Geography Paper 2 2007 138X216.

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TEST CODE 01225020

FORM TP 2007087 MAY/JUNE 2007
CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 02 - General Proficiency
21hours

( 31 MAY 2007 (a.m.))

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY

!. This paper consists of TEN questions in FOUR sections.

2. Section A consists of ONE compulsory question. EACH of Sections B, C and D

consists of THREE questions.

3. Candidates MUST answer FOUR questions: Question I from Section A and ONE
question from EACH of Sections B, C and D.

4. Begin EACH answer on a separate page.

5. Credit will be given for the use of relevant sketch maps and diagrams.

6. The use of non-programmable calculators is permitted.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

Copyright © 2006 Caribbean Examinations Council ®.

All rights reserved.
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SECTION A (Mapwork)

Candidates MUST answer this question.

1. A map extractofBasseterre, St Christopher (also called St Kitts) on a scale of 1:25 000 is provided
as an insen. Study the extract and then answer the following questions:

(a) What is the six-figure grid reference for the trigonometrical station K48 at the end of
East Pier on the coast in Basseterre? ( 1 mark )

(b) What is the length of the railway from its end on the coast near to Factory Pier (square
241 I) to the point where it crosses the main road (square 2313)?
Give your answer correct to the NEAREST 100 metres. ( 2 marks)

(c) Figure 1 (provided as an insert) is a grid forthenortheasternpartofthe map extract. The

grid is on a scale that is half the scale of the map.
On the grid provided, insert the following features:

(i) The coast line (lmark)

(ii) Half Moon pond ( 1 mark)
(iii) The 100' contour lines ( 1 mark)
(iv) The areas of sugar cane cultivation (2marks)

(d) Name the type of feature found off the coast between Barke rs Point and HalfMoon Point.
(I mark)

(e) Calculate the average gradient along the College Gut (square 2213) between 250' and
200' contours. Show your calculation.
(Hint: 100 yds =300 ft) ( 3 marks)

(f) Measure the bearing from the trigonometrical station K2 to the K I station. Both are
located at the Golden Rock Airport. ( 2 marks)

(g) Give a brief description of the distribution of sugar cane and forests over the area shown
in the map. ( 4 marks)

(h) Study the area along the south coast between Bastings 19 and 25.
Describe TWO landforms. (4marks)

(i) Account for the distribution of track and footpath using map evidence only.
(3marks)

(j) From the evidence on the map, what physical features account for the growth of the
settlement at Basseterre? ( 3 marks)
Total 28 marks

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SECTION B (Natural Systems)

Answer ONE question from this section.

2. (a) Study Figure 2, which shows the Caribbean and adj acent plate boundaries and answer
the questions that follow.

Figure 2. Caribbean and adjacent pla te boundaries

(i) What type of mountains are located at A? ( lmark)

(ii) Name the type of Plate boundary indicated by the symbol ~
( 1 mark)
(iii) Name the plates labelled X and B. ( 2marks)

(b) (i) Describe the main features of dendritic and radial drainage patterns and state
where EACH type is developed. ( 4marks)

(ii) Describe the coastal process of longshore drift (4marks)

(c) (i) Explain how the shape of a volcano is influenced by the type of lava ejected.
(4marks)
(ii) Account for the occurrence of earthquakes along transform plate boundaries.
( 4marks)
(iii) Explain how explosive volcanoes are formed. ( 4marks)
Total 24 marks
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3. (a) Study Figure 3 w hich show s a type o f mass m ovem ent and answ er the questions below.

Utility
Tension pole tilted
gashes
in rrooad
ad'
Base of
tree turned
downs lope

Soil piled
''behind wall forcing
!. wall to bulge and break

F ig u re 3. A type of m ass m ovem ent

W ith reference to Figure 3:

(i) Name the type o f m ass m ovem ent shown ( 1 m u rk )

(ii) G ive T W O indicators to support your choice in (a) (i) above. ( 2 m ark s)

(iii) Identify O N E factor that would influence the type o f m ass m ovem ent shown.
( 1 m a rk )

(b) <i) D efine the following:

a) DDenudation
enudation ( 2 m a rk s)

b) Weathering
W eathering ( 2 m u rk s)

(ii) D escribe the physical weathering process o f freeze-thaw . ( 4 m urks)

(c) 0) G ive O N E reason why lim estone is susceptible to chem ical weathering.
( 2 m a rk s)

(ii) Explain how stalactites and stalagm ites are form ed in limestone areas.
( 5 m a rk s)

(tit) E xplain how cockpit (karst) landscapes developed in the Caribbean.

( 5 m a rk s)

T otal 24 m a rk s

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(a) Study Figure 4 which shows the average monthly distribution of rainfall and temperature
for a particular area, then answer the questions below.

Rainfall
(mm)
30 ("C)

25

20

300

250
';

200
'

ISO

100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4. Average monthly distribution of rainfaU and temperature

With reference to Figure 4:

(i) State the LOWEST temperature recorded in that area. ( 1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the annual temperature range. ( 1 mark)
(iii) How much rainfall is recorded in the month with the IDGHEST distribution?
( 1 mark)
(iv) Identify the type of climate represented. (I mark)

(b) Describe the wind conditions associated with the passage of a hurricane at a site over
which the eye passes. ( 4marks)

(c) Describe ANY TWO of the following components of an ecosystem.

(i) Producers

(ii) Primary consumers

(iii) Secondary consumers (4marks)

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(d) (i) Explain how the vegetation of tropical continental areas is adapted to the cl imate.
Include THREE ways in your response. <6 m arks)

(ii) Explain how climate influences the development of soil in tropical continental
areas. Include TWO ways in your response. (6 m arks)

Total 24 m arks

SECTIO N C (H um an Systems)
Answer O NE question from this section.

5. (a) Study the demographic transition model in Figure 5 and then answer the questions
below.

Rates per 1000

40

30
Birtli rale

20
Death rate

10

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

0
Years

Figure S. The dem ographic transition model

(i) Name the stages at which there is little natural population increase.
case.
(2 marks)
(ii) Describe the change in the death rate in Stage 2. ((1
1 mmark)
ark )

(iii) From which stage does population start to increase significantly?

ly? (1
( ] mmark
ark ))

(b) Define the te rm ‘urbanization’. ((22 mmarks)

arks)

(c) wan.
Describe THREE problems associated with urbanization in theCaribbean.
m arks)
( 6 marks)

(d) (i) riKl'.H reasons in

Explain why people move from rural areas to towns. Include THREE
your response. (( 66 m
marks)
arks)

(ii) Suggest THREE actions that could be taken to reducerural to urban

urbanmigration.
migration.
{( 6<>m
marks)
arks)
Trotal
otal 24
24 mmarks
arks

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6. Figure 6 is provided as an insert for Part (a} of this question.

(a} Figure 6 is an incomplete graph showing the structure of the world economies for three
activities: agriculture, industry and services.

Table I presents the percentage gross domestic product (% GDP) for these activities,
agriculture, industry and services, in three types of world economies: low, middle and
high income.

TABLE 1: STRUCTURE OF WORLD ECONOMIES

Percentage Gross Domestic Product(% GDP)

Activity Low Income Middle Income High Income
Countries Countries Countries

Agriculture (A) 27 10 2

Industry ((} 30 36 30

Services (S ) 43 55 64

Using the information presented in Table 1:

(i) Complete the graph in Figure 6 to show the % GDP for EACH activity in low
income countries. ( 3 marks}

(ii) State the relationship between a country's income and the structure of
agriculture. ( 1 mark}

(b) (i) Define, giving an example, EACH of the following:

a) Primary industry (2marks)

b) Tertiary industry (2marks)

(ii) State TWO benefits which countries can gain from the development of secondary
economic activities. ( 2 marks)

(iii) List TWO ways by which governments in the Caribbean have encouraged
industrial development. ( 2 marks)

(c) (i) Account for the widespread occurrence in the Caribbean of EITHER the
garment industry OR food processing. Include THREE reasons in your
response. ( 6 marks)

(ii) Suggest THREE reasons why Caribbean manufacturers might find it diffic ult to
compete in a global market. ( 6 marks)

Total 24 marks

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7. (a) Study Table 2 which presents employment figures (thousand persons) for two sectors of
a Caribbean territory.

TABLE 2: EMPLOYMENT (THOUSAND PERSONS)

Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2004

Agriculture 5.2 5.2 4.8 5.4 4.4

('000)

Tourism 13.8 12.3 14.1 13.7 12.2

('000

Using the information presented in Table 2, determine

(i) the average yearly employment in agriculture for the period 1998 to 2001
(lmark)

(ii) the decline in employment in tourism between 1998 and 1999 (lmark)

(iii) the year in which employment in tourism was at its HIGHEST (I mark)

(iv) how many more persons were employed in tourism than in agriculture in 2004.
(I mark )

(b) (i) Describe THREE ways in which Caribbean countries can benefit from the
development of ecotourism. ( 6 marks)

(ii) Outline ONE problem associated with marketing which is faced by Caribbean
farmers. ( 2 marks)

(c) Compare commercial arable farming in a named Caribbean territory with wheat farming
in the Canadian prairies using the following headings:

(i) Farm size (2 marks)

(ii) Climatic hazards (2marks)

(iii) Harvesting ( 4marks)

(iv) Labour ( 4marks)

Total 24 ma rks

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S E C T IO N D (H um an-Environm ent Systems)

Answer ONE question from this section.

8. (a) Study Figure 7 which shows the number of tropical storms starting in each month for Ihe
period 1881-1972.
160
150
140
130
120
( 10 '
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
' J ' F ' M ' A . ' M 'J J ' ' J J ' A ' S ' O ' N ' D 1
Month

Figure 7. Number of hurricanes starting in each month, 1881 - 1972

(i) How many hurricanes started in September? (1 m ark )

(ii) Name one month in which no hurricanes started. ( 1 m ark )

(iii) I low many hurricanes started at the beginning o f the hurricane season?
( 1 m ark )

(iv) How many hurricanes started during the last month o f the hurricane season?
( 1 mark )

(b) (i) Define ‘natural hazard*. (2 marks)

(ii) Describe T H REE different ways by which O N E o f the natural type o f hazards
listed below can impact on Caribbean territories.

a) Hurricanes
b) Volcanoes
c) Earthquakes ( 6 marks)
(e) (i) For the hazard chosen in (b) (ii) above, suggest T W O precautionary measures
that individuals can take to reduce the impact. (4 marks)

(ii) For a na med country, explain how T W O measures that have been adopted by the
government can reduce the impact of the hazard chosen in (b) (ii). ( 4 marks)

(d> Explain how T W O land-based activities can contribute to coral reef destruction in the
Caribbean. ( 4 marks)

Total 24 m arks

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9. (a) Figure 8 is provided as an insert for Question 9 (a).

Table 3 presents data on waste produced in the British Virgin Islands (BVI).

TABLE 3: WASTE PRODUCED IN THE BVJ

Components Mass
(Tons per day)

Paper (Pp) 13.4

Glass (Gl) 7.2

Metals (Mt) 3.4

Plastic (PI) 2.5

Lumber and
organic waste (L&O) 3.4

Textiles and
yard waste (T&Y) 2.7

On the axes provided in Figure 8, use the information presented in Table 3 to complete
the bar graph. ( 4 marks)

(b) (i) State FOUR causes of river pollution. ( 4marks)

(ii) Identify TWO sources of air pollution and give an example of EACH source.
( 4marks)

(c) Explain how TWO measures implemented in

(i) a named Caribbean territory can protect the forests ( 4marks)

(ii) a developed country have reduced the emission of greenhouse gases

( 4marks)

(iii) a named Caribbean territory can reduce the indiscriminate disposal of solid
waste. ( 4 marks)

Total 24 marks

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10. (a) Table 4 presents the percentage of carbon monoxide emission by various sources in a
particular area.

TABLE 4: PERCENTAGE CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION

Source Emission(%)

Fuel consumption 4.3

Industrial processes 8.1
Transportation 80.6
Other 7 .0

Draw a pie chart to illustrate the carbon monoxide emission by the sources shown in
Table 4 . ( 4 marks)

(b) (i) Define EACH of the terms below.

a) Greenhouse effect ( 2marks)

b) Global warming ( 2 marks)

(ii) State FOUR effects of global warming on the environment. ( 4marks)

(c) (i) Suggest THREE ways in which the tourist industry may contribute to coral reef
destruction. ( 3 marks)

(ii) Explain how the destruction of coral reefs can have negative impacts on an area.
Include THREE impacts in your res ponse. ( 6 marks)

(d) Explain how deforestation contributes to global warming. ( 3 marks)

Total 24 marks

END OF TEST

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CARIBBEAN EXAM IN A"T I 0 N S COUNCIL

HEADQUARTERS
GEOGRAPHY

Paper 02 - General Proficiency

Grid for Question 1 (c) Centre Number ···························-·······-·

Candidate's Number ..............................

16~------r-----~r-----~

15~-----4-------+----~

14~-----4-------+----~

13~----~-------L----~
24 25 26 27

Figure 1. Northeastern area of Basseterre map extract

Scale - 1 : 50 000

TO BE ATIACHED TO YOUR ANSWER BOOKLET

01225020/F 2007
 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
HEADQUARTERS
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 02 - General Proficiency
G raph Paper for Question 6 (a) (i) Centre Number ........
Candidate’s Number

Key

Agriculture
A
70
Industry
(
Services
S
60
Gross Domestic Product - GDP (%)

50

40

30

20

10

0
A I S A I S A I S
Low Income Middle Income High income

Figure 6. Structure of World Economies

TO BE ATTACHED TO YOUR ANSWER BOOKLET
01225020/F 2007

i
 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
HEADQUARTERS
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 02 - Genera! Proficiency
Graph Paper for Question 9 (a) Centre Number..........
Candidate’s Number

14,i

12

10

I)
Pp Gl Ml PI L&O T&Y
Figure 8
TO BE ATTACHED TO YOUR ANSWER BOOKLET
01225020/F 2007