light on the
characters’ complex psychological landscapes.

This psychoanalytic approach sheds light on various aspects of the characters’ psyches
in The Silent Patient, and the unresolved aspects and ambiguities that invite further
interpretation and discussion. The psychoanalytic analysis may not entirely clarify the
origins and depth of Alicia’s selective silence. Delving into the reasons behind her
silence could lead to multiple interpretations, such as trauma, repressed memories, or
symbolic gestures with roots beyond the psychoanalytic framework.
 25

The study leads to the conclusion that, at various stages In her life, Alicia, the main
character of the novels The Silent Patient, has used defense mechanisms to release
bottled-up feelings. By studying the psyches of those who were involved with Alicia.

Particularly Eva, Vernon Rose, Lydia Rose, Theo Faber, and Elif, it is clear how a
person’s mental health is influenced by others around them. The study demonstrates
how difficult and ineffective it might be to rely too much on displacement or any other
kind of defense mechanism.

Alicia’s art becomes a symbolic expression of her inner turmoil and repressed emotions.
The alcove recurring in her paintings represents a hidden space, mirroring her
subconscious mind where traumatic memories are concealed. The symbolism
underscores the theme of secrets and the complexity of the human psyche. Alicia’s diary
becomes a symbolic artifact, holding the key to unraveling the mystery. It symbolizes
the act of recording one’s innermost thoughts and experiences, but it also highlights the
selective nature of memory and the subjective lens through which individuals interpret
their own stories. Alicia’s silence itself becomes a symbol, representing the suppression
of trauma and the inability to vocalize the pain she carries. Her decision to stop speaking
becomes a metaphor for the ways in which individuals cope with overwhelming
experiences by withdrawing and creating a protective emotional barrier.

In Theo’s case, finding out of his wife’s extramarital affair completely altered his life.
His ego can’t control the id’s need for affection, which makes him anxious. As part of
a regression-based ego defense mechanism, he begins acting immature by going to
Ruth’s residence in search of affection. Ruth, who was once Theo’s psychotherapist, is
aware of the struggles he has faced. In order to ensure that he will never again
experience hurt, Ruth counsels him to divorce Kathy. Kathy accuses Theo of smoking
marijuana once more, therefore he is unable to put the advice into practice. Because of
Kathy’s superego, which rules him, Theo represses his urge to confront the adultery in
order to cope with his worry.

If Theo had the courage to be upfront with Kathy and address his issue head-on, the
torturous events would never take place. Because Theo employs ego defense
 26

mechanisms carelessly, Alicia must bear the danger when his retribution to soothe his
worry leads him into bigger difficulties and causes harm to a great number of people.
In The Silent Patient by Alex Michaelides, the exploration of childhood traumas and
their repressed emotions serves as a poignant examination of how past experiences can
shape and mold the personalities of the characters. This analysis delves into the intricate
web of suppressed memories, illustrating how these unresolved issues linger beneath
the surface, influencing the characters’ thoughts, behaviors, and relationships and
demonstrates how unaddressed childhood traumas can act as triggering points,
unraveling the characters’ carefully constructed facades.

The characters In the novel are molded by their childhood traumas, establishing a
foundation for their intricate personalities. The characters’ Alicia and Theo struggles
with their past, the analysis underscores the importance of acknowledging and
confronting childhood traumas. It suggests that until these repressed emotions are
brought to light and addressed, individuals may find themselves trapped in patterns of
self-destructive behavior or emotional paralysis. The consequences of childhood
traumas are evident in the characters’ decision-making processes. Unresolved emotions
from the past can cloud judgment and lead to choices that might seem irrational or
unexpected. Alicia and Theo find themselves trapped in cycles of behavior that echo
their past experiences, showcasing the enduring impact of early life events on their adult
lives. And the choices made by the characters are intricately tied to their past traumas
and significantly influenced the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. The
characters’ responses to their past traumas reveal both vulnerabilities and hidden
strengths.

In conclusion, this psychoanalytic analysis of The Silent Patient suggests that

childhood trauma can perpetuate generational patterns. The motives and choices of the
characters are often rooted in familial histories, showcasing how trauma can echo across
generations. Childhood trauma serves as a catalyst for characters to confront their
unconscious minds. Through the exploration of repressed memories, coping
mechanisms, and the far-reaching impact on relationships and professional pursuits, the
novel delves into the psychological terrain of its characters.
 27

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