Electrical System Development Day 1
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC
Transmission Network Planning
Electrical System Development
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§ Electrical system development
§ Introduction
§ System development
§ Challenges and chances
§ Technology development
§ Transmission grid development
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Electrical System Development Day 1
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC
Introduction
Historical development
The power grid as we know it began with isolated power generation systems across the
world starting in the 1870s. The growth and unification of the systems into an
interconnected AC power 'grid' helped raise the quality of life of people from all classes.
DC power systems dominated in the 1870's and 1880s. "Small" systems were sold to
factories around the world, both in urban areas, and remote undeveloped areas for
industrial/mining use. Thomas Edison, Charles Brush, and Werner von Siemens led
the industry in DC systems. DC systems powered factories and small downtown areas but
did not reach 95% of residents. Electric lighting was a luxury found only in hotels and other
businesses as well as in the mansions of people like George Westinghouse.
AC Power provided the solution to distance transmission. AC also provided a solution to
interconnect generation sites. The development of the 3-phase AC power system in the
late 1880s proved the effectiveness of the system and electrification of entire cities and
regions began in the 1890s.
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Introduction
Historical development
Alessandro Volta Michael Faraday
1799 1831
Invented the first battery Changing magentic
fields produces electric
field
Andre-Marie Ampere Gustav Kirchoff
1827 1845
Currents in coils act like The principle of
magnets conservation of electric
charge and energy
Georg Simon Ohm James Clerk Maxwell
1827 1862
Electromotive force is Foundation of
product of current and electromagentism
resistance
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Introduction
Historical development
1879 Dolgeville Dynamo
This power station built at the Dolgeville Mill in Dolgeville, NY supplied power for industrial purposes.
1882 Appleton Wisconsin, US
DC power, 12.5 kW. This was the first Edison hydroelectric station.
1882 Miesbach to Munich, Germany
longest DC transmission to this date: 1400 volts 57 km distance built by Marcel Deprez.
1882: New York City
Edison Illuminating Company builds New York's first power plant at the Pearl Street Station. The DC
station lit up to 400 lights and served 85 customers at first. The plant grew consistently over the next few
years.
1886 Great Barrington, Massachusetts
The first full feature AC power distribution system using transformers is built in the small city of
Great Barrington. It used a Siemens generator and Edison's incandescent lights. 500 volts.
1891 Lauffen-Frankfurt Germany
A MAJOR STEP FORWARD: The first long-distance and 3-phase alternating current demonstration. This
proved that three phase power worked the best for a power grid. This project was developed by Oskar
von Miller and engineered by the founder of 3 phase AC power Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky.
Transmission length 175 km
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Introduction
Importance of electricity
Light
Power
Telegraph
Industry Heating
Hoover
Railway
Radio Refrigerator
Ironing Medical
Washing machine Air condition
Telephone Computer
Culture
Television
Environment
Society
Economy Politics
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System development
Overview
Generation Consumption
Location of resources Increasing load density
=> Transmission
Losses
=> Higher voltage
Outages
=> Meshing
=> Interconnected
operation
Reserves Load balance
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System development
Overview
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System development
Frequency
Very early isolated AC generating schemes used arbitrary frequencies based on
convenience for steam engine, water turbine and electrical generator design.
In the early incandescent lighting period, single-phase AC was common and typical
generators were 8-pole machines operated at 2000 RPM, giving a frequency of 133 hertz.
The German company AEG built the first German generating facility to run at 50 Hz. After
observing flicker of lamps operated by the 40 Hz power transmitted by the Lauffen-
Frankfurt link in 1891, AEG raised their standard frequency to 50 Hz in 1891.
Westinghouse Electric decided to standardize on a higher frequency to permit operation of
both electric lighting and induction motors on the same generating system. Although 50 Hz
was suitable for both, in 1890 Westinghouse considered that existing arc-lighting
equipment operated slightly better on 60 Hz, and so that frequency was chosen.
As the 20th century continued, more power was produced at 60 Hz (North America) or
50 Hz (Europe and most of Asia). Standardization allowed international trade in electrical
equipment and much later the interconnection of power grids.
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System development
Voltage levels
about 50 MVA per system
about 1000 MVA per system
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System development
Standards in the world
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System development
Installed generation in Germany
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Electrical System Development Day 1
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System development
Energy generation in Germany
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System development
Energy generation in Germany
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Electrical System Development Day 1
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System development
Wind and PV infeed in Germany in winter 2011/12
Source: EEG/KWK Transparenzplattform der ÜNB
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System development
Electricity consumption
Electricity consumption in Germany
1000
100
TWh
10
0,1
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
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System development
Megatrends
Three global megatrends in the energy sector
Demographics Resource Scarcity Environmental focus
§ Population growth § Geopolitics § Global emissions
7.5 billion in 2020 70% of world oil and gas
40% increase in air pollution
supplies only in a few
§ Power consumption over past 20 years
countries
+5.2% p.a. in emerging
regions and 1.4% in § Climate change
§ Fuel diversity
developed world global warming limited to an
100% increase in oil prices
§ Megacities (> 10 million average increase of
over last 2 years accelerates
inhabitants): 27 megacities in 2 degrees
shift to broader fuel mix
2025
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System development
Network expansion in Germany
1957 2004
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Challenges and chances
Transmission grid drivers worldwide
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Challenges and chances
Main influencers
Transmission systems are currently undergoing various
changes in size and structure. Thus there is the need of
enhancing the grids to be capable of coping with the new
demands.
§ Change in structure of power generation and
deployment of renewable energy source
§ Increasing need of electrical power
§ Energy trading is becoming more and more important
§ Reduction of costs for operating transmission systems and
fixed benefit for TSOs set by regulators
§ Increasing size of interconnected networks
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Challenges and chances
Trends are resulting in innovations
Stochastic loads
and generation
(wind, PV)
Reduced Aging
controllability infrastructure
Innovative and economic
technologies
(e.g. FACTS, ICT)
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Technology development
Medium voltage breakers
capability
Vacuum
Oil (Minimum oil breaker)
Oil (Expansion)
Expansin
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
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Technology development
Medium voltage switchgear
Space requirement
1960 1982 1993
Air insulated Cast resin Gas insulated Air tight
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Technology development
Protection
Functions
Digital
Electro- Analogue-
mechanical electronics
Digital
Analogue
Mechanical
1900 1960 1980 2000
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Transmission grid development
Key objectives
Public Image
CAPEX, OPEX
Supply Reliability Component Age and
Condition
Economic Efficiency
Selectivity
Power Stability
Demand
Network Operation Modification
Losses
Smart Grid Future
Requirements
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Transmission grid development
Objectives and main targets
Main objectives of the transmission system planning
§ Considerable load growth in short in medium term
§ Ageing of equipment and consequent need for refurbishment
§ Reduction of usage of non-renewable, hydrocarbon resources
§ Contribute to sustainable development of energy generation
§ Integration of large quantities of new generation:
e.g. solar (PV, CSP), wind geothermal, waste-to-energy, nuclear, …
§ Ensuring security of supply of both generation and electrical network
§ Increase of system size due to interconnection to surrounding transmission
systems
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Electrical System Development Day 1
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Transmission grid development
Requirements on electrical networks
§ Covering load demand
§ Cost efficiency
§ Low losses
§ Quality of supply
ü Voltage quality, e.g. harmonics or flicker
ü Supply reliability
§ Flexibility
§ Environmental friendliness
ü Minimum space requirements
ü Sustainability
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Transmission grid development
Technical performance influence factors
Quality of supply
quality
Experienced supply quality
System operation, control
Geography of supply area
Communication system
Grid connection concept
Energy management
LV network concept
Cost management
Generation concept
Protection concept
MV network concept
level
HV network infeed
Demand forecast
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Transmission grid development
Contradictory goals
Economics
Environmental
System reserves
sustainability
trade-off
Reliability
Operability Reliability
Network
complexity
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Transmission grid development
Objectives of network planning
§ Analysis
§ New structure
§ Improvement or reinforcement
§ Selection of voltage level
§ Concepts for switchgear
§ Economic comparison of concepts
§ Protection
§ Network calculations
§ Loss reduction
§ Training
§ Solve operational difficulties
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Transmission grid development
Criteria for planning
§ Imax Load current
§ DU Voltage drop
§ I”k min, I”k max Fault current level
§€ Costs – CAPEX, OPEX
§ n-1, n-2 Reliability
§ Losses
§ Availability of routes
§ Dynamic behaviour
§ Future developments
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Transmission grid development
Criteria for planning
Criteria § Criteria
§ Dynamic behaviour of the network
§ Faults § 3-ph short-circuit fault clearing time
§ Oscillations § Damping of oscillations
§ Oscillation frequency
§ Frequency deviations § Generator outage
§ Load shedding settings
§ Islanding of networks
§ Voltage stability § Motor starting
§ Voltage collapse
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Transmission grid development
Strategic network planning
Network Planning
maintain create
Local modifications due to Interest in network changes,
urgent customer requests Vision for future
Combination of own interest and
customer request
More and more complicated network,
Deviation from standard structures
Continuous network adaptation
Keeping standard structures
Economical solution ? Economical capital investment
Operative perspective Strategic Perspective
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Transmission grid development
Network planning process
Equipment Planning
Topological
Electrical Criteria
Data Network Variant 1
Data
Standard
Types
Recommended studies
Load
Forecast
Network
System Design,
Asset Planning
Basic Architecture
Type Model
Structure ? Voltage levels
Asset
? Network structure
Age …
Structure
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Transmission grid development
Main questions
§ How is the situation of the network infrastructure
today?
§ What are the critical issues, which have to be
solved today and in future?
§ Which technical solutions can be implemented to
solve existing and future problems?
§ Which of these measures are also economically
feasible?
§ How do to get there and what are the next steps?
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Transmission grid development
Approach
1. Load development
Analysis of actual situation
2. Generator expansion plan
3. Definition of load-generation scenarios and Problem analysis
operation points
4. Analysis of as-is network Planning prerequisites
Procedure of optimization
à identify (future) bottlenecks
5. Selection of suitable transmission technologies
Design of concepts
and standard equipment types
Analysis of concepts
6. Development of transmission network structure
7. Economic analysis and techno-economic
Evaluation of concepts
evaluation
8. Determination of next steps and roadmap Decision
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Thank you for your attention!
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Contact
Adham Atallah
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC TRS
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
Telefon: +49 (9131) 7 28265
E-Mail:
[Link]@[Link]
[Link]/power-technologies
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