COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES
SOIL SETTLEMENT INVESTIGATION REPORT
I. Introduction
In the field of structural engineering, the prediction and evaluation of settlement
plays pivotal roles in safeguarding the durability and safety of every construction
endeavor. Settlement, characterized by the gradual descent of a building's base
into the earth, can profoundly affect both the structural robustness and operational
effectiveness of a building across its lifespan.
To ensure the structural stability and safety of the Two-Story Building with Roof
Deck planned for J.P. Laurel Avenue, Corner Jacinto St., Davao City, an extensive
soil investigation was conducted. This investigation entailed drilling two test holes,
each reaching a depth of 15.0 meters from ground level. These holes were
strategically positioned approximately 14.0 meters apart within the designated
project area. The outcomes and analyses detailed in this document are intended to
support the design process of the structural foundation and elements of the
mentioned building.
Within this report, we undertake a thorough examination of primary and secondary
settlement phenomena within the framework of the proposed two-story building with
a roof deck. Through rigorous computational analysis and theoretical exploration,
our objective is to clarify the factors impacting settlement, assess potential risks,
and suggest strategies for mitigating them to maintain structural stability and
performance.
II. Purpose and Objectives
The subsurface soil examination was carried out to gather pertinent data essential
for designing the foundation segment of the proposed building. Samples procured
during this investigation underwent laboratory testing to classify the soil and
ascertain its engineering attributes. Both field and laboratory findings will inform the
assessment of primary and secondary settlement within a clay layer. Specifically,
the soil settlement inquiry aimed to achieve the following objectives:
A. Characterize the geological makeup of the site, including soil classification,
index, and mechanical properties, as well as identifying the groundwater table's
position.
B. Gain familiarity with authentic soil investigation reports and develop the
capability to forecast soil settlement over multiple years under specific loads.
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C. Determine primary and secondary consolidation settlements for the 10th, 20th,
30th, 40th, and 50th years.
III. Evaluation of Soil Profile
BOREHOLE NO.1
DEPTH SOIL LIQUID WATER UNIT WEIGHT
(M) DESCRIPTION LIMIT (%) CONTENT (%) (kN/m3)
0 Ground Level - - -
2.00 Clay 42 34 ɣm = 14.7662
IV. Summary of Results
Footing Carried Load = 380.16kN
Computed Clay Properties:
Cc = 0.288
eo = 1.2256
Δe = 0.3067
ep = 0.9189
Po = 14.7662 kPa
ΔP = 156.64 kPa
For Normally Consolidated Clay:
PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
Settlement Time
275.57 mm −5
6.8654 × 10 years
SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
Settlement Time
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319.66 mm 10 years
319.66 mm 20 years
319.66 mm 30 years
319.66 mm 40 years
319.66 mm 50 years
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V. Conclusion
To conclude, the analysis demonstrates that the structure can handle loads of up
to 464.02kN in one footing. The computed clay properties, such as the
undisturbed clay characteristic compression index of 0.23967. The computed
initial void ratio of the present clay is 0.8 and having a final void ratio of 0.7798,
indicates favorable conditions for stable construction. Additionally, the primary
settlement results indicate a settling of 62.96 in 0.000322041 years, while the
secondary settlements remain constant at 63.83 from 10 to 50 years, suggesting
consistent settlement patterns over time. This thorough assessment provides
valuable insights for ensuring the structural integrity and long-term stability of the
project.
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VI. Appendices
a. Computation of Loads on Roof Slab
DEAD LOADS
BEAMS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT HEIGHT USED LENGTH
E (kN/m³) BASE (m) (m) (m) LOAD (kN)
B-1 23.54 0.2 0.4 31 58.3792
SLABS:
LOAD
TYPE UNIT WEIGHT (kN/m³) FLOOR AREA (m²) THICKNESS (m) (kN)
Concrete 23.54 40 0.125 117.7000
TOTAL DL (kN) 176.0792
LIVE LOADS
OCCUPANCY LIVE LOAD (kPa) FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Roof 1 40 40
Factored Load
Combination 1.2DL + 1.6LL 275.29504
b. Computation of Loads on Second Floor
DEAD LOADS
BEAMS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT USED LENGTH
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) LOAD (kN)
B-1 23.54 0.2 0.4 76 143.1232
SLABS:
TYPE UNIT WEIGHT (kN/m³) FLOOR AREA THICKNESS (m) LOAD
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(m²) (kN)
Concrete 23.54 115 0.125 338.3875
WALLS:
CHB PLASTERS TOTAL HEIGHT TOTAL LENGTH LOAD
TYPE (kPa) (kPa) kPa (m) (m) (kN)
150mm 2.73 0.48 3.21 3 26 250.38
COLUMNS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT LENGTH QUANTI LOAD
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) TY (kN)
C-2 23.54 0.15 0.3 3 4 12.7116
FINISHING LOADS:
TYPE kPa FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Floor Finish 1.58 115 181.7000
Ceiling Finish 0.05 115 5.7500
Electrical/Plumbing Materials 0.3 115 34.5000
TOTAL FINISHING LOAD 221.95
TOTAL DL
(kN) 966.5523
LIVE LOADS
OCCUPANCY LIVE LOAD (kPa) FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Basic Floor Area 1.9 115 218.5
Factored Load
Combination 1.2DL + 1.6LL 1509.4628
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c. Computations of Loads on Ground Floor
DEAD LOADS
BEAMS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT USED LENGTH
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) LOAD (kN)
B-1 23.54 0.2 0.4 76 143.1232
SLABS:
FLOOR AREA LOAD
TYPE UNIT WEIGHT (kN/m³) (m²) THICKNESS (m) (kN)
Concrete 23.54 115 0.125 338.3875
WALLS:
CHB TOTA HEIGH TOTAL LOAD
TYPE (kPa) PLASTERS (kPa) L kPa T (m) LENGTH (m) (kN)
150mm 2.73 0.48 3.21 3 56 539.28
CHB FLOOR AREA LOAD
TYPE (kPa) (m²) (kN)
INTERIOR
ALLOWAN TOTAL
CE 1 115 115 WALL LOAD 654.28
COLUMNS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT LENGTH QUANTI LOAD
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) TY (kN)
C-1 23.54 0.2 0.4 3 12 67.7952
FINISHING LOADS:
TYPE kPa FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Floor Finish 1.58 115 181.7000
Ceiling Finish 0.05 115 5.7500
Electrical/Plumbing Materials 0.3 115 34.5000
TOTAL FINISHING LOAD 221.95
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TOTAL DL
(kN) 1310.5359
LIVE LOADS
OCCUPANCY LIVE LOAD (kPa) FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Basic Floor Area 1.9 115 218.5
Factored Load
Combination 1.2DL + 1.6LL 1922.2431
d. Computations of Loads on Lower Ground Floor
DEAD LOADS
BEAMS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT USED LENGTH
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) LOAD (kN)
FTB 23.54 0.15 0.3 36 38.1348
SLABS:
LOAD
TYPE UNIT WEIGHT (kN/m³) FLOOR AREA (m²) THICKNESS (m) (kN)
Concrete 23.54 40 0.125 117.7000
WALLS:
TOTAL
CHB PLASTER TOTAL HEIGHT LENGTH LOAD
TYPE (kPa) S (kPa) kPa (m) (m) (kN)
150mm 2.73 0.48 3.21 3 31 298.53
FLOOR
CHB AREA LOAD
TYPE (kPa) (m²) (kN)
TOTAL
INTERIOR WALL
ALLOWANCE 1 40 40 LOAD 338.53
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COLUMNS:
TYP UNIT WEIGHT BASE HEIGHT LENGTH QUANTI LOAD
E (kN/m³) (m) (m) (m) TY (kN)
C-1 23.54 0.2 0.4 3 7 39.5472
FINISHING LOADS:
TYPE kPa FLOOR AREA (m²) LOAD (kN)
Floor Finish 1.58 40 63.2
Ceiling Finish 0.05 40 2
Electrical/Plumbing Materials 0.3 40 12
TOTAL FINISHING LOAD 77.2
TOTAL DL (kN) 611.1120
LIVE LOADS
FLOOR AREA
OCCUPANCY LIVE LOAD (kPa) (m²) LOAD (kN)
Basic Floor Area 1.9 40 76
Factored Load Combination 1.2DL + 1.6LL 854.9344
e. Computations of Loads per Footing
SUMMARY OF
LOADS FLC (kN)
Roof Slab 275.2950
Second Floor 1509.4628
Ground Floor 1922.2431
Lower Ground Floor 854.9344
TOTAL FORCE 4561.9353
LOADS PER FOOTING:
TOTAL NO. OF LOADS PER
FORCE (kN) FOOTINGS FOOTING
4561.9353 12 380.16
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f. Computations of Primary Consolidation Settlement
S=
CcH
1+e o
log (
Po+ ΔP
Po )
Where :
H=2m GS=2.5 for clay
WC=3 4 %
¿=42 % Undisturbed Clay
lb kN Cc=0.009(¿−10 %)
γ m=94 3 =1 4.7662 3
ft m Cc=0.009(42 %−10 %)
Cc=0.2 88
GS(1+ w)γ w
γ m=
1+ e
kN
2.5 ( 1+0.34 ) 9.81 3
kN m
14.7662 3
=
m 1+e
e o=1.2256
Po=14.7662 ( 1 )=Po=14.7662 kPa
P 380.16
∆ Pt = = =168.96 kPa
( L+ H 1 ) ( W + H 1 ) ( 1. 5+0 )( 1. 5+0 )
P 380.16
∆ Pm= =
¿¿
( L+ H 1+
H2
2 )
( W + H 1+0 )
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P 380.15
∆ Pb= = =95.04 kPa
( L+ H 1+ H 2 )( W + H 1+ H 2 ) (1. 5+0+0.5)(1. 5+0+ 0.5)
∆ Pt +4 ∆ Pm+ ∆ Pb 168.96+ 4 ( 1 68.96 ) +95.04
∆ P= = =15 6.64 kPa
6 6
∆ P=15 6.64 kPa
Primary Consolidation Settlement
S=
CcH
1+e o
log(Po+ ΔP
Po
= )
0.2 88 ( 2 )
1+ 1.2256
log (
14.7662+156.64
14.7662 )
S=0.27567 m=275.57 mm
g. Computations of Secondary Consolidation Settlement
∆ e=Cc log ( Po+PoΔP )=0.2 88 log ( 14.7662+156.64
14.7662
)=0. 3067
∆ e=0.3067
∆ e=e o−e p
e p=1.2256−0. 3067=0. 9189
e p=0. 9189
Time for Completion of Primary Settlement
2
∆e 0.3067 −3 m
av = = =1. 958 ×10
ΔP 156.64 kPa kN
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−3 2
av 1.3272×10 −3 m
mv= = =1.1086 ×10
e o +e p 1.2256 +0. 3067 kN
1+( ) 1+( )
2 2
−6 m
where :k =1× 10
s
m
1× 10−6 2
k s m
Cv= = =9.1949 ×10−5
mv γ w m
2
kN s
(1.1086 ×10−3 )(9.81 3 )
kN m
( )
2
π U
where :U =50 % ; Tv= ; when 0<U < 60 %
4 100
( )
2
π 50 π
Tv= =
4 100 16
2
Tv Hdr Height of clay
t= ; assume drainage at both ends ∴ Hdr=
Cv 2
2
π 2m
( )( )
16 2
t= =2135.4156 seconds
−5 m2
9.1949 ×10
s
1min 1 hr 1 day 1 year −5
t 1=2135.4156 s × × × × =6.8654 ×10 years
60 s 60 min 24 hr 360 days
Secondary Settlement for t2=10 years
∆e 0.3067
Ca= = =0.0594
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 10 )−log ( 6.8654 ×10−5 )
' Ca 0.0594
C a= = =0.031
1+ e p 1+0.9189
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'
S10=C aHlog
()
t2
t1
=0.031 ( 2m ) log
( 10
6.8654 × 10
−5 )
=0.31966 m
S10=0. 31966 m=319.66 mm
Secondary Settlement for t2=20 years
∆e 0.3067
Ca= = =0.0561
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 20 )−log ( 6.8654 ×10−5)
' Ca 0.0561
C a= = =0.0293
1+ e p 1+0.9189
'
S20=C aHlog
()t2
t1
=0.0293 ( 2 m ) log
( 20
6.8654 ×10
−5 )
=0. 31966 m
S20=0. 31966 m=319.66 mm
Secondary Settlement for t2=30 years
∆e 0.3067
Ca= = =0.0544
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 30 )−log ( 6.8654 ×10−5 )
' Ca 0.0544
C a= = =0.0283
1+ e p 1+0.9189
'
S30=C aHlog
()t2
t1
=0.0283 ( 2 m) log
( 30
6.8654 ×10
−5 )
=0. 31966 m
S30=0. 31966 m=319.66 mm
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Secondary Settlement for t2=40 years
∆e 0.3067
Ca= = =0.0532
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 40 ) −log ( 6.8654 ×10−5 )
' Ca 0.0532
C a= = =0.0277
1+ e p 1+0.9189
'
S40=C aHlog
()t2
t1
=0.0277 ( 2 m ) log
( 40
6.8654 ×10
−5 )
=0. 31966 m
S40=0.31966 m=319.66 mm
Secondary Settlement for t2=50 years
∆e 0.3067
Ca= = =0.0523
log ( t 2 )−log ( t 1 ) log ( 50 )−log ( 6.8654 ×10−5 )
' Ca 0.0523
C a= = =0.0273
1+ e p 1+0.9189
'
S50=C aHlog
()t2
t1
=0.0273 ( 2 m) log
( 50
6.8654 ×10
−5 )
=0. 31966 m
S50=0. 31966 m=319.66 mm
h. Soil Profile
i. Structural Plans
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