Topic 3 Tutorial
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vaniya hameedTopic 3 Tutorial
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Powered by AIThe maximum tolerable concentration of A in the inlet chlorobenzene stream is influenced by the ratios between chlorobenzene and aqueous streams. If a chlorobenzene feed rate of 0.716 kg/kg (chlorobenzene feed rate to aqueous feed rate) is used, the maximum concentration of A allowable is 0.075 kg A/kg chlorobenzene .
The minimum amount of solvent C required per kg of solvent B to recover 90% of solute A is found to be 0.3 kg .
In a two-stage cross-flow process, the fractional recovery of acetone from a 35 mass % acetone in chloroform mixture when contacted with pure water is 25% in the first stage and 18% in the second stage, leading to an overall recovery that needs calculation based on these individual stages .
Using equal distribution of C in a two-stage cross-flow system results in a total % recovery of A at 96.6% (81.5% in stage 1 and 15.1% in stage 2). If 25% of C is used in the first stage and 75% in the second, the recovery is reduced slightly to 95.9% (68.8% in stage 1, 27.1% in stage 2). Conversely, if 75% of C is used in stage 1 and 25% in stage 2, the recovery is again 95.9% (86.8% in stage 1 and 9.1% in stage 2).
The solvent/feed ratio needed to achieve 75% recovery of acetone in a single stage is determined using the triangular diagram method for the system water, acetone, and chloroform. The diagram is used to determine the intersection with equilibrium lines. For a final raffinate with 15% acetone, the solvent/feed ratio is 4:1 by mass .
With the given equilibrium condition (kg A/kg C) = 3(kg A/kg B) and the mass flow rate condition of C being half that of B, approximately 4 equilibrium stages are required to achieve a 90% recovery of solute A .
To calculate the equilibrium stages necessary, using the initial concentration of 23.5 kg A per 100 kg water and the aim to achieve 5 kg A per 100 kg water, the McCabe-Thiele method can be applied using the equilibrium data provided: 0.10 kg A/kg chlorobenzene per 0.03 kg A/kg H2O and other data pairs. With these, you create an operating line on a plot to establish the theoretical number of stages, which is estimated between 3 to 4 stages .
When using an equilateral triangle diagram to plot equilibrium data, factors include accurately scaling each side of the triangle representing each component, plotting data points for equilibrium compositions, constructing tie-lines which connect points representing equilibrium stages, and using the diagram to interpolate equilibrium relationships and find intersection points, such as the plait point at which phases become indistinguishable .
Using a multi-stage counter-current extraction system with a feed/solvent ratio of 1:1, 7 stages are required to achieve a raffinate containing 10 mass % acetone, starting from a mixture with 60 mass % acetone .
To recover 85% of solute A using a single equilibrium stage with the relation (kg A/kg C) = 4(kg A/kg B), the ratio of solvent C to solvent B can be determined using the equilibrium relationship and mass balance equations. Let x be the amount of A in kg in C after extraction, then 0.1 kg is A's initial concentration in B. Equating mass balance: 0.1 kg/kg B = 0.85x/(x + (1-0.85)x). Solving gives x = 3.06 kg C/kg B, thus the required ratio is approximately 3.06.