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Chapter 17 Geochemistry and geochronology of granites hosting the Mawchi

Sn–W deposit, Myanmar: implications for tectonic setting and emplacement

Article in Geological Society London Memoirs · November 2017

DOI: 10.1144/M48.17

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 Chapter 17

Geochemistry and geochronology of granites hosting the Mawchi Sn–W deposit,

Myanmar: implications for tectonic setting and emplacement

AUNG ZAW MYINT1,2*, KHIN ZAW3, YE MYINT SWE4, KOTARO YONEZU1, YUE CAI5,
TAKAYUKI MANAKA3 & KOICHIRO WATANABE1
1
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
2
Department of Geology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Kamayut 11041, Myanmar
3
CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS7001, Tasmania, Australia
4
Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration, Naypyitaw 100604, Myanmar
5
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
*Correspondence: [Link]@[Link]

The Mawchi Mine in Myanmar is a historic world-class Sn–W Mergui groups). The Cretaceous granitoids are metaluminous,
deposit within the tin province of Southeast Asia, extending sodic–potassic magnetite-series I-type granites (Cobbing et al.
from Yunnan in SW China through Myanmar and Thailand, 1992). A granite–granodiorite association is prevalent in the
via Malaysia, to the Tin Islands of Indonesia, over a distance southern part (Thanintharyi area) while a diorite–granodiorite
of 2700 km (Cobbing et al. 1992; Schwartz et al. 1995). The association is more common in northern parts (Yebokeson
Mawchi Mine (Fig. 17.1) is located about 219 km SE of Naw- area). Mildly peraluminous ilmenite-series monzogranite is
pyitaw, the capital city of Myanmar. It was the world’s largest found in Parker Island (Cobbing et al. 1992). Zircon U–Pb dat-
tin–tungsten quartz vein system exploited before World War II, ing has yielded ages of 120 Ma for a diorite in the Yebokeson
and between 1980 and 1990 the Mawchi Mine produced 17 000 area, 90.8 ± 0.8 Ma for a quartz diorite from the Mokpalin area
tons of ore (unpublished Mawchi Mine data). and 71.8 ± 0.5 Ma for a granite from the Nattaung area (Mitch-
Bender (1983) gave a summary of the geology of the Maw- ell et al. 2012). A granodiorite near Yebokeson also has a zircon
chi Mine described by Hobson (1940, 1941); the petrology of SHRIMP age of 121.12 ± 0.89 Ma (Barley et al. 2003). Ter-
the rock types and mineralization were described by Dunn tiary granitoids consist of metaluminous to mildly peralumi-
(1938). Subsequently Khin Zaw & Khin Myo Thet (1983) dis- nous, high-K calc-alkaline rocks with both magnesian and
cussed fluid inclusion studies, but no new data have been pub- ferroan characters (Cobbing et al. 1992; Aung Zaw Myint
lished on the geology of the Sn–W granites of the Mawchi Mine et al. 2013a). Miocene dyke rocks cut the older granitic rocks
in recent years. In this contribution we discuss the petrogenesis in some places (Payangazu area). These rocks overprint the
and tectonic setting of granites associated with the Mawchi Sn– Cretaceous plutonism along this province and Sn–W minerali-
W deposit based on our recent investigations of its petrology, zation is associated with strongly fractionated, peraluminous
geochemistry and its timing through U–Pb zircon dating. granites.
The Eastern Belt of Khin Zaw (1990) represents the northern
continuation of the Central Province granitoid rocks of
Cobbing et al. (1992) in NW Thailand and these granitoids
Regional geology
are generally Permo-Triassic–Triassic in age. Details of these
granitoids and their associated tin mineralization in eastern
Cobbing et al. (1986, 1992) distinguished Granitic Provinces in
Myanmar are discussed by Than Htun et al. (2017).
the Southeast Asian Tin Belt; this concept has formed a widely
accepted basis for the discussion of the granites in Southeast
Asia. In Myanmar the Central Valley Granite Province
(Cobbing et al. 1992) extends from Wuntho southwards into Geology of the Mawchi area
Salingyi and Popa. Most of the granitoids in this belt are metal-
uminous, calc-alkaline I-type granites; their composition The Mawchi Granite forms a small elongated pluton in the
ranges from diorite to granodiorite and their ages from Creta- western part of Shan Plateau, and is situated on the eastern mar-
ceous to Cenozoic (Khin Zaw 1990; Cobbing et al. 1992; Bar- gin of the Western Granite Province. The geology of the Maw-
ley et al. 2003; Mitchell et al. 2012). chi area (Fig. 17.2) consists of metamorphic rocks of the
Intrusive granitoid bodies of the Western Granite Province Mogok Metamorphic Belt (MMB), low-grade metasediments
(Cobbing et al. 1992) were emplaced along the western margin of the Mawchi Group (SB) and the Plateau Limestone, which
of Sibumasu (Metcalfe 1988). In Myanmar, the Western Gran- unconformably overlies the Mawchi Group (Mawchi Series
ite Province contains a mixture of S- and I-type granitoids with of Hobson 1940).
Cretaceous and Tertiary ages (Khin Zaw 1990; Cobbing et al. The low-grade metasediments of the Mawchi Group pass
1992; Barley et al. 2003; Searle et al. 2007; Mitchell et al. gradationally to the west into a sequence of gneisses, granite
2012). These granitoids are emplaced mainly in the metasedi- gneisses and schists (Hobson 1941) which are considered to
mentary and meta-intrusive rocks of the Mogok Metamorphic be a southern component of the MMB, discussed by Searle
Belt (MMB; Searle & Ba Than Haq 1964; Mitchell et al. et al. (2017). The Mawchi Group is very varied in lithology
2007; Searle et al. 2017) and the Palaeozoic sediments of the and includes shale, fine-grained siltstone and sandstone, slate,
‘Slate Belt’ (SB; Mitchell et al. 2004) (Lebyin, Mawchi and thin limestones, quartzite and metagreywacke (Hobson 1941).
From: BARBER, A. J., KHIN ZAW & CROW, M. J. (eds) 2017. Myanmar: Geology, Resources and Tectonics.
Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 48, 385–400, [Link]
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London. All rights reserved.
For permissions: [Link] Publishing disclaimer: [Link]/pub_ethics
386 AUNG ZAW MYINT ET AL.

It can be correlated with the Mergui Group (United Nations

1978) and the Lebyin Group (Wolfart et al. 1984), which is
of Early Permian–Carboniferous age according to the palaeon-
tological evidence (Tun Soe 1985). The Mawchi Group is prob-
ably younger than Carboniferous on the basis of the U–Pb
zircon age from a siltstone unit in the present study.
A wide outcrop of Plateau Limestone rests unconformably
on the Mawchi Group in the mine area, whose lithology is sim-
ilar to that of the Permian Thitsipin Limestone (Garson et al.
1976). This limestone unit is slightly metamorphosed, and
scheelite-skarn mineralization occurs along the contact with
the Mawchi Granite. A thin aureole of quartzite, spotted grit
and indurated slate is developed at the contact of the granite
and the Mawchi Group (Hobson 1941) (Fig. 17.3). NNW–
SSE-striking faults in the mine area are parallel to the regional
strike in the Mawchi Group (Fig. 17.2); later faults have also
controlled mineralization (Hobson 1940).
Away from the Sn–W mineralization, the Mawchi Granite is
a medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite (BG) which is
locally porphyritic, with large K-feldspar porphyroblasts. In
the area of the Mawchi Mine, the BG is exposed as a narrow
and elongated body below the limestone cap (Fig. 17.4a). It
is an ilmenite-series granite (Ishihara 1979) and with a range
of magnetic susceptibility from 0.020 to 0.039 × 10−3 SI
(mean value of 0.029 × 10−3 SI). The upper part of the BG is
decomposed due to the extensive weathering. Approaching
the mineralized area, the granite is rapidly transformed into a
tourmaline granite (TG) in which tabular tourmaline is dis-
persed in medium- to coarse-grained granitoids (Fig. 17.4b).
The magnetic susceptibility of the TG is low and varies from
0.002 to 0.059 × 10−3 SI. The sharp boundary between the
BG and the TG cannot be observed in the field, but a progres-
sive increase of tourmaline from BG to TG can be traced. The
highly altered granite (HAG) represents a highly altered facies
of the TG, developed at the sediment contact zone associated
with the mineralized veins. The HAG is very rich in both tabu-
lar and acicular tourmalines.
A geological map including the Mawchi Mine workings is
shown in Figure 17.3a, b. The main Sn–W mineralization

Fig. 17.1. Granitoid belts of Myanmar and adjacent countries (modified

after Cobbing et al. 1992 and Sone & Metcalfe 2008).
Fig. 17.2. Geological map of the Mawchi area showing the localities of
Sn–W occurrences (modified after Ye Myint Thein & Aung Kyawe Oo 2000).
 MAWCHI GRANITOIDS 387

Fig. 17.3. (a) Geological map of the Mawchi

Mine (modified after a Mawchi Mine project
map) showing line of cross-section; and
(b) geological cross-section (A–B–C) of the
Mawchi Mine.

style of the Mawchi deposit (Aung Zaw Myint et al. 2013b, occasionally replace tourmaline (Fig. 17.4e). Most of the
2014a, b; Than Htun et al. 2017) is a hydrothermal vein system K-feldspar and albite are altered to kaolinite and sericite
in which cassiterite and wolframite occur in north–south- (Fig. 17.4f ).
trending vertical or steeply dipping quartz veins, accompanied Highly altered granite (HAG) samples are composed of
by subordinate amounts of sulphides, tourmaline, fluorite, quartz and tourmaline (which are mostly post-magmatic hydro-
white micas, chlorite, calcite and beryl (Dunn 1938; Aung thermal tourmaline) with subordinate feldspars. In some parts
Zaw Myint et al. 2013b). The quartz vein system is present of the HAG two generations of albite are present; the later gen-
both in the tourmaline granites and the metasediments. The eration of albite is smaller than the earlier, lacks sericite alter-
veins have a maximum length of 570 m and a thickness of up ation and was formed during an episode of albitization. Most
to 2.5 m. Minor scheelite-skarn mineralization occurs along the of the tourmalines in the HAG are of the late-generation tour-
granite–limestone contact in the upper levels of the mine. Grei- maline and their long, acicular form is quite different to that
sens containing cassiterite–muscovite ± tourmaline ± chlorite of the earlier generation. Minute pyrite cubes (<400 µm) are
masses are present in some parts of the granite body. The Sn: dispersed in some parts of the HAG.
WO3 ratios vary in different veins, with a range mostly between
1.5: 1 and 2:1(unpublished Mawchi Mine Assay data).
LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon geochronology

Granite petrography Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

(LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb zircon geochronological dating was per-
The biotite granite (BG) is composed of quartz, plagioclase formed in the CODES Laboratories, University of Tasmania,
(albite), K-feldspar and biotite (Fig. 17.4c). Quartz is anhedral and demonstrated that the biotite granite (BG) and the tourma-
and more abundant in the groundmass than as phenocrysts. The line granite (TG) of the Mawchi area are both of Middle Eocene
K-feldspars are orthoclase and microcline, altered to sericite age. Twelve zircon crystals from the BG gave an age of 42.72 ±
and kaolinite. Coarse-grained plagioclase is mostly albite. Bio- 0.94 Ma (Fig. 17.5a, c), while two zircon grains had ages of 104
tite is the primary mafic mineral (>5 vol%) and trace amounts of Ma and 106 Ma. The Late Eocene age can be regarded as the
tourmaline are present. Chlorite and sericite–(muscovite) are magmatic age of the tin granite, and the Cretaceous zircons
the most common secondary minerals, and replace biotite are tentatively interpreted as being inherited from Cretaceous
grains along the margins and cleavage planes. Accessory min- plutonism in the Central Belt. The TG has low zircon contents,
erals are zircon and sphene. Myrmekitic and perthitic textures and six zircon crystals gave a mean age of 43.71 ± 0.39 Ma
(Fig. 17.4d) are common in the BG. (Fig. 17.5b). A histogram summarizing the spread of the zircon
The tourmaline granite (TG) is composed of quartz, ortho- ages in the Mawchi granites is shown in Figure 17.5c. A silt-
clase, plagioclase, black tourmaline (schorl) and muscovite stone unit in the Mawchi Group was found to contain three pop-
with minor amounts of sericite and epidote. Biotite is a very ulations of zircons – (1) Carboniferous; (2) Ordovician; and
rare accessory mineral. Sericite clusters or aggregates are (3) Precambrian (Fig. 17.5f ) – pointing to the depositional
commonly associated with tourmaline, and sometimes with age of the Mawchi Group as being equal to or younger than
illite. Muscovite–sericite clusters of hydrothermal in origin Carboniferous.
388 AUNG ZAW MYINT ET AL.

Fig. 17.4. Photographs of rock

exposures and photomicrographs of
samples from the Mawchi area.
(a) Exposure of biotite granite (BG)
in contact with metamorphosed
limestone (ML). (b) Tourmaline
granite (TG) body in Mawchi Mine.
(c) Photomicrograph showing mineral
assemblage in biotite granite (BG) and
zircon halos in biotite. (d) String
perthite texture in a BG. (e) Early
formed tourmaline in tourmaline
granite (TG). (f ) Hydrothermal
muscovite crystallized in fractures in
albite in TG (ab, albite; bt, biotite; mu,
muscovite–sericite; tu, tourmaline).

Geochemistry high SiO2 (73.06–85.81 wt%) with low TiO2 (0.01–0.05 wt%)
and P2O5 (0.01–0.03 wt%), Al2O3 (8.57–15.75 wt%), FeO
Analytical methods (0.51–4.77 wt%), MnO (0.03–0.32 wt%), MgO (0.09–0.69
wt%), CaO (0.03–1.36 wt%), Na2O (0.10–3.91 wt%) and
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) determinations on the BG and TG K2O (1.08–5.99 wt%).
samples were performed at the Economic Geology Laboratory The geochemical behaviour of the major oxides and trace
at Kyushu University, and the trace elements and REE were elements is discussed with reference to the SiO2 contents.
determined by ICP-MS at ALS, Canada. Major- and trace- SiO2 shows a linear positive correlation with Fe2O3
element abundances of the HAG samples were determined by (Fig. 17.6a) and negative linear correlations with Al2O3 and
XRF spectrometry; trace elements and the REE were deter- K2O (Fig. 17.6b, c). Rb and SiO2 correlate positively in the
mined by ICP-MS in the ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore BG, but negatively in the TG and the HAG (Fig. 17.6d).
Deposits CODES-SES, University of Tasmania. Although there is no distinct correlation between Rb and Cs
in the BG, they show positive correlations in both the TG
Major oxide and trace-element geochemistry and the HAG (Fig. 17.6e). The A/CNK (molar Al2O3/(CaO
+ Na2O + K2O)) value in fresh BG samples ranges from 1.08
There are no earlier petrological or geochemical data available to 1.14, and is higher in the TG and HAG. Loss on ignition
for the western part of the Mawchi Pluton; this is the first (LOI) is very low in the BG (0.45–0.73%) suggesting low vola-
reported geochemical data. XRF and ICP-MS geochemical tile contents, but the LOI of the TG (1.26–2.84%) is relatively
data are listed in Table 17.1. In general, Sn–W-bearing granites high, with values probably reflecting the alteration.
of the Mawchi Mine have 19 ppm to >1 wt% Sn and 10 ppm to The Mawchi granites are peraluminous with magnesian and
>1 wt% W. In the BG, the high values of SiO2 (76.82–78.51 wt high-K calc-alkalic characters (Aung Zaw Myint et al. 2013a).
%) are associated with TiO2 (0.04–0.06 wt%), Al2O3 (11.72– They have high contents of Rb (685–961 ppm in BG; 557–
12.26 wt%), FeO (0.71–1.03 wt%), MnO (0.03–0.06 wt%), 1200 ppm in TG; 287–1025 ppm in HAG), Cs (21–5 ppm in
MgO (0.19–0.28 wt%), CaO (0.08–0.74 wt%), Na2O (2.98– BG; 16–36 ppm in TG; 20–29 ppm in HAG) and moderate con-
3.75 wt%), K2O (4.20–5.1 wt%) and P2O5 (0.01–0.02 wt%). centrations of Y (135–173 ppm in BG; 104–316 ppm in TG;
The tourmalinized granites (TG and HAG) have relatively 99–167 ppm in HAG) with depletions of Zr (35–121 ppm
 MAWCHI GRANITOIDS 389

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Fig. 17.5. Diagram showing the CL images of zircon grains from (a) biotite granite (BG) and (b) tourmaline granite (TG). (c) LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age
determination of BG; (d) LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age determination of TG; (e) age distribution of zircon grains in BG and the TG; and (f ) the age distribution of
zircon grains from a siltstone unit in the Mawchi Group.
 390
Table 17.1 Chemical composition of granite samples from the Mawchi area

BG TG HAG

GPS052 GPS049 GPS049 76B 76C Yht GPS007 L3–4, GPS010 Yht L3–4, L2w Surface L–3, L2 L2a L3 L3W L4 Surface
(b) 1/12 V–21 2/12 V−17 02 V–25 (Sn, W 01
present)

SiO2 (wt%) 77.77 77.34 76.82 77.07 78.51 74.07 75.99 76.86 78.96 74.25 76.81 73.06 76.03 81.24 75.67 84.02 74.49 81.63 85.81 84.86
TiO2 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03
Al2O3 11.94 12.16 12.26 12.18 11.72 15.75 13.09 12.28 11.48 14.72 12.12 14.37 13.34 9.58 13.34 9.73 12.88 8.94 8.57 8.83
FeO 0.71 0.75 1.03 0.96 1.02 0.84 0.81 0.69 1.34 0.61 1.06 0.51 0.91 4.77 0.86 2.20 0.97 1.62 1.83 2.31
MnO 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.32 0.06 0.13 0.06 0.29 0.12 0.14
MgO 0.20 0.19 0.28 0.26 0.19 0.16 0.43 0.62 0.37 0.15 0.69 0.50 0.55 0.49 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.09 0.24 0.29
CaO 0.34 0.35 0.74 0.67 0.08 0.03 0.56 0.69 0.54 0.05 0.77 0.51 0.20 0.70 0.56 0.10 1.09 1.36 0.08 0.11
Na2O 2.98 3.10 3.75 3.67 3.37 0.92 3.38 3.04 2.88 1.79 3.36 3.57 2.59 0.33 3.91 0.27 2.87 0.10 0.21 0.24
K2O 5.13 5.15 4.20 4.26 4.28 5.10 4.22 4.05 2.74 5.99 3.31 5.00 4.79 1.08 4.03 1.86 4.67 3.40 1.74 1.60
P2O5 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
LOI 0.70 0.73 0.64 0.65 0.45 2.84 1.26 1.50 1.33 2.22 1.43 1.76
ACNK 1.08 1.08 1.02 1.03 1.14 2.22 1.17 1.15 1.32 1.55 1.15 1.18 1.36 3.21 1.13 3.69 1.10 1.42 3.63 3.80

AUNG ZAW MYINT ET AL.

S (ppm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.26 0.01 0.01
V 7 5 5 5 7 8 7 5 5 5 5 0 6 12 1 2 0 1 1 3
Cr 10 10 17 60 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 2 0 0 0 0 0
Ga 27 25 32 24 32 35 38 31 37 33 32 33 38 61 31 34 26 33 30 30
Rb 961 902 685 739 860 926 880 755 557 1200 566 918 1025 287 699 423 767 610 398 361
Sr 6 6 8 8 14 3 8 16 4 3 8 12 10 5 7 2 28 22 2 2
Y 152 145 147 173 135 244 269 254 181 316 193 104 159 99 130 162 165 160 167 153
Zr 35 39 113 109 121 94 71 116 35 14 55 26 92 37 53 18 65 61 15 41
Nb 34 32 52 50 72 47 10 26 5 12 22 18 70 70 6 3 41 21 3 2
Sn 310 83 77 70 24 552 34 387 112 94 23 19 5170 3810 109 134 487 252 147 198
Cs 48 53 39 40 21 23 21 23 16 38 18 33 26 21 20 26 29 24 25 22
Ba 11 12 24 20 62 10 26 42 12 4 35 82 138 8 23 11 408 18 10 12
Hf 2 2 6 6 5 7 9 8 5 2 5 4 6 5 5 3 5 5 2 5
Ta 18 13 10 10 12 23 16 13 6 19 22 31 52 44 9 4 34 9 3 3
W 12 10 220 31 297 233 82 38 10 142 24 203 133 7990 2255 1052 1907 838 1292 726
Tl 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 3 3 6 3 5 4 2 3 2 4 3 2 2
Th 23 21 41 35 36 41 20 26 18 10 17 8 27 14 14 10 23 24 10 14
U 18 0 54 11 63 88 11 41 5 14 8 37 457 1844 433 209 454 180 256 155
Pb 9 −9 50 3 58 83 3 34 −1 3 3 32 462 1967 459 219 478 186 271 162
K/Rb 44.32 47.40 50.90 47.86 41.32 45.72 39.81 44.53 40.84 41.44 48.55 45.22 38.80 31.24 47.89 36.39 50.52 46.20 36.19 36.71
Rb/Sr 150.16 145.48 83.54 89.04 61.43 308.67 115.79 48.09 146.58 480.00 67.38 73.85 99.51 63.78 102.76 210.23 27.65 27.15 259.09 203.25
Zr/Hf 14.58 18.57 18.83 19.12 23.73 13.06 8.07 14.68 7.61 7.00 11.22 6.54 14.84 7.55 10.98 6.96 12.35 12.00 6.94 8.99
Nb/Ta 1.93 2.52 5.05 5.09 6.08 2.04 0.65 1.96 0.87 0.65 1.02 0.58 1.35 1.60 0.67 0.90 1.22 2.25 0.87 0.80
10 000* 4.32 3.90 4.93 3.74 5.14 4.14 5.46 4.72 6.02 4.22 4.99 4.29 5.44 12.05 4.40 6.57 3.83 7.03 6.69 6.41
Ga/Al
Zr + Nb + 251.30 252.50 366.10 374.10 386.00 427.30 387.50 432.70 263.00 361.30 310.50 183.92 353.20 229.60 212.84 224.77 299.65 266.11 227.49 230.79
Ce + Y

LOI data were not obtained from the XRF results from CODES. Major elements were analysed by XRF on fusion discs; trace elements analysed by ICP-MS.
 MAWCHI GRANITOIDS 391

Fig. 17.6. Variation diagrams of (a) FeO, (b) Al2O3, (c) K2O, (d) Rb v. SiO2 for the Mawchi granites; and (e) Rb v. Cs variation diagram.

in BG; 14–116 ppm in TG; 15–92 ppm in HAG) and Hf total REE contents range over 143–206 ppm in the BG, 158–
(2–6 ppm in BG; 2–9 ppm in TG; 2–6 ppm in HAG). They 251 ppm in the TG and 93–197 ppm in the HAG.
contain relatively high concentrations of U (11–63 ppm in REE patterns for the TG and HAG are nearly identical,
BG; 5–88 ppm in TG; 287–1025 ppm in HAG) and Th (10– although the HREE contents in the TG are slightly higher
59 ppm) with the Th/U ratio ranging over 1.65–2.76 in the than those of the HAG. This is probably due to extremely
BG, 0.76–2.51 in the TG and 0.92–2.28 in the HAG. They high abundance of quartz, tourmaline and deficiency of feldspar
exhibit low K/Rb ratios (31–50), Nb/Ta ratios (0.58–6.08) in the HAG. The BG has relatively higher LREE contents (La/
and Zr/Hf ratios (6.54–14.84) with high Rb/Sr ratios (27– YbN = 0.56–1.42) than the TG and HAG tourmaline granites
308) and Y/Ho ratios (32–48). with (La/Yb)N = 0.22–0.52).

Rare earth element geochemistry Discussion

REE abundances in the granites are listed in Table 17.2 and the Petrogenesis
variation in REE contents is illustrated in the chondrite-
normalized REE patterns (Fig. 17.7). All samples are character- The charge- and radius-controlled (CHARAC) trace-element
ized by the tetrad REE pattern and have deep negative Eu distribution predominates in typical magmatic systems, but
anomalies (Eu/Eu* values range from 0.005 to 0.049). The the lanthanide tetrad effect is frequently accompanied by
 392
Table 17.2 REE abundances in Mawchi granites

BG TG HAG

GPS052 GPS049 GPS049 76B 76C Yht GPS007 L3–4, GPS010 Yht L3–4, L2w Surface L–3, L2 L2a L3 L3W L4 Surface
(b) 1/12 V–21 2/12 V–17 02 V–25 (Sn, W 01
present)

La (ppm) 14.00 15.60 25.30 23.30 26.60 20.70 14.00 14.20 17.40 13.20 16.30 13.76 16.20 8.50 9.40 16.72 11.01 8.46 16.13 13.10
Ce 30.60 37.20 54.60 42.20 58.20 42.70 37.30 36.50 42.20 19.20 40.80 36.03 32.50 24.20 24.12 41.83 29.30 24.59 42.02 34.16
Pr 4.06 4.61 7.39 6.98 7.32 6.70 5.09 4.86 5.27 4.90 5.13 5.04 4.52 3.22 3.25 5.60 4.14 3.56 5.83 4.55
Nd 17.20 20.20 30.30 30.10 28.00 28.60 23.40 21.10 20.80 25.10 20.80 20.52 16.90 12.20 13.31 22.00 17.94 15.62 23.11 18.15

AUNG ZAW MYINT ET AL.

Sm 7.60 8.52 10.90 13.55 10.50 15.30 13.85 11.60 9.45 15.55 9.29 10.61 7.64 4.49 6.93 9.40 9.92 8.25 10.12 8.16
Eu 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.18 0.11
Gd 11.55 12.30 14.35 17.00 10.50 23.20 20.50 14.75 13.25 24.60 13.40 12.48 9.31 4.67 9.34 12.52 13.54 11.67 13.10 11.45
Tb 2.78 2.76 2.90 3.78 2.46 5.84 5.25 3.86 3.45 5.92 3.10 3.38 2.51 1.17 2.41 3.28 3.49 2.90 3.44 2.98
Dy 18.65 19.00 20.50 24.00 15.75 37.30 35.60 25.20 24.50 40.70 21.80 23.75 17.50 8.14 17.26 24.19 24.86 20.18 25.16 21.85
Ho 3.87 4.00 4.21 5.30 3.31 7.62 7.58 5.32 5.40 8.42 4.64 4.92 3.85 1.80 3.72 5.38 5.34 4.36 5.54 4.77
Er 13.90 13.00 13.95 16.60 11.30 26.30 28.00 19.20 20.60 28.50 15.90 16.07 14.35 7.52 11.67 17.86 16.71 13.88 18.30 15.61
Tm 2.17 2.18 2.09 2.59 1.72 4.17 5.00 3.19 3.72 5.05 2.95 3.21 2.48 1.55 2.15 3.45 3.07 2.48 3.52 2.94
Yb 15.15 14.75 15.15 17.55 11.35 28.70 38.80 23.20 27.70 36.30 22.30 24.65 19.05 13.45 15.56 26.19 22.49 18.23 26.55 21.55
Lu 2.26 2.15 2.18 2.55 1.64 4.23 5.98 3.57 4.29 5.43 3.41 3.69 2.92 2.28 2.35 4.04 3.46 2.80 4.03 3.27
LREE 73.46 86.13 128.49 116.13 130.62 114.00 93.64 88.26 95.12 77.95 92.32 85.96 77.76 52.61 57.00 95.56 72.30 60.49 97.21 78.24
HREE 70.41 70.22 75.42 89.49 58.13 137.45 146.74 98.32 102.94 154.95 87.53 92.19 72.01 40.63 64.49 97.05 92.97 76.54 99.84 84.41
REEtot 143.87 156.35 203.91 205.62 188.75 251.45 240.38 186.58 198.06 232.9 179.85 178.16 149.77 93.24 121.49 192.61 165.28 137.04 197.05 162.65
Eu/Eu* 0.026 0.024 0.022 0.024 0.029 0.015 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.011 0.015 0.034 0.009 0.040 0.002 0.014 0.049 0.035
La/YbN 0.56 0.64 1.01 0.80 1.42 0.44 0.22 0.37 0.38 0.22 0.44 0.34 0.52 0.38 0.37 0.39 0.30 0.28 0.37 0.37
La/SmN 1.01 1 1.27 0.94 1.39 0.74 0.55 0.67 1.01 0.47 0.96 0.71 1.16 1.04 0.74 0.98 0.61 0.56 0.87 0.88
Ta/YbN 0.78 0.8 0.81 0.92 0.92 0.87 0.58 0.71 0.53 0.69 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.37 0.66 0.53 0.66 0.68 0.55 0.59
Y/Ho 39.15 36.13 34.92 32.64 40.79 32.02 35.49 47.74 33.43 37.53 41.49 21.19 41.3 54.72 34.87 30.11 30.81 36.63 30.21 32.11
 MAWCHI GRANITOIDS 393

1.12–1.19, respectively, and all tetrad patterns are clearly visible

(Aung Zaw Myint 2015).
The Ti v. Zr/Hf variation diagram shows that Ti and Zr
become progressively depleted between the BG and the TG,
following the trend of magmatic differentiation and concurrent
fluid–melt interaction (Fig. 17.9a, d). Nb also exhibits a deple-
tion trend during this process (Fig. 17.9b). The curved positive
correlation between Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf within the BG and TG
illustrates the hydrothermal overprint (Fig. 17.9c). Although
there is no direct field evidence that can pinpoint the relation-
ship between the BG and the TG, their geochemical signatures

Fig. 17.7. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element abundances for (a) BG

(fresh), (b) TG and (c) highly altered granite (HAG) (normalizing values
from Sun & McDonough 1989).

non-CHARAC behaviour of trace elements (Bau 1996; Jahn

et al. 2001). The Mawchi granites also exhibit non-CHARAC
character (Fig. 17.8). This phenomenon (Bau 1996) is an
expression of the particular physicochemical properties of the
high-silica magmatic systems, where transitional characters
exist between pure silicate melts and hydrothermal fluids.
Both the biotite and tourmaline granites exhibit REE tetrad pat-
terns that are consistent with fluid-melt reactions during crystal-
lization, the principal factor controlling their heavy rare earth
element (HREE) enrichment (Irber 1999; Jahn et al. 2001;
Zhenhua et al. 2002). BG, TG and HAG have the degree of
the tetrad effect (TE 1,3) values of 1.09–1.15, 1.08–1.18 and

Fig. 17.9. (a) Ti v. Zr/Hf; (b) Zr/Hf v. Nb; and (c) Zr/Hf v. (Ta/Nb)
Fig. 17.8. Y/Ho and Zr/Hf variation diagram (Bau 1996) of Mawchi variation diagrams describing the behaviour of HFSEs during fractionation
granites showing their non-CHARAC behaviour. of the Mawchi granites.
394 AUNG ZAW MYINT ET AL.

suggest that the TG is more fractionated than the BG; the sim- magmatic differentiation. The low Zr concentrations reflect
ilar Nd isotope signatures of the BG and TG suggest that they the felsic nature of the granite, consistent with the hypothesis
were derived from the same parental magma. The decrease in that they were formed under low-temperature conditions and
the Zr/Hf ratio from the BG to the TG demonstrates their mag- emplaced as high-level intrusions (Watson & Harrison 1983;
matic fractionation and their Zr/Hf ratio (<25) is consistent Kalsbeek et al. 2001; Miller et al. 2003).
with their enrichment in Sn and W (Haapala & Lukkari 2005; It is difficult to determine the genetic type of such highly dif-
Zaraisky et al. 2009). Differences in Rb and Cs contents ferentiated and altered granites based on their geochemical sig-
(Fig. 17.6e) in the BG and tourmaline-rich HAG are related natures. In such cases, P2O5 contents can sometimes be used
to the deficiency of K-feldspar in the latter. to distinguish I-type and S-type granites. In general, P2O5
The progressive depletion of Zr and Hf contents between the increases slightly with increasing SiO2 content in S-type, and
BG and the TG suggests loss of magmatic zircons during decreases with increasing SiO2 in I-type granite. P2O5 contents

Fig. 17.10. (a–d) 10 000×Ga/Al v. Zr, Nb, Ce

and Y variation diagrams of Whalen et al.
(1987) which plot the Mawchi granites in the
A-type field. (e) Nb–Y–Ce triangular plot (Eby
1992) showing that the Mawchi granites plot
within the A2 group of A-type granites.
 MAWCHI GRANITOIDS 395

in highly fractionated I-type granites are therefore very low Sn–W mineralization and REE mobility
compared to S-type granites (Chappell &White 1974; Cham-
pion & Bultitude 2013). However, in highly fractionated mag- As with most of the other Southeast Asian tin-bearing granites
matic systems, some S-type and A-type granites also show very (Lehmann 1982), the Mawchi Granite is of transitional mag-
low P2O5 contents (Jiang et al. 2011; Li et al. 2014); we there- matic–hydrothermal origin. In the Sn and TiO2 variation dia-
fore cannot rely on P2O5 in this case. However, 10 000 × Ga/ gram, the Sn values of the BG suggest that Sn increased
Al ratios of BG and TG are high (>3.9) and their Zr + Nb + along with the magma differentiation trend (Fig. 17.13a). How-
Ce + Y contents range over 250–430 ppm. These characteris- ever, during the intense fluid–melt interactions (e.g. for the
tics are typical of A-type granites and the Mawchi granites TG), as Ti content decreases the Sn content remains nearly
fall in the A-type regime of Whalen et al. (1987) (Fig. constant. In the Mawchi granites, Sn and W demonstrate oppo-
17.10a–d). The above ratios are very useful to discriminate site geochemical behaviours in the Rb/Sr system of BG
A-type granites from other granite types. In the triangular (Fig. 17.13b, c) and a dramatic increase in W content is
plot of Nb–Y–Ce (Eby 1992) both BG and TG have the geo- observed in the HAG. It is therefore evident that the W enrich-
chemical character of the A2 group of A-type granites ment is controlled by late-stage hydrothermal activity.
(Fig. 17.10d, e), consistent with a post-collisional setting and Yttrium has a positive correlation with the HREE
reactions with continental crust rocks. (Fig. 17.14a), and their coupled enrichment occurs throughout
The origin of the peraluminous Mawchi granites is probably the co-existing fluid–melt reaction. The decrease of Y and
linked to the melting of calc-alkaline granites (Clemens et al. HREE contents in the HAG is probably due to the absence of
1986; Creaser et al. 1991; Douce 1997) in an older magmatic feldspars in the highly altered rock, which contains mostly
arc in the shallow crust, as evidenced by the occurrence of Cre- quartz and late-generation tourmaline. On the other hand the
taceous inherited zircons. On the other hand, the primitive- relationship between Y and the LREE is more diffuse, but in
mantle-normalized spider diagram of trace elements shows the LREE-enriched BG there is a slight negative correlation
enrichment in U, Th and Ta, and of some of the large-ion lith- (Fig. 17.14b). In addition it can be suggested that the depletion
ophile elements (LILE) including Rb and Cs, but depletion in of LREE contents with the increase in Y content from BG to TG
Ti, Nb, Ba and Sr (Fig. 17.11). Most of these features, such corresponds to mineral precipitation from a fluid that experi-
as the pronounced negative Ba, Sr, Nb and Ti and positive enced prolonged interaction with the host rocks (Monecke
Rb, Pb and U anomalies, are consistent with the signatures of et al. 2002). Although Y in both the BG and the tourmalinized
a crustal component (Champion & Bultitude 2013). In addition granites show negative correlations with (La/Yb)N, the correla-
the abundance of Rb, Th and Y and low Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf val- tion trend in the BG is gentler, confirming that low (La/Yb)N
ues support a crustal derivation (Sun et al. 2005). ratios were coupled with high Y and that the HREE abundances
Although granites from the Western Province have low ini- increased more vigorously during the late stage of fluid–magma
tial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (ISr), which suggests a mantle origin (Cob- reaction (Fig. 17.14c).
bing 2011), some Middle Eocene granites from this belt (e.g.
Sedo and MEC granites) show 143Nd/144Nd ratios ɛNd (T)
and ISr values that suggest their derivation from old crustal Age of granites and tectonic setting
material (Mitchell et al. 2012). Furthermore, our unpublished
Nd isotopic data has found that the BG and the TG have low According to the zircon U–Pb dating, the age of the Mawchi
ɛNd(T ) of −10.57 to −10.74 and −10.12 to −10.45, respec- Sn–W granite is younger than other tin granites in the Central
tively, which suggests a crustal influence in the magmatism Belt of Myanmar. NW of Mawchi, zircon U–Pb dating has
(Aung Zaw Myint 2015); the geochemical data of BG and yielded an age of 48 ± 0.9 Ma (Middle Eocene) for the Sedo
TG fall partly in the field of experimental melts of felsic pelite Granite of the Yamethin area; K–Ar dating of biotite (Brook
(Fig. 17.12a, b). It is evident that the parental magma for the & Snelling 1976) gave a Late Paleocene age of 55 ± 1 Ma for
Mawchi granites underwent extensive magmatic differentia- the Padatchaung Granite of the Pyinmana area (Fig. 17.15).
tion, resulting from the melting of the crustal component In the Thanintharyi Region, SHRIMP zircon data yielded
which included metasediments and igneous rocks followed an age of 61.7 ± 1.3 Ma (Paleocene) for the Hermingyi
by the interaction with late-magmatic hydrothermal fluids, Granite (Pickard & Barley, unpublished data, cited in
resulting in an HREE-enriched system. Mitchell et al. 2012) and the Wagone Granite has an Ar–Ar

Fig. 17.11. Chondrite-normalized trace-element

abundances for biotite granite (lines) and
tourmaline granite (shaded area) (normalizing
values from McDonough et al. 1992).
396 AUNG ZAW MYINT ET AL.

Fig. 17.12. (a, b) Link between the Mawchi granites and experimental
melts derived from felsic pelites (Douce 1999).

age of 60.2 ± 0.6 Ma (unpublished data, location shown in

Fig. 17.1). The Phuket Island Granite, which is located at
the southern extremity of this province, has a U–Pb zircon
age of 81.2 Ma with inherited ages of 212 Ma and 214 Ma
in cores of zircon crystals (Searle et al. 2012). Late Triassic zir-
con cores of the Phuket Granite indicate that subduction-
related calc-alkaline plutonism in the Western Province was
probably initiated at the same time as the Permo-Triassic mag-
matism in the Eastern Province (Searle et al. 2012). Early
Cretaceous magmatism in the Mogok Metamorphic Belt is rep-
resented partly by I-type hornblende and biotite granites, prob-
Fig. 17.13. (a) TiO2 v. Sn variation diagram; (b, c) Rb/Sr v. Sn and Rb/
ably originating from subducted oceanic crust (Barley et al.
Sr v. W, demonstrating the opposite behaviour of Sn and W in the
2003; Searle et al. 2007) and partly from crustal-derived Mawchi magma.
diorite (Mitchell et al. 2012). These granites were followed
by Late Cretaceous I-type arc magmatism (91–106 Ma) with
a juvenile mantle origin, and these events can probably be cor- eastern Transhimalayas also are of Paleocene age (Chiu et al.
related with Cretaceous plutonism in the eastern Transhima- 2009). The MMB and Slate Belt (SB) can be regarded as part
layas (Mitchell et al. 2012). The youngest granites of the of the Western Myanmar Block, and most magmatic and
 MAWCHI GRANITOIDS 397

Fig. 17.14. Variation diagrams of (a) Y v. HREE; (b) Y v. LREE and

(c) (La/Yb)N v, Y, illustrating the relationship between the rare earth
elements and yttrium in the Mawchi magmatic–hydrothermal system.

Fig. 17.16. (a) Rb v. Y + Nb discrimination diagram (Pearce et al. 1984);

(b) Rb/30 v. Hf–Tax3 triangular plot (Harris et al. 1986); (c) R1 v. R2
(Batchelor & Bowden 1985) showing the tectonic affinities of
Mawchi granites.

metamorphic events in and near the MMB were related to

Fig. 17.15. The age of tin granites in the Western Granite Province the westwards subduction of Neotethys I Ocean (Mitchell
(1Mitchell et al. 2012; *Searle et al. 2012; aunpublished data). et al. 2012).
398 AUNG ZAW MYINT ET AL.

In contrast, the granitoids of Tanintharyi Region are hosted in the Mawchi area occurred later than the emplacement of the
by the SB and their geology is relatively simple, without over- other tin granites in the Western Province.
lapping of MMB with SB. Recent U–Pb zircon geochronolog-
ical data have suggested a new concept concerning the Sincere thanks are due to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
emplacement of granites in Tanintharyi Region, by back-arc for a PhD scholarship for the first author and to the Global COE Program of
and island-arc magmatism related to westwards subduction. Kyushu University for support for the fieldwork. Special thanks are due to Dr
The results of Sanematsu et al. (2014) indicate that the ages Michael Crow and the reviewers for their critical reading of manuscript and
of granites become younger gradually from the eastern back-arc constructive suggestions. The authors are deeply grateful to Professor Bo
side (85–59 Ma) to the western island-arc side (61–48 Ma). Min Jahn (National Taiwan University) and Professor Bernd Lehmann (Tech-
Granites on the back-arc side were contaminated by crustal nical University of Clausthal) for their fruitful suggestions and comments on
matter and formed tin granites. an earlier version of the manuscript. We thank Minn Chit Thu, Aung Aye
Lynn, Kaung Myat Htun and Lazing Nawhtral for their valuable help during
Late Cretaceous (73 Ma) to early Tertiary (52 Ma) A-type tin
field investigation. Special thanks are also due to Kayah Metal Production Co.
granite emplacement within the northern extension of the West-
Ltd and Ye Htut Kyaw Mining Co. Ltd for generously providing office space
ern Province was recently recognized, and is associated with an for the first author to work in, and for providing logistical support.
extensional regime following microplate collision or back-arc
extension related to Neotethyan subduction (Chen et al.
2015). Emplacement of granites at 42 Ma in the Mawchi area
originated as the result of lithospheric thinning and decompres- References
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