C Programming
Constants - is an entity that doesn't change
Variable - is an entity that may change / name given to the locations are called
variables
C Constants - Primary , Secondary
Primary Constants - Integer Real Character
Secondary Constants - Array, Pointer, Structure, Union, Enum ETC
Keywords - are the words whose meaning has already been explained to compiler 32
keywords
main() - is a collective name given to a set of statements Techincally main us a
function
C Instructions - Type Declaration, Airthmetic, Control
Modulus operator - cannot be applied on floats
* / % +- =
Control Instructions - determine the flow of control in a program
Decision making instructions - if else-if switch
In C a non zero value is considered to be TRUE
Logical Operators - AND OR NOT
Conditional Operators - expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3
e.g. y = x >5 ? 3 : 4
(a > b) ? ( a > c ? a : c): (b > c ? b :c))
Loop - to do something a fixed numbe of times
Multiple Statements : for ( i = 1, j = 2 ; j <= 10 ; j++ ), only one test
expression
break - jump out of the loop / control automatically passes to first statement
after loop
continue - When continue is encountered inside any loop,control automatically
passes to the beginning of the loop.
do-while - execute its statements at least once even if condition fails for first
time
A break takes you out of the do-while bypassing the conditional test. A continue
sends you straight to the test at the end of the loop.
Switch - control statements that allows us to make a decision from the number of
choices is called a switch
The switch statement is very useful while writing menu driven programs
Function - A function is a self-contained block of statements that perform a
coherent task of some kind.
called function - actual argumets, formal arguments
Calling convention - right to left
int a = 1 ;
printf ( "%d %d %d", a, ++a, a++ ) ; -- 3 3 1
pointers are variables that contain
addresses, and since addresses are always whole numbers, pointers would always
contain whole numbers.
A stack is a Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure.
C preprocessore - program processes our source program before it is passed to
compiler
source code PR1.C -> expanded source code get stored in a file PR1.I -> compiled
the object get stored [Link]->code is linked with object code of library func ->
executable code is stored in [Link]
#ifdef macroname
statement 1 ;
statement 2 ;
statement 3 ;
#endif
#ifndef INTEL
code suitable for a Intel PC
#else
code suitable for a Motorola PC
A simple example of #if directive is shown below:
main( )
{
#if TEST <= 5
statement 1 ;
statement 2 ;
statement 3 ;
#else
statement 4 ;
statement 5 ;
statement 6 ;
#endif
}
#pragma Directive
This directive is another special-purpose directive that you can use
to turn on or off certain features
disp ( &marks[i] ) -> disp ( int *n )
A pointer when incremented always points to an immediately
next location of its type.
int i, *j ;
j = &num[0] ; /* assign address of zeroth element */
int num[ ] = { 24, 34, 12, 44, 56, 17 } ;
dislpay ( &num[0], 6 ) ;
for ( i = 0 ; i <= n - 1 ; i++ )
{
printf ( "\nelement = %d", *j ) ;
j++ ; /* increment pointer to point to next element */
}
int num[ ] = { 24, 34, 12, 44, 56, 17 } ;
*num -> *(num+0)=> zeroth element
num[i]->*(num+i)->*(i+num)->i[num]
s[2][1]
* ( s[2] + 1 )
* ( * ( s + 2 ) + 1 )
name[i]
*( name + i )
*( i + name )
i[name]
char name[25] ;
printf ( "Enter your full name " ) ;
scanf ( "%[^\n]s", name ) ;
char str[ ] = "Hello" ;
char *p = "Hello" ;
multiply any number by 9 in the fastest manner.
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int num;
printf(“Enter number: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
printf(“%d”, (num<<3)+num);
}