MATTER – everything that occupies space and has mass.
- Made up of particles that are always in motion, made up of atoms, and a group
of atoms is called a molecule.
GAS : Describes as ; The molecule are arranged very far away from each other,
therefore it can move freely and randomly.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY (KMT)
- It describes the behavior of gas in microscopic level
To remember:
- The higher the temperature of gas, the higher the pressure (and vice – versa)
- The Temperature of gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to pressure.
PROPERTIES THAT DESCRIBE GAS:
1. PRESSURE
2. VOLUME
3. TEMPERATURE
4. AMOUNT
Units of PRESSURE:
1. Psi – Pound per square inch
2. Pa – Pascal
3. mmHg – Millimeter of Mercury
4. atm - Atmosphere
5. torr
TO CONVERT
1atm = 760mmHg = 760torr = 14.7 psi = 101, 325 pa [ Standard Unit : atm ]
VOLUME (Space occupied)
Units of VOLUME : m3 ( cubic meter), cm3 ( cubic centimeter), L ( Liter), ml (Milliliter ),
3
dm (Cubic diameter) [Standard Unit: mL or L ]
TEMPERATURE (Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion )
Units: ° C , ° f , K =273.15[ Standard unit: Kelvin (k)]
AMOUNT (Quantity)
Units : Grams, Mol
GAS LAW :
a. BOYLE’S LAW (Pressure & Volume)
- Proposed by Robert Boyle
- States that pressure of gas is inversely proportional to volume, while temperature
and amount stay constant
- General Formula : P1V1= P2V2
B. CHARLES’ LAW (Temperature & Volume)
- Directly proportional
- General Formula : V1T2=V2T1
C. GAY – LUSSACC’S LAW (Temperature & Pressure)
- Directly Proportional
- General Formula : P1T2= P2T1
D. COMBINED GAS LAW
- General Formula: P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
E. AVOGADRO’S LAW (Volume & Amount)
- Directly Proportional
- General Formula: V1n2 = V2n1
F. IDEAL GAS LAW
- Gas particles has the same size
- General gas law = PV = nRT
CHEMICAL REACTION
PHYSICAL CHANGE
- Change only in the appearance but not in the composition of the materials.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
- Not only the change in the appearance but also its composition
- Cannot be reversible
- Forms new substance
INDICATORS
- THE PRODUCTION OF HEAT & LIGHT
- GAS PRODUCTION
- SOLID PRODUCTION
- COLOR CHANGE
- TEMPERATURE CHANGE
- ODOR CHANGE
- TASTE CHANGE
PROCESS OF CHEMICAL REACTION
- Breaking of chemical bonds and reforming of new bonds to create new
substances.
INDICATORS
- Bubbling, turns cloudy, color change, temperature change. ‘
REACTANTS
- Starting material for a reaction to occur
PRODUCTS
- New Substance formed, resulting substance
PHASE :
(s) – Solid
(l) - Liquid
(g) – Gas
(aq) – Aqueous (substance is dissolved in water)
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
- Antoine Laurent Lavoiser
- The total mass of the product of a reaction is equal to the total mass of the
reactant.
SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
CHEMICAL EQUATION : Representation of chemical reaction
- Means to yield or to produce
- Subscript means how many atoms are there
+ combination
→← reversable reaction
Heat is added
Pt
Catalyst is added
RATES OF REACTION
- The speed of a reaction is called the rate of reaction
- Some Chemical reactions are very fast and some slow.
Why are some reactions faster and some slower ?
- Reactions takes place when particle collide with each other with a certain
amount of energy (activation energy) .
EFFECTIVE COLLISIONS
- Needs to be in correct orientation when they collide.
1. Temperature – higher the temperature the faster the reaction.
2. Surface Area of the reactants – Smaller the pieces the faster the reaction.
- Temperature and reaction are directly proportional
3. Concentration
- Low concentrations = fewer collisions
- High concentration = more collisions .
4. Presence of a Catalyst