Science 7
Chemistry
Scientific Method – a series of organized steps that
are taken to answer a question to solve a problem
1. Make observation - Observation is a way of
acquiring information using the 5 senses.
- Qualitative observations are observations from
the 5 senses
- Quantitative observations are numerical
values obtained from measuring tools
2. State the problem - To define the problem that you
want to solve or know
3. Collect preliminary data – Analyze the facts and
data you called and look for trends and patterns
4. Formulate a hypothesis – a hypothesis is an
educated guess that may lead to a possible solution to
the problem
5. Test the hypothesis
- controlled experiment – designed to test the effect
of a change in condition (variable)
- independent variable is the value being
manipulated and the dependent variable is the factor
that changes relying on the change in the
independent variable
If the dependent variable increases as the
independent variable increases (and vice versa), they
are said to be directly proportional. If the dependent
variable decreases as the independent variable
increases (and vice versa), they are said to be
inversely proportional.
6. Collect and analyze data – the data from the
experiment will either support or oppose your
hypothesis
7. Draw a conclusion – does the data support or
invalidate the hypothesis?
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
Pure substance –
homogeneous (1 phase)
Element – made of 1 Compound – made of
atom 2 or more elements
O, H, Au, Br, Pb, Hg NaCl, H20, CO2
Acids and Bases
Acids Bases
Sour taste Bitter taste
Hot & corrosive Slippery texture
Irritating smell
Conductors of electricity
Reacts w/ metals to Reacts w/ fats to form
produce hydrogen gas soap
Makes blue litmus paper Makes red litmus paper
to red to blue
Amphoteric compounds – can act as both acid and
base
Strong and weak acids Strong and weak bases
Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide
Hydrobromic acid Potassium hydroxide
Hydrobodic acid Magnesium hydroxide
Nitric acid Calcium hydroxide
Chloric acid
Perchloric acid
Sulfuric acid
The solute is a compound of a solution that is a
compound of a solution that is being dissolved,
normally present in a smaller amount. Solvent is a
component of a solution that dissolves the solute and
is normally greater in amount. The ability of a solute
to be dissolved in a solvent in a given solution is
called solubility.
Saturated solution – is a solution that contains the
maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a
given amount of solvent.
The percent by mass expresses the concentration of a
solution as a ratio or percentage of the mass of the
solute to the mass of the solution.
%mass = mass of solute / mass of solution x 100%
The msol’n is equal to the mass of the solute + the
msolvent
Mass (sol’n) = mass(solute) + mass(solvent)
Unsaturated solution – is a solution containing less
amount of solute in a given amount of solvent leaving
no traces.
The percent by volume are for solutions that involve a
liquid solute and solvent, and express concentration
by volume of its components.
%volume = volume of solute / volume of sol’n x
100%
Concentration is the amount of solute and solvent
dissolved in a solution
- Diluted solution contains greater amount of
solvent more than solute
- Concentrated solution contains greater
amount of the solute than solvent
Organic compounds are carbon–containing
compounds, while inorganic compounds are
compounds formed by other elements.
Biology
Parts of the microscope and their function
Microscope – an instrument designed to produce
magnified visual or photographic images of small
objects
1. Simple microscope (magnifying glass) – light
passes through 1 lens
2. Compound microscope – lets light pass through an
object in two or more lenses
3. Stereoscopic microscope – gives a 3d view of an
object, used for dissection
4. Electron microscope – uses a beam of electrons
instead of a beam of light to magnify the image
a. Transmittion Electron Microscope (TEM) = allows
the observation of molecules within cells, 100,00x
magnification and gives a detailed study of the
internal ultrastructure of cells
b. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – provides a
3d image of specimen’s surface features
5. Confocal Laser Scanner Microscope (CLSM) – uses
laser beam to illuminate spots on specimen (that are
too thick for a light microscope)
Biological Levels of Organization
Biosphere All parts of the Earth
where life exists
Ecosystem Communities that
interact in a specific area
Community Interacting group of
various species in a
common area
Population Organisms of the same
group living in a
particular area
Organisms An individual living
thing
Organ system A group of organs
Organs A group of different
tissues
Tissues A group of cells
Cells Basic structural and
functional unit of life
Cell is the structural unit of life because the entire
body of an organism is made up of cells which
provide structure for the body. It is also known as the
functional unit of life because it regulates all
functions.
Cell organelles and their functions
1. Nucleus – houses the DNA and is the brain of the
cell
2. Mitochondria – powerhouse the cell, one of the
largest organelles within a cell
3. Ribosomes – dot-like organelles that contain RNA
4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum – production of
antibodies and insulin, transportation channel of
produced proteins, has ribosomes attached to its
surface
5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – used to build the
cell membrane, transportation of vesicles, no
ribosomes on its surface
6. Golgi bodies – transporting and packaging proteins
and lipids into vesicles
7. Lysosomes – cleaners of the cell
8. Vacuoles – a place inside the cell that does not have
cytoplasm
9. Cell/Plasma membrane – encloses the contents of
the cell or the ‘fence, controls what materials can go in
and out
10. Cytoplasm – jelly-like fluid where organelles are
located
11. Cell well – adds covering for which provides
support, protection and shape to the cell
12. Chloroplasts – contains pigments such as
chlorophyll
13. Centriole – tube-like structure that aids in cell
division (separating the chromosomes)
Microorganisms – also known as microscopic
organisms and are small enough to not be seen by the
naked eye. Ex. Bacteria, fungi, protists
Types of Reproduction
To reproduce means “to make a new life”.
Asexual Reproduction The creation of a new
organism from a single
parent without the
combination of gametes
Spore formation Produces hundreds of
tiny spores that can grow
into new plants
Ex. Bread mold & fern
Budding Outgrowth called a bud
grows and develops from
the parent animal – and
separates to become a
new individual
Ex. Coral, hydra, yeast
Fission Parent divides in half
forming 2 individuals
Ex. Sea anemone,
bacteria, amoeba
Fragmentation New organism forms
from a fragment of the
parent
Ex. Planaria, cnidarians
Regeneration When an organism
replaces or repairs a lost
damaged part of the body
Ex. Starfish, lobster
Vegetative Propagation
- Runners – aboveground stem that grows
horizontally around the surface (strawberries)
- Rhizomes – underground stem that grows
horizontally along the surface (ginger)
- Tubers – underground stem with buds or eyes
(Potato)
- Bulb – underground stem with thick and
fleshy colorless leaves (Onions)
- Corm – an enlarged short underground stem
that stores food (Taro)
Sexual Reproduction – a form of reproduction that
involves 2 parents. When the sperm and egg cell
(gametes) unite, it is a process called fertilization. The
resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, contains genes
from both parents.
Types of Animal Fertilization
External Fertilization The release of gametes
into an external
environment (Fishes)
Internal Fertilization Male deposits his sperm
directly into the female’s
body where the sperm
cells swim up the
reproductive tract until
they encounter a mature
egg.
Oviparous –
development of egg is
outside the mother’s
body (reptiles,
amphibians, birds)
Ovoviviparous – eggs
complete their
environment in the
mother’s body (fish)
Viviparous – eggs are
developed internally and
receive nourishment from
the mother’s blood
through the placenta
(mammals)
Components of the Ecosystem – the environment is
made up of living and non-living organisms in their
natural habitat under certain conditions
Abiotic Components of Ecosystem – the non-living or
abiotic components which includes various physical
elements
Water – dissolves other substances, carries nutrients
in cells
Sunlight – main source of energy, plays important
role in plants, sustains life on Earth
Biotic Components of an Ecosystem – organisms that
make up the living, or biotic, components of an
ecosystem and are usually grouped as producers,
consumers, and decomposers.
Producers (Autotrophs) are organisms that can make
their own food by converting the energy from the
sun.
Consumers (Heterotrophs) are organisms who cannot
make their own food.
- Primary: herbivores, secondary: carnivores,
omnivores
Decomposers (Detritus) – decompose or breakdown
chemicals from producers and consumers into simple
form which can be reused (bacteria, fungi)
Ecological Relationships
Organisms live and interact w/ each other. These
interactions may benefit or harm other organisims.
Others may not be harmed or affected at all. Some
organisms live in a close relationship w/ other
organisms.
Mutualism is an ecological relationship where both
organisms are benefitted. Predation is another
relationship where one organism is benefitted while
the other is hunted and killed.
When two or more population use a limited supply of
resources, competition may occur among the
organisms. They compete for food, light & space. In
this relationship, both the organisms are harmed.
In this ecosystem, birds build their nests on trees but
the tree is not affected at all. This relationship is called
commensalism. The birds benefit from the
relationship. They are called the commensal. The tree
is the host and is not affected or harmed from the
relationship.
Another ecological relationship is Parasitism in which
one lives at the expense of another. A parasite
depends on the host for food, nourishment and
shelter.
Physics
Motion – is the act or process of moving and
changing positions related to a reference point for a
particular time interval.
Reference point – is a place or object used for
comparison to see if something is in motion
1. Distance (Scalar Quantity) – measuring the total
length travelled by an object
2. Displacement (Vector Quantity) – the shortest
distance between the initial and final position of an
object
Speed – the rate of distance at a given time
Speed = distance / time
Average speed – speed of the object throughout its
travel
Instantaneous speed – the speed of an object at an
instant
Constant speed – when an objects instantaneous
speed values are always the same
Velocity – the speed in a given direction
Velocity = displacement / time
Acceleration – rate of change in speed or velocity in
an object / how fast it speeds up or slows down
Acceleration = change in velocity / time
Positive acceleration – increase in speed or velocity
Deceleration – decrease in speed or velocity
Waves – a periodic disturbance that moves away
from a source and carries energy with it
Wavelength – the distance from one wave to the
next wave
Types of waves
1. Mechanical waves
a) Transverse waves – all points on the wave
move along poles perpendicular to the
direction of waves motion
b) Longitudinal waves – all points on the
wave move along poles parallel to the
direction of waves motion
2. Electromagnetic waves
Amplitude – the distance from the equilibrium
position to the crest or the trough
Period – the time it takes for the source to make one
complete wave
Frequency – number of waves passing through in a
second
Frequency and wavelength are inversely
proportional to each other. The wave with the
greatest frequency has the shortest wavelength.
When the frequency is high, the wavelength is
short. When the frequency is low, the wavelength is
long
A mechanical wave is nothing more than a
disturbance travelling through a medium (solid,
liquid, gas
Electromagnetic waves can travel without a
medium to propagate
Radio waves Transmit sound and
pictures
Microwaves Satellite communication,
cooking, telephone
Infrared Transmit heat from
bodies w/ temperature
Visible light Makes things able to be
seen
UV rays Checking bank notes,
sterilize water from
water fountains
X-rays Helps doctors look
inside the body and
other objects
Gamma rays Medicine for killing
cancer cells (radio
therapy)
Sound – we can hear sounds because sound waves
come in contact with our eardrums. Then, our
eardrums will vibrate and is interpreted by our brain.
Sound waves can travel through solids, liquids and
gas but can travel faster in solids.
Characteristics of sound
1. Pitch – highness/lowness of sound
- High pitch, high frequency, low pitch, low
frequency
2. Loudness and intensity – intensity of sound refers
to the amount of energy a sound wave carries. Waves
with high amplitude usually carry large amounts of
energy, thus has high intensity.
Light
The sun is the natural main source of light on earth.
Brightness of light depends on: source of light,
distance to the source, qualitatively person’s
perception. Brightness can be expressed as a
luminous intensity with a unit known as candela.
Light from the sun is seen to be as white light. But is
composed of different colors (ROY G. BIV). When
light passes through a prism, it is separated ito its
constituent color. (color dispersion)
When white light falls on an object which does not let
it pass through…
1. All of the colors in white light may be
reflected, and therefore the object may appear
white.
2. Some of the colors may be reflected and the
object appears colored
3. All the colors are absorbed by the object and
therefore appears black.
Color of transparent objects
When white light falls on a colored transparent object,
some of the colors of white light will be absorbed and
others will pass through and be transmitted, and the
object appears colored.
When white light galls on a white transparent object,
it will pass through and be transmitted, and the object
appears white.
The color of opaque objects are determined by the
color they reflect while the color of transparent
objects are determined by the color they transmit.
Heat – is the form of energy that is being transferred
between systems or objects with different
temperatures.
The flow or transfer of heat energy is naturally from
high temperature object system to low temperature
object system
Conduction – transfer of heat energy from higher
temperature object in lower temperature object that
are directly in contact.
Convection – transfer of heat energy from one
molecule of a substance like hot air from a fire
Radiation – transfer of heat energy from one object to
another that are not in contact with each other or are
by separated by air.
Evaporation – transfer of heat that occurs when water
changes from liquid to gas.
Electricity – a set of phenomena associated with the
presence of electric charges.
a. positive charge – protons are positively charged
particles in an atom.
b. negative charge – electrons are negatively charged
particles in an atom.
If the number of electrons and number of protons are
equal, the atom is neutral. If the electrons are
removed from an atom, it is no longer neutral but it is
a charged atom.
Law of conservation of charge – “Charges cannot be
created nor destroyed, but can be transformed from
an object to another.”
Repulsive force – same charges repel each other
Attractive force – opposite charges attract each other.
Electric circuit – a closed connection of batteries,
resistors, switches and wires
Static Electricity – not moving electricity
Current/Moving electricity – involves charges that
make or flow from one point to another.
Materials that allow electric current to pass through
are called conductors, while materials that don’t
allow electric current to pass through are called
insulators – same with heat
Araling Panlipunan 7
Silangang Asya
China Beijing Yuan
Japan Tokyo Yen
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean
won
South Korea Seoul South Korean
won
Mongolia Ulaanbatar Mongolian
togrog
Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan
dollar
Timog-Silangang Asya
Brunei Bandar Seri Brunei dollar
Begawan
Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodian riel
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah
Laos Vientiane Lao kip
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit
Myanmar Naypyidaw Kyat
Philippines Manila Philippine peso
Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar
Thailand Bangkok Baht
Timor-Leste Dili US dollar
Vietnam Hanoi Dong
Timog Asya
Afghanistan Kabul Afghan afghani
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistan rupee
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka
Bhutan Thimpu Bhutanese
ngultrum
India New Delhi Indian rupee
Maldives Male Maldivian
rufiyaa
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee
Sri Lanka Sri Sri Lankan
Jayawardenepur rupee
a Kotte
Kanlurang Asya
Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar
Cyprus Nicosia Euro
Iran Tehran Iranian rial
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar
Israel Jerusalem Israeli new
shekel
Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound
Oman Muscat Omani rial
Palestine Jerusalem (East) Palestine pound
Qatar Doha Qatari riyal
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal
Syria Damascus Syrian pound
Turkey Ankara Turkish lira
U.A.E Abu Dhabi UAE dirham
Yemen Sana’a Yemeni rial
Hilagang Asya
Armenia Yerevan Armenian dram
Azerbaijan Baku Azerbaijani
manat
Georgia Tbilisi Lari
Kazakhstan Nur-Sultan Kazakhstani
tenge
Kyrgyztan Bishkek Kyrgyzstani
som
Russia Moscow Russian ruble
Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new
manat
Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan som
Mapeh 7
Festival dances – are cultural dances performed to the
strong beats of percussion instruments by a
community of people.
Religious festival – are festival dedicated for patrons,
gods, saints and others related to religion
Festival Place Time
Ati-atihan Feast of Aklan 3 week of
rd
festival Santo Nino January
Sinulog Santo Nino Cebu 3rd Sunday
festival of January
Dinagyang To honor Iloilo city 4th Sunday
Festival Sto. Nino of January
Moriones Folk- Marinduque Holy Week
Festival religious
festival
Pahiyas San Isidro Lucban, 15th of May
Festival de Quezon
Labrador
Feast of our Birth of the Naga, Bicol 2nd or 3rd
lady of blessed Sunday of
Penafrancia Virgin September
Mary
Sublian Bauan & Batangas July 23
Festival Agoncillo City
and Santo
Nino
Higantes Saint Angono, November
Festival Clement Rizal
Longganisa Saint Paul Vigan, January
Festival Ilocos Sur
Kinabayo James the Dapitan July
Festival Great City
Pintados Sto. Nino Passi, Iloilo March
Festival
Pattaradday Senor San Santiago May
Festival Tiago City
Sangyaw Sto. Nino Tacloban July
Festival City
Secular Festival – is opposite of religious festival; a
celebration of people’s industry and bountiful harvest
Lanzones To Camiguin October
Festival celebrate
bounty
harvests of
Lanzones
Masskara Festival of City of smiles, 4th Sunday
Festival Masks Bacolod of October
Ibalong Celebrates Bicol August
Festival story of
Ibalong
Kalilangan Kalilang - Maguindanao 4th week of
Festival celebration n February
Penagbenga Flower Baguio City February
Festival festival
Kadayawan Madayaw – Davao 3rd week of
Festival good / August
beautiful
Binatbatan Weaving Vigan, Ilocos May
Festival Industry Sur
Bangus Milkfish Dagupan, April to
Festival Industry Pangasinan May
Bambanti Scarecrow Isabela January
Festival (farming)
Mammangui Corn Iligan May
Festival Industry
Mango Mango Iba, Zambales April
Festival Industry
Ibon Ebon Migratory Pampanga February
Festival Birds – egg
industry
T’nalak Tinalak South July
Festival cloth Cotabato
weaving
Ammungan Gathering Nueva Vizcaya May
Festival of tribal
industries