G e o m e t r i c
n s f o r m a t i
r a o n
T
Basic Math Grade 9
a r n i n g O b j e c t i v e
L e s
1. Explain geometric transformations (reflection, translation,
rotation and dilation) associated with contextual problems
2. Solve contextual problems related to geometric
transformations (reflection, translation, rotation and dilation)
Types of
Transformations
Reflection Translation Rotation Dilation
Types of
Transformations
Reflection Rotation
Function: Flips the pre-image Function: Rotates or turns the
and produces the mirror-image pre-image around an axis
Result : No change in size or Result : No change in size or
shape or orientation shape
Translation Dilation
Function: Slides or moves the Function: Slides or moves the
pre-image pre-image
Result : No change in size or Result : Expands or contracts
shape; Changes only the the shape
direction of the shape
G l o s s a r y
Pre-Image: the original figure
or shape
Image : the new figure after
transformations
R e f l e c t i o n
1st transformation
D e f i n i t i o n
REFLECTION
The type of transformation that occurs when each point in the
shape is reflected over a line is called the reflection. When the
points are reflected over a line, the image is at the same distance
from the line as the pre-image but on the other side of the line.
Every point (p,q) is reflected onto an image point (q,p)
Reflection Result
Function: Flips the pre-image
and produces the mirror-image
Result : No change in size or
shape or orientation
same size
same shape but flipped
same distance
Draw The Result
n t t y p e s o f r e f l e
f e r e c t i o
D i f n s
Type of Reflection Before Reflection After Reflection
Reflection over X-axis (x , y) (x , -y)
Reflection over Y-axis (x , y) (-x , y)
Reflection over the origin (0,0) (x , y) (-x , -y)
Reflection over y = x (x , y) (y , x)
Reflection over y = - x (x , y) (-y , -x)
Reflection over x = h (x , y) (2h-x , y)
Reflection over y = k (x , y) (x , 2k-y)
E x a m p l e
1. Find the reflect over the X-axis :
a. A(3, -4) → A' (3, 4)
b. P(-1, 2) → P' (-1,-2)
2. Find the reflect over the Y-axis :
a. B(2 , 5) → B' (-2,5)
b. Q(-4, -6) → B' (4,-6)
L e t ' s T r y
1. Find the points onto which the points (11, -8), (-6, -2) and (0, 4) are
mapped when reflected in the Y-axis.
2. Find the points onto which the points (-7, 6), (-5, -1) and (3, 0) are
mapped when reflected over y = x
3. Find the points onto which the points (1, -1), (3 , 4) and (-2, 5) are
mapped when reflected over y = -x
4. Find the points onto which the points (4, 6), (-5 , -9) and (1, 3) are
mapped when reflected over x = 2
5. Find the points onto which the points (8,-5), (7 , 2) and (-4, 6) are
mapped when reflected over y = -3
T r a n s l a t i o n
2nd transformation
Translation Result
Definition : the displacement of
a figure or a shape from one
place to another.
same size
same direction
same distance
Translation Notation
Translation using these rules:
a is the horizontal movement. You have to move to the left
(negative) or right (positive)
b is the vertical movement. You have to move to upwards
(positive) or downwards (negative)
E x a m p l e
Luffy walked right 7 units then
upwards 5 units. Where are the
coordinates of Luffy's position now?
E x a m p l e
Luffy walked right 7 units then
upwards 5 units. Where are the
coordinates of Luffy's position now?
A' (3,2)
A(-4,-3)
T r y t o G u e s s
Luffy walked right 6 units then
downwards 3 units. Where are the
coordinates of Luffy's position now?
B(-5,1)
T r y t o G u e s s
Luffy walked right 6 units then
downwards 3 units. Where are the
coordinates of Luffy's position now?
B(-5,1)
B'(1,-2)
T r y t o G u e s s
Luffy walked left 3 units then
downwards 1 unit. Then he continued
to walk to the left 2 units and
C(2,3)
downwars 3 units. Where are the
coordinates of Luffy's position now?
T r y t o G u e s s
Luffy walked left 3 units then
downwards 1 unit. Then he continued
to walk to the left 2 units and
C(2,3)
downwars 3 units. Where are the
coordinates of Luffy's position now? C'(-1,2)
C"(-3,-1)
Double Translation
On the previous example, we know that the pre-image is at C(2,3)
and it is translated by so the image became C'(-1,2).
and when C' is translated by thr result became C"(-3,-1)
So, from the translation above we can do the addition below:
Translation Exercise
1. Determine the image A(-6.4) by the following translation: a) T(4,-7); b) 5
units to the left, and 3 units upwards
2. Point B is translated by T(15,-9) and produces an image B'(4,8). Determine
the coordinates of point B!
3. The image of point A (-2.10) by translation T is A'(5,-3). Determine the
translation of T!
4. Triangle ABC with coordinates A(-3,4), B(-1,0) and C(0,2) translated by
translation T so that the image of point A is A'(2,2)
Determine the translation of T and the image of point B and point C
Draw triangle ABC and their images
R o t a t i o n
3rd Transformation
D e f i n i t i o n
The transformation that rotates each point
in the shape at a certain number of degrees
around that point.
same size
same shape
image
pre-image
Rotation Direction
Clockwise Counter Clockwise
Rotation Table
Type of Rotation Before Reflection After Reflection
Rotation of 90° or -270° (x , y) (-y , x)
Rotation of 180° or -180° (x , y) (-x , -y)
Rotation of 270°or -90° (x , y) (y , -x)
E x e r c ise
1. Find the new coordinates by rotation at an angle of 90º about the origin
when the pre-image is (1, -2)!
2. The image of the point P(x,y) by rotating about the origin (0,0) by
-90º is P'(-10,-2). Predict the value of x+2y!
3. Given a triangle ABC with A(2,4), B(8,0) and C(0,9) rotated 180º
counterclockwise with the rotation about the origin (0,0). Draw and
determine the image A'B'C'!
D i l a t i o n
4th Transformation
[Link]
D e f i n i t i o n
Dilation means changing the size of an
object without changing its shape. The size of
the object may be increased or decreased
based on the scale factor
same shape
Dilation Ilustration
Scale Factor
Enlarged Contracted
The image is enlarged if The image is contracted if
the scale factor is more the scale factor is less
than 1 (k > 1). than 1 (0< k <1)
Note: The magnitude of the scale factor is
considered and the scale factor cannot be zero.
E x a m p l e
In other words, if the
scale factor is k, the
coordinates (x,y) are
transformed to (kx,ky).
(x,y) → (kx,ky).
F a c t o r F o r m
a l e u l
S c a
Scale factor = Dimension of the new shape ÷
Dimension of the original shape.
Example
the coordinates of ΔPQR changed
as follows:
→
P(1,3) P' (3,9)
→
Q(3,1) Q' (9,3)
→
R(1,1) R' (3,3)
Example
Let us take the dimensions of vertex P (1, 3) and P' (3, 9).
1. Take the x-coordinate of P' = 3 and the x-coordinate of P = 1.
2. Substitute the values in the formula: 3 ÷ 1 = 3.
3. Now, take the y-coordinate of P' = 9 and the y-coordinate of P = 3.
4. Apply the same formula: 9 ÷ 3 = 3. Thus, we get the scale factor of 3
from both the coordinates.
E x e r c i s e
1. Find the scale factor of
the circle with the
measurements given in
the figure.
2. John dilated the ΔABC by a scale factor of 3 to obtain the image triangle
Δ A'B'C'. The coordinates of the vertices of Δ ABC are: A(3,3), B(5,3), C(5,1).
Determine the coordinates of ΔA'B'C'.