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Data Structures in Java Overview

The document discusses Java data structures and generic programming. It covers topics like generic methods, generic classes, and working with user defined classes. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to define generic methods and classes to handle different data types.

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Strictly Aviator Amritansh Verma
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128 views10 pages

Data Structures in Java Overview

The document discusses Java data structures and generic programming. It covers topics like generic methods, generic classes, and working with user defined classes. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to define generic methods and classes to handle different data types.

Uploaded by

Strictly Aviator Amritansh Verma
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data structures using Java

Importance of Data Structure:

1. Primitive data
2. Abstract data
3. Storing data
4. Retrieving data

Java supports for programming

• Encapsulation • Multithreading

• Inheritance • AWT, Swing, JavaFX

• Package and interface • Networking

• Exception handling • JDBC

Java supports for data structures

• [Link]

• class String

• [Link]
Generic method:
A method that can refer to any data type is known as a generic method.
The syntax for declaring a generic method is as follows:

<access specifier> <return type> mName (<type list>) {

// body of the method

Example 2.1: A generic method for printing

class DemoClass {
// Defining a generic method to print any data type
void genericPrint (T t) {
[Link] (t);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DemoClass aObj; // Creating an object of the class DemoClass
[Link](101); // Calling generic method with int argument
[Link]("Joy with Java"); // Calling generic method with String
[Link](3.1412343); // Calling generic method with double
}
}

Example 2.2 : Static generic method

class StaticGenericMethodDemo{
// Defining a static generic method to print any data type
static<T> void genericPrint (T t){
//The following statement print which type parameter T this method is handling
[Link] ([Link]().getName() + ":"+t);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
genericPrint(101); // Calling generic method with integer argument
genericPrint("Joy with Java"); // Calling generic method with String argument
genericPrint(3.1412343); // Calling generic method with double argument
}
}
Note: Parameter(s) should be class type(s)
Example 2.3: Generic method for Integer swap operation
// Similar to double and string

class SwapTest1{
public static void swap(T x, T y){
T temp;
t=x;
x=y;
y=t;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Integer x = new Integer(99);
Integer y = new Integer(66);
[Link]("x = “ + x + " “ + "y = “ + y);
swap(x, y);
[Link]("x = “ + x + " “ + "y = “ +y);
}
}

Example 2.6: Swap method with Object as parameters

class Person {
String name;
float marks;
Person(String name, float marks) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = marks
}
}
class SwapTest4{
public static void swap(Object x, Object y){
Object t;
t=x;
x=y;
y=t;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Object p1 = new Person(“Sumit”, 99.9);
Double p2 = new Double(”Rahul”, 66.6);
[Link](“p1 = “ + p1 + " “ + "y = “ + p2);
swap(p1, p2);
[Link](“p1 = “ + p1 + " “ + "y = “ + p2);
}
}
Methods with Variable List of Parameters:
Declaration of “varargs” methods

1. Using an array
gMethod1(T[] t);

2. Using ellipsis ( three dots)


gMethod2(T ... t);

3. Using Object class


gMethod3(Object[] o);

Varargs Method:
The values which you want to pass to a method, store them in
an array and then pass the array to the method,

Example 2.7: varargs method using array

class VarargsMethodDemo1 {
static void varargsMethod1(int v[]) {
[Link]("Number of args: " + [Link] +" Elements: ");
for(int x : v)
[Link](x + " ");
[Link]();
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
// Following arrays are created for test...
int x[] = { 1, 3, 5, 7 };
int y[] = { 2, 4};
int z[] = { };
varargsMethod1 (x); // Passed 4 values to the method
varargsMethod1 (y); // Passed 2 values to the method
varargsMethod1 (z); // Passed no argument to the method
}
}
Example 2.8: varargs method using Ellipsis

class VarargsMethodDemo2 {
//Defining a varargs method using ellipsis
static void varargsMethod2(int ...v) {
[Link]("Number of arguments: " + [Link]);
for (int i: v) // For each item i in array v
[Link](i + " ");
[Link]();
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
// Calling the varargs method with variable arguments
varargsMethod2 (9); // One parameter
varargsMethod2 (1, -2, 3, -4); // Four parameters
varargsMethod2 (); // no parameter
}
}

Example 2.9: varargs method using Objects

class VarargsMethodDemo3 {
public static void varargsMethod3(Object ... obj) {
for(Object o : obj)
[Link](“ “ + o);
[Link]( );
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
varargsMethod3( 1, “String”, 2.3, true); // Four arguments
varargsMethod3 (); // No arguments
varargsMethod3 (15, 25, 35, 45, 55); // Five arguments
}
}

Concept of Generic Class:


Why generic class?

 Observations  Different programs.


 Data are different.  Code duplications
 Algorithms (i.e., logic) are same for all
methods.
Example 3.3 : Program to handle an array of Strings,Integer and Double

class SpecificArrayString {
// Declaring an array of double values
String c;
// Constructor to load the array
SpecificArrayDouble(String c[]) {
this.c = c;
}
// Method to print the array elements
void printString() {
for(String x : c)
[Link](x);
}
// Method to reverse the array elements
void reverseString() {
j = [Link];
for (int i=0; i<j; i++)
double temp;
temp = c[i];
c[i] = c[j];
c[j] = temp;
j--;
} // End of for-loop
} // end of method
} // end of class
class MainClassString {
//This class use the class SpecificArrayInt to manipulate data in it
SpecificArrayDouble b = {“A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, “E”};
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}

Syntax for generic class definition

The syntax for declaring a generic class is as follows:


[<<Access] class <ClassName> <<Type1> [, <Type2>, …]> {
… body of the class
}

Here, is the full syntax for declaring a reference to a generic class and instance creation:
<className> <typeList> varName = new<className> <typeList> (<InputArray>);
Example 3.4 : Defining a generic class

public class GeneriClass <T> {


// Two elemnts of generic type T is defined below
private T x;
// Constructor
public GenericClass(T t) {
x = t;
}
// Print the T-type value for an object
public void printData() {
[Link] (x);
}
} // This completes the definition of a simple generic class GeneriClass<T>
class GenericClassTest {
public static void main( String args[] ) {
// A data with the member as String
GenericClass<String> a = new GenericClass <String> ("Java");
[Link]();
// A data with the member as integer value
GenericClass<Integer> b = new GenericClass<Integer> (123);
[Link]();
// A data with the member as float value
GenericClass<Double> c = new GenericClass <Double> (3.142);
[Link]();
}
}

Example 3.5: Defining class to process arrays with any data type

class GenericArray<T> {
//Declaring an array, which should store any type T of data
T a[ ];
GenericArray(T x) { // Define a constructor
a = x;
}
T getData(int i) { // To return the element stored in the i-th place in the array
return a[i];
}
void static printData (T b) { // A generic method to print the elements in array b
for(int i = 0; i < [Link](); i ++)
[Link]([Link](i) + " "); // Print the i-th element in b
[Link](); // Print a new line
}
void static reverseArray (T b) { // Generic method to reversed the order of elements in array b
int front = 0, rear = [Link]-1;
T temp;
while( front < rear) {
temp = b[rear];
b[rear] = a[front];
a[front] = temp;
front++; rear--;
}
}
}
class GenericClassArrayDemo {
public void static main(String args a[]) {
//Creating an array of integer data
Integer x[]={10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // It is an array of Integer numbers
// Store the data into generic array
GenericArray<Integer> aInt = new GenericArray<Integer>(x);
// Alternatively:
// GenericArray<Integer> aInt = new GenericArray<Integer>(new Integer x[ ] {10, 20, 30, 40, 50});
// Printing the data ...
printData(aInt); // Printing the array of integer objects
//Reverse ordering of data ...
reverseArray(aInt);
// Printing the data after reverse ordering ...
printData(aInt); // Printing the array of integer objects after reversing

//Creating an array of integer data


String y[]={“A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, “E”}; // It is an array of String objects
// Store the data into a generic array
GenericArray<String> bString= new GenericArray<String>(y);
// Printing the data ...
printData(bString); // Printing the array of string objects
//Reverse ordering of data ...
reverseArray(bString);
// Printing the data after reverse ordering ...
printData(bString); // Printing the array of string objects after reversing

//Creating an array of double data


Double z[]={1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 4.5, 5.6}; // It is an array of double values
// Store the data into a generic array
GenericArray<Double> cDouble= new GenericArray<Double>(z);
// Printing the data ...
printData(cDouble); // Printing the array of double values
//Reverse ordering of data ...
reverseArray(cDouble);
// Printing the data after reverse ordering ...
printData(cDouble); // Printing the array of double values after reversing
} // End of main method
} // End of GenericArrayClassDemo class
Example 3.6: Working with user defined class

//Define a class Student


class Student {
String name;
float marks;
Student(String name, float marks) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = marks;
}
class GenericClass<T> { // Use < > to specify class type
T obj; // An object of type T is declared
GenericClass(T obj) { // Constructor of the generic class
[Link] = obj;
}
public T getObject() { // A Method in the class
return [Link];
}
}
class GenericClassTest { // Driver class to test generic class facility
public static void main (String[] args) {
GenericClass<Integer> iObj= new GenericClass<Integer>(15);
// A class with Integer type
[Link]([Link]());
GenericClass<String> sObj= new GenericClass<String>("Java");
// Another class with String type
[Link]([Link]());
GenericClass<Student> tObj = new GenericClass <Student>(”Debasis”, 99.9);
// Another class with Student type
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
NOTE:- A generic method or any method in a generic class can be declared as static.

In parameter type, you can not use primitives type like int, char, double, etc. Only class can
be referred as the template data.

class GenericClass<T> { // Use < > to specify class type


T obj; // An object of type T is declared
GenericClass(T obj) { // Constructor of the generic class
[Link] = obj;
}}
class GenericClassDemo3 {
public void static main(String args a[]) {
GenericClass<Integer> a = new GenericClass<Integer>(123); // Okay
// GenericClass<int> a = new GenericClass<int>(234); // ERROR!
GenericClass<String> s = new GenericClass<String>("Joy with Java"); // Okay
// GenericClass<double> d = new GenericClass<double>(9.87); // ERROR!
GenericClass<Double> d = new GenericClass<Double>(1.23); // Okay
}}

Common questions

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Generic classes in Java are defined with a type parameter that applies to an entire class, enabling the general use of a class with different data types, thus improving code reusability and reducing redundancy for class-level operations. Generic methods, however, are defined with type parameters applicable only within the context of that particular method, allowing methods within non-generic classes to operate on various data types. While both contribute to type safety and reusability, generic classes affect the design at the class level, often resulting in more scalable solutions, while generic methods enhance method-level flexibility .

JavaFX and AWT/Swing are pivotal in Java GUI development, each offering distinct advantages. AWT/Swing are older toolkit standards providing a foundation for creating GUI applications with features like lightweight components and event-driven programming. JavaFX, however, offers a modern approach, supporting rich client applications with sophisticated features such as CSS for styling, FXML for layout, and hardware-accelerated graphics. While AWT/Swing is well-suited for simple desktop applications, JavaFX provides enhanced capabilities for multi-platform, visually-rich applications, improving user experiences through more dynamic and responsive interfaces .

In Java, varargs using an array require creating and passing an array to the method, explicitly defining the number of possible arguments beforehand. In contrast, using ellipsis offers a more concise syntax, enabling methods to accept a variable number of arguments directly without predefining an array. This makes ellipsis particularly useful for scenarios where the number and type of parameters are unpredictable at compile time, offering more flexibility and cleaner code .

JDBC API facilitates connectivity between Java applications and databases by providing a standard interface for accessing relational databases. It allows executing SQL queries, retrieving results, and updating databases directly from Java programs. JDBC abstractly represents database connections and commands, offering database independence and enabling Java applications to interact seamlessly with multiple database systems, which greatly enhances the application's ability to manage and manipulate data effectively and efficiently .

Generic methods in Java provide the ability to create methods that can operate on any data type, facilitating code reusability and reducing redundancy. They allow the same method to be used with different types of data without the need for type casting, thus increasing the type safety of the code. Moreover, generic methods remove the need for method overloading for different data types by using a single generic implementation .

Java’s exception handling mechanism increases the robustness of data structure operations by providing a structured way to detect, handle, and recover from unexpected errors. Using try-catch blocks, developers can isolate abnormal conditions and provide alternative execution paths or recovery mechanisms, minimizing the impact of runtime errors on program flow. This feature is particularly valuable in data structure operations, where erroneous inputs or unexpected conditions can otherwise lead to program crashes or data corruption .

Multithreading in Java enables concurrent execution of two or more parts of a program for maximum utilization of CPU. Threads are lightweight processes that allow simultaneous execution within a single Java process, leading to improved performance, especially in applications that involve heavy or unblocking I/O operations. By using threads, Java applications can achieve better system resource management, increased throughput, faster response times, and minimized idle CPU cycles, which altogether enhance application performance significantly .

Java's encapsulation strongly supports the management and security of data structures by allowing data hiding through private access modifiers and controlling access through public methods. This separation of internal representation from external accessibility ensures data integrity and prevents unauthorized operations, making encapsulation highly effective in promoting modularity, maintainability, and reusability of code in complex applications involving data structures .

Packages and interfaces in Java play a critical role in organizing and managing program code by supporting modularity and abstraction. Packages provide a namespace to avoid naming conflicts and enable logical grouping of related classes and interfaces, which simplifies code management and maintenance. Interfaces, on the other hand, define contracts for classes without dictating how they should be implemented, which encourages code abstraction and flexibility. Collectively, these constructs promote high cohesion and low coupling in Java programs, facilitating scalable and maintainable codebase designs .

The primary limitation of the swap operation using generics in Java arises from the nature of Java’s pass-by-value mechanism. Even when using a generic method, such as swap, the method gets only the copy of the references to the objects, not the actual references themselves. This means any changes made within the method do not affect the original references outside the method scope. Thus, the swap operation does not effectively change the original variables' values unless wrapped in a mutable object or container .

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