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Real Numbers
Very Short Answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
The decimal expansion of the rational number 43/2453 will terminate after how many places of
decimals? (2013)
Solution:

Question 2.
Write the decimal form of 129/275775
Solution:
Non-terminating non-repeating.

Question 3.
Find the largest number that will divide 398, 436 and 542 leaving remainders 7, 11, and 15
respectively.
Solution:
Algorithm
398 – 7 = 391, 436 – 11 = 425, 542 – 15 = 527
HCF of 391, 425, 527 = 17

Question 4.
Express 98 as a product of its primes.
Solution:
2 × 72

Question 5.
If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is expressible in the form 1032 × 2 + 408 × p, then find the value of p.
Solution:
HCF of 408 and 1032 is 24.
1032 × 2 + 408 × (p) = 24
408p = 24 – 2064
p = -5

Short Answer-I (2 Marks)

Question 6.
HCF and LCM of two numbers is 9 and 459 respectively. If one of the numbers is 27, find the other
number. (2012)
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Solution:
We know,
1st number × 2nd number = HCF × LCM
⇒ 27 × 2nd number = 9 × 459
⇒ 2nd number = 9×45927 = 153
Question 7.
Find HCF and LCM of 13 and 17 by prime factorisation method. (2013)
Solution:
13 = 1 × 13; 17 = 1 × 17
HCF = 1 and LCM = 13 × 17 = 221

Question 8.
Find LCM of numbers whose prime factorisation are expressible as 3 × 52 and 32 × 72. (2014)
Solution:
LCM (3 × 52, 32 × 72) = 32 × 52 × 72 = 9 × 25 × 49 = 11025

Question 9.
Find the LCM of 96 and 360 by using fundamental theorem of arithmetic. (2012)
Solution:
96 = 25 × 3
360 = 23 × 32 × 5
LCM = 25 × 32 × 5 = 32 × 9 × 5 = 1440

Question 10.
Find the HCF (865, 255) using Euclid’s division lemma. (2013)
Solution:
865 > 255
865 = 255 × 3 + 100
255 = 100 × 2 + 55
100 = 55 × 1 + 45
55 = 45 × 1 + 10
45 = 10 × 4 + 5
10 = 5 × 2 + 0
The remainder is 0.

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HCF = 5

Question 11.
Find the largest number which divides 70 and 125 leaving remainder 5 and 8 respectively. (2015)
Solution:
It is given that on dividing 70 by the required number, there is a remainder 5.
This means that 70 – 5 = 65 is exactly divisible by the required number.
Similarly, 125 – 8 = 117 is also exactly divisible by the required number.
65 = 5 × 13
117 = 32 × 13
HCF = 13
Required number = 13

Question 12.
Find the prime factorisation of the denominator of rational number expressed as 6.1212 in simplest
form. (2014)
Solution:
Let x = 6.1212(i)
100x = 612.1212 …(ii)
…[Multiplying both sides by 100]
Subtracting (i) from (ii),
99x = 606
x = 60699 = 20233
Denominator = 33
Prime factorisation = 3 × 11

Question 13.
Complete the following factor tree and find the composite number x. (2014)

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Solution:
y = 5 × 13 = 65
x = 3 × 195 = 585

Question 14.
Prove that 2 + 3√5 is an irrational number. (2014)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that 2 + 3√5 is rational.
So that we can find integers a and b (b ≠ 0).
Such that 2 + 3√5 = ab, where a and b are coprime.
Rearranging the above equation, we get

Since a and b are integers, we get a3b−23 is rational and so √5 is rational.

But this contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 2 + 3√5 is irrational.
Question 15.
Show that 3√7 is an irrational number. (2016)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3√7 is rational.
That is, we can find coprime a and b (b ≠ 0) such that 3√7 = ab
Rearranging, we get √7 = a3b
Since 3, a and b are integers, a3b is rational, and so √7 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that √7 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 3√7 is irrational.

Question 16.
Explain why (17 × 5 × 11 × 3 × 2 + 2 × 11) is a composite number? (2015)
Solution:
17 × 5 × 11 × 3 × 2 + 2 × 11 …(i)
= 2 × 11 × (17 × 5 × 3 + 1)
= 2 × 11 × (255 + 1)
= 2 × 11 × 256
Number (i) is divisible by 2, 11 and 256, it has more than 2 prime factors.
Therefore (17 × 5 × 11 × 3 × 2 + 2 × 11) is a composite number.

Question 17.
Check whether 4n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n. (2015)
Solution:
4n = (22)n = 22n
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The only prime in the factorization of 4n is 2.
There is no other prime in the factorization of 4n = 22n
(By uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic).
5 does not occur in the prime factorization of 4n for any n.
Therefore, 4n does not end with the digit zero for any natural number n.

Question 18.
Can two numbers have 15 as their HCF and 175 as their LCM? Give reasons. (2017 OD)
Solution:
No, LCM = Product of the highest power of each factor involved in the numbers.
HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common factor.
We can conclude that LCM is always a multiple of HCF, i.e., LCM = k × HCF
We are given that,
LCM = 175 and HCF = 15
175 = k × 15
⇒ 11.67 = k
But in this case, LCM ≠ k × HCF
Therefore, two numbers cannot have LCM as 175 and HCF as 15.

Short Answer-II (3 Marks)

Question 19.
Prove that √5 is irrational and hence show that 3 + √5 is also irrational. (2012)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that √5 is rational.
So, we can find integers p and q (q ≠ 0), such that
√5 = pq, where p and q are coprime.
Squaring both sides, we get
5 = p2q2
⇒ 5q2 = p2 …(i)
⇒ 5 divides p2
5 divides p
So, let p = 5r
Putting the value of p in (i), we get
5q2 = (5r)2
⇒ 5q2 = 25r2
⇒ q2 = 5r2
⇒ 5 divides q2
5 divides q
So, p and q have atleast 5 as a common factor.
But this contradicts the fact that p and q have no common factor.
So, our assumption is wrong, is irrational.
√5 is irrational, 3 is a rational number.
So, we conclude that 3 + √5 is irrational.

Question 20.
Prove that 3 + 2√3 is an irrational number. (2014)
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Solution:
Let us assume to the contrary, that 3 + 2√3 is rational.
So that we can find integers a and b (b ≠ 0).
Such that 3 + 2√3 = ab, where a and b are coprime.
Rearranging the equations, we get

Since a and b are integers, we get a/2b−3/2 is rational and so √3 is rational.

But this contradicts the fact that √3 is irrational.
So we conclude that 3 + 2√3 is irrational.

Question 21.
Three bells toll at intervals of 9, 12, 15 minutes respectively. If they start tolling together, after what
time will they next toll together? (2013)
Solution:
9 = 32, 12 = 22 × 3, 15 = 3 × 5
LCM = 22 × 32 × 5 = 4 × 9 × 5 = 180 minutes or 3 hours
They will next toll together after 3 hours.

Question 22.
Two tankers contain 850 liters and 680 liters of petrol. Find the maximum capacity of a container
which can measure the petrol of each tanker in the exact number of times. (2012)
Solution:
To find the maximum capacity of a container which can measure the petrol of each tanker in the exact
number of times, we find the HCF of 850 and 680.
850 = 2 × 52 × 17
680 = 23 × 5 × 17
HCF = 2 × 5 × 17 = 170
Maximum capacity of the container = 170 liters.

Question 23.
The length, breadth, and height of a room are 8 m 50 cm, 6 m 25 cm and 4 m 75 cm respectively. Find
the length of the longest rod that can measure the dimensions of the room exactly. (2015)
Solution:

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To find the length of the longest rod that can measure the dimensions of the room exactly, we have to
find HCF.
L, Length = 8 m 50 cm = 850 cm = 21 × 52 × 17
B, Breadth = 6 m 25 cm = 625 cm = 54
H, Height = 4 m 75 cm = 475 cm = 52 × 19
HCF of L, B and H is 52 = 25 cm
Length of the longest rod = 25 cm

Question 24.
Three alarm clocks ring at intervals of 4, 12 and 20 minutes respectively. If they start ringing together,
after how much time will they next ring together? (2015)
Solution:
To find the time when the clocks will next ring together,
we have to find LCM of 4, 12 and 20 minutes.
4 = 22
12 = 22 × 3
20 = 22 × 5

LCM of 4, 12 and 20 = 22 × 3 × 5 = 60 minutes.

So, the clocks will ring together again after 60 minutes or one hour.

Question 25.
In a school, there are two Sections A and B of class X. There are 48 students in Section A and 60
students in Section B. Determine the least number of books required for the library of the school so
that the books can be distributed equally among all students of each Section. (2017 OD)
Solution:
Since the books are to be distributed equally among the students of Section A and Section B. therefore,
the number of books must be a multiple of 48 as well as 60.
Hence, required number of books is the LCM of 48 and 60.
48 = 24 × 3
60 = 22 × 3 × 5
LCM = 24 × 3 × 5 = 16 × 15 = 240
Hence, required number of books is 240.

Question 26.
By using Euclid’s algorithm, find the largest number which divides 650 and 1170. (2017 OD)
Solution:
Given numbers are 650 and 1170.
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1170 > 650
1170 = 650 × 1 + 520
650 = 520 × 1 + 130
520 = 130 × 4 + 0
HCF = 130
The required largest number is 130.

Question 27.
Find the HCF of 255 and 867 by Euclid’s division algorithm. (2014)
Solution:
867 is greater than 255. We apply the division lemma to 867 and 255, to get
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
We continue the process till the remainder is zero
255 = 102 × 2 + 51
102 = 51 × 2 + 0, the remainder is zero.
HCF = 51

Question 28.
Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find whether the pair of numbers 847, 2160 are coprime or not.
To find out the minimum (least) time when the bells toll together next, we find the LCM of 9, 12, 15.
Solution:

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Long Answer (4 Marks)

Question 29.
Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational. (2012, 2017 D)
Solution:
Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3 + 2√5 is rational
So that we can find integers a and b (b ≠ 0), such that
3 + 2 √5 = ab, where a and b are coprime.
Rearranging this equation, we get

Since a and b are integers, we get that a2b – 32 is rational and so √5 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
So we conclude that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.

Question 30.
There are 104 students in class X and 96 students in class IX in a school. In a house examination, the
students are to be evenly seated in parallel rows such that no two adjacent rows are of the same class.
(2013)
(a) Find the maximum number of parallel rows of each class for the seating arrange¬ment.
(b) Also, find the number of students of class IX and also of class X in a row.
(c) What is the objective of the school administration behind such an arrangement?
Solution:
104 = 23 × 13
96 = 25 × 3
HCF = 23 = 8

(a) Number of rows of students of class X = 1048 = 13

Number maximum of rows class IX = 968 = 12
Total number of rows = 13 + 12 = 25
(b) No. of students of class IX in a row = 8
No. of students of class X in a row = 8
(c) The objective of school administration behind such an arrangement is fair and clean examination,
so that no student can take help from any other student of his/her class.

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Question 31.
Dudhnath has two vessels containing 720 ml and 405 ml of milk respectively. Milk from these
containers is poured into glasses of equal capacity to their brim. Find the minimum number of glasses
that can be filled. (2014)
Solution:
1st vessel = 720 ml; 2nd vessel = 405 ml
We find the HCF of 720 and 405 to find the maximum quantity of milk to be filled in one glass.
405 = 34 × 5
720 = 24 × 32 × 5
HCF = 32 × 5 = 45 ml = Capacity of glass
No. of glasses filled from 1st vessel = 72045 = 16
No. of glasses filled from 2nd vessel = 40545 = 9
Total number of glasses = 25

Question 32.
Amita, Sneha, and Raghav start preparing cards for all persons of an old age home. In order to
complete one card, they take 10, 16 and 20 minutes respectively. If all of them started together, after
what time will they start preparing a new card together? (2013)
Solution:
To find the earliest (least) time, they will start preparing a new card together, we find the LCM of 10,
16 and 20.
10 = 2 × 5
16 = 24
20 = 22 × 5
LCM = 24 × 5 = 16 × 5 = 80 minutes
They will start preparing a new card together after 80 minutes.

Question 33.
Find HCF of numbers 134791, 6341 and 6339 by Euclid’s division algorithm. (2015)
Solution:
First, we find HCF of 6339 and 6341 by Euclid’s division method.

6341 > 6339

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6341 = 6339 × 1 + 2
6339 = 2 × 3169 + 1
2=1×2+0
HCF of 6341 and 6339 is 1.
Now, we find the HCF of 134791 and 1
134791 = 1 × 134791 + 0
HCF of 134791 and 1 is 1.
Hence, the HCF of the given three numbers is 1.

Question 34.
If two positive integers x and y are expressible in terms of primes as x = p2q3 and y = p3q, what can you
say about their LCM and HCF. Is LCM a multiple of HCF? Explain. (2014)
Solution:
x = p2q3 and y = p3q
LCM = p3q3
HCF = p2q …..(i)
Now, LCM = p3q3
⇒ LCM = pq2 (p2q)
⇒ LCM = pq2 (HCF)
Yes, LCM is a multiple of HCF.
Explanation:
Let a = 12 = 22 × 3
b = 18 = 2 × 32
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6 …(ii)
LCM = 22 × 32 = 36
LCM = 6 × 6
LCM = 6 (HCF) …[From (ii)]
Here LCM is 6 times HCF.

Question 35.
Show that one and only one out of n, (n + 1) and (n + 2) is divisible by 3, where n is any positive
integer. (2015)
Solution:
Let n, n + 1, n + 2 be three consecutive positive integers.
We know that n is of the form 3q, 3q + 1, or 3q + 2.
Case I. When n = 3q,
In this case, n is divisible by 3,
but n + 1 and n + 2 are not divisible by 3.
Case II. When n = 3q + 1,
In this case n + 2 = (3q + 1) + 2
= 3q + 3
= 3(q + 1 ), (n + 2) is divisible by 3,
but n and n + 1 are not divisible by 3.
Case III.
When n = 3q + 2, in this case,
n + 1 = (3q + 2) + 1
= 3q + 3 = 3 (q + 1 ), (n + 1) is divisible by 3,

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but n and n + 2 are not divisible by 3.
Hence, one and only one out of n, n + 1 and n + 2 is divisible by 3.

Question 36.
Find the HCF and LCM of 306 and 657 and verify that LCM × HCF = Product of the two numbers.
(2016 D)
Solution:
306 = 2 × 32 × 17
657 = 32 × 73
HCF = 32 = 9
LCM = 2 × 32 × 17 × 73 = 22338
L.H.S. = LCM × HCF = 22338 × 9 = 201042
R.H.S. = Product of two numbers = 306 × 657 = 201042
L.H.S. = R.H.S.

Question 37.
Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 41 + 1 or 4q + 3 where q is a positive integer. (2016
OD)
Solution:
Let a be a positive odd integer
By Euclid’s Division algorithm:
a = 4q + r …[where q, r are positive integers and 0 ≤ r < 4]
a = 4q
or 4q + 1
or 4q + 2
or 4q + 3
But 4q and 4q + 2 are both even
a is of the form 4q + 1 or 4q + 3.

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