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Environment Management Techmax

Environment Management Techmax

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Ke1vin Gaming
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287 views97 pages

Environment Management Techmax

Environment Management Techmax

Uploaded by

Ke1vin Gaming
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Contents 11 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 1.10 111 142 1.13 24 22 al Envirc Introduction Components of Environment What is Environment? Definition of Environment Need of Environment Education ‘Aspects of Environment Management 1.6.1 Ecology 1.6.2 Earth Science 1.6.3 Atmospheric Science 1.6.4 Water Science 1.6.5 Climate Change 1.6.7 Society and Culture 4.6.8 Environmental Law 4.69 Environmental Assessment 4.6.10 Mitigation and Monitoring 1.6.11. Management Practice 1.6.12 Waste Management 1.6.13 Sustainability Need/Significance of Environmental Management Tools and Techniques Environment Management 4.8.1 Tools of Environment Management 4.8.2 Environmental Management Techniques 1.8.3 Functions of Environmental Management Contemporary Managers Career Opportunities Environmental Issues Relevant to India Sustainable Development 1.12.1. Need of Sustainable Development 1.12.2 Goals of Sustainable Development The Energy Scenario 1.13.1, Renewable and Non-renewable Energy 1.13.2 Primary and Secondary Energy 1.13.4 Commercial and Non-commercial Energy Review Questions M tal C ns Introduction to Environmental Concerns Global Warming 2.1 Causes of Global Warming 2 Impacts of Global Warming 23 Acid Rain 23 23.1 Sources/Causes of Acid Rain a 223 Effects of Acid Rain oe 2.4 Ozone Depletion ee 25 Hazardous Wastes ie 2.5.1 Causes of Hazardous Waste oe 2.6 Endangered Life-Species = 27 Loss of Biodiversity = 27.1 Causes of Loss of Biodiversity en 28 — IndustrialMan-made Disasters ne 2.8.1 Types of Industrial Disasters a 29 Atomic/Biomedical Hazards wah 2.9.1 _ Impact of Biomedical Wastes on Human and Environment ary * Review Questions 2.42 3.1 Concepts of Ecology 34 3.2 Ecosystems and Interdependence Between Living Organisms. 3.4 3.2.1 Symbiosis 35 3.2.2 Competition Neither Organism Benefits a5 33 Habitats 3.6 3.3.1. Types of Habitat ar 33.2 Significance of Habitat in Environment 38 34 Limiting Factors 38 3.4.1 Types of Limiting Factor 39 35 Camying Capacity 39 3.5.1 Importance of Carrying Capacity 3.11 3.6 Food Chain 341 3.6.1 Food Web an 3.6.2 Trophic Level 3.13 3.6.3 Significance of Food Chain 3.15 3.6.4 Grazing and Detritus Food Chain 3.15 3.7 Biogeochemical Cycle 3.17 3.7.1 Significance of Biogeochemical Cycle 3.17 in Biological Cycles 347 3.7.2 Steps to Maintain the Equilibri 3.7.3 Water Cycle 3.18 3.7.4 Oxygen Cycle 3.20 3.7.5 Nitrogen Cycle 321 + 3.7.6 Carbon Cycle 3.23 3.8 — Ecological Pyramid 3.24 3.26 7 Review Questions Sof Environi ment Mane 4,1 Introduction 4.14. Environment Management . 4.1.2. Introduction to Environmental Management System (EMS) : 4.4.3 Importance of Environmental Management a 442. Role and Functions of Government as a Planning and a Regulating Agency Environment Quality Management 4.2.1 The Environment Protection Act, 1986 4.2.2 National Policy on Pollution Abatement (NPPA) 4.2.3 National Environment Policy of 2006 4.2.4 Purposes of the National Environment Policy 4.25 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) 4.26 Central Pollution Control Board 4.2.7. State Pollution Control Boards 4.3 Corporate Environment Responsibility 7 4.3.1. Role of Environmental Management System 4.3.2 Environmental Strategies Review Quest jality En 5.1 Introduction to Total Quality Environment Management (TQEM) 5 5.1.2 Components of TQEM 51 5.1.3 Objectives of TQEM 52 5.2 1SO-14000 53 5.3 EMS Certification 54 Review Questions to General Overview of Major Legislations ey 62 Environment Protection Act | 63 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 7 6.4 — Wildlife Protection Act 6.5 Forest Acts 6.5.1 The Forest Act 1980 6.6 Factories Act a CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT Introduction to Environment! Introdices the concept of environmental management overview. It clears the significance of ‘environment management for contemporary managers, career opportunities and environmental issues relevant to India: It also covers the in detailed knowledge of sustainable development and the energy scenario, 1 AINTRODUCTI The ecosystem containing the smooth functioning between biotic and abiotic factors is known as environment. The biotic factor includes living components and abiotic factors include soil, water, sunlight, temperature, PH, climate, wind and atmosphere etc. Hence, everything around us is the environment. The ecosystem provides us natural resources which are highly essential for the maintenance of our health, survival and life cycle. Therefore the study of environment is very indispensable which makes us aware about the need of conservation of environment for which maintenance of quality environment is necessary. Quality environment includes healthy ecosystem, clean water, healthy food, clean air and eco friendly resources for the growth and maintenance of living organisms. The principles of multidisciplinary branches like chemistry, soil sciences, and biology are significant to implement for the conservation of environment through the improvement of natural resources, their consumption, their recycling, water disposal, and soil and air pollution control and finally focus on the health of human beings. Various human activities are responsible for the degradation of environment which may lead to the question about the existence of humans on the planet. The degradation of almost all the natural resources due to rapid industrial growth, urbanization, hi tech agriculture and construction of tall towers have been resulted to focus on many environmental issues like green house gasses, global warming, depletion in ozone layer etc. Understanding the importance of environment by an individual becomes simple to manage pollution, create awareness about the conservation of the natural resources, and can realize the impact of harmful green houses gasses released in to the environment due to human activities. Hence studying the concept of environment makes us aware about its importance and realization of our responsibilities towards protection of environment. There are two types of environment. 1. Geographic environment- associated to the life and production commotion of humanity. 2. Man made environment- adapted by the humans as per the requirement for their sustainability. A:2ICOMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT ol lo RINE (2. What are the components of Environment? Define each component. Environment, thus, is the setting in which living and non-living objects exist, engage in interactions, develop, and eventually perish. The environment's characteristics control how the local wildlife lives. Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere are the four main elements of the environment and stand for, respectively, rocks, water, air, and life, The environment consists of four major components like hydrosphere-water, ithosphere-land, atmosphere-air and biosphere corresponding to the life. The Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere are the fundamental elements of the environment. the land, the rocks, or the soil Hydrosphere - Water Atmosphere - Air Biosphere: The living portion. One of the most crucial elements of the ecosystem is the atmosphere. The lithosphere, or rocks and soil, the atmosphere, or air, the hydrosphere, or water, and the biosphere, or biological part of the environment, are the five basic constituents of the environment. aan Introduction to Environ im Hydrosphere ‘Components of environment Biosphere Atmosphere Fig, 1.1: Components of Environment lydrosphere (water) Lithosphere (earth) Fig. 1.2: Components of Environment 1. Hydrosphere: Hydrosphere is the main cause for the existence of life on the earth as compared to other plant Hydrosphere includes the entire volume of water present on the surface of Earth, Almost 71 % of earths co” with water in various sources like oceans, lakes, rivers, ponds, well, underground as ground water, dl i water vapours and in the form of ice. It is comprised of all of these water forms. Study of hyrosse 7 important aspect as it supports the life on planet by maintaining ecosystem and by regulating the life oye sie! favourable atmosphere. It is an important source of nutrients like nitrates, nitrites, dissolved ions in water vere for the growth and maintenance of living beings and ultimately for the existence of life on the planet Hydro Plays important role in climate change, regulating atmosphere, regulating temperature, fulfil the Feauet’ y drinking water of human beings and almost all the fundamental needs of humans, provi Subsistence of life is impossible without water. Along with all these essential aspects t aso ait a human a, tumicty and precipitation. The presence of salts and minerals in hydrospher® are very aa ugh economical point of view and also acts as a source for the generation of See eraporaon aco cycle is important phenomenon of hydrosphere wt apo to omy Prepon tren mat fom fauid to gas), condensation transformation of ‘ater rit waters absorbed ong sto cath surface in the form of rain or snow) and surface Part flows through different regions like mountains and hills) Bee am sie 1s four ser) i -off water Environmental Management 13 Introduction to Environment Evaporation Fig, 1.3: Water Cycle Several ways to protect hydrosphere: * Motivate tree plantation preferably native plants which can sustain in local climate and need less water and negligible fertilizers for the growth, + Prefer water conservation in all possible ways. * Avoid use of plastics products which ultimately are discharged in to the sea/ oceans and affect the aquatic life causing imbalance in ecosystem. * Create awareness among the people about the importance of water. + Protect natural water reservoirs from getting polluted due to discharge of untreated industrial wastes and trash into them. 2. Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outermost shell of earth which extends from 70-100 km. It consists of three shell of earth known as crust, mantle and core. Crust is outer solid shell of earth which is composed of oceanic (composed of magma) and continental (composed of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks). Crust made-up of felsic rock, Mantle is uppermost part of next layer which represents 68% mass of earth (composed of elements oxygen, silicon, titanium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron etc) and is hot layer. The third shell is core of iron metal which represents 31% of earth, Asthenosphere Lithosphere (crust ‘Crust 0-100 km |-plus the upper mantle) Fig. 1.4: Components of Lithosphere Importance of Lithosphere: * It supports living organisms and plant life in combination with hydrosphere and atmosphere, Introduction to Environment quired for the existence life on the planet, = Ttis the source of natural nutrients 12% * Tt produces food for living organisms. + Tis the source of crude petroleum oil, coal and natural gas value, + tis the prime source of minerals tke iron, gold, copper which enhance the commercial * Fertile layer of soil supports agricultural outputs. * tis responsible to seize fresh water and energy resources. 3. Atmosphere: a t Nitroger Atmosphere refers to the gasses surrounding the planet. It shows the presence of many gasses like Nitrog Oxygen, Argon, CO; and the traces of Methane, Krypton, Water vapor and Hydrogen, Atmosphere of Earth | composed of five layers depending upon the temperature, > 400km Exosphoro 50-400 km Thermosphere 30-50 km Mesosphero 10-30 km. Stratosphoro 0-10 km Troposphere : Layers of Atmosphere Table 1.1: Layers of Atmosphere [Link]. | _ Layers of Atmosphere Introduction 1. | Exosphere It ranges from > 400 km. It is the highest layer and extremely thin. It consists of dispersed particles of Hydrogen and Helium. 2. | Thermosphere It ranges from 50-400 km. It is the second highest layer of atmosphere. Its temperature increases gradually with heights. 3. | Mesosphere It ranges from 30-50 km. Itis the third highest layer of atmosphere. It hhas the coldest temperature in the atmosphere, Shooting stars are visible in this layer, 4, | Stratosphere It ranges from 10-30 km. It contains ozone layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiations, 5. | Troposphere It ranges from 0-10 km. It is the closest layer of atmosphere to the Earth surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. Importance of Atmosphere: * Itabsorbs harmful ultra violet radiation emitted by the sun, + It maintains diurnal temperature variation + It protects life by maintaining appropriate pressure required on the Earth, © It provides oxygen for humans for respiration and CO, for plants, snvironmental Management as Introduction to Environment 4. Biosphere: Biosphere refers to the region of Earth occupied by living organisms including air. It is also known as the zone of life on the Earth. It ranges from 20 km from top to bottom. It is composed of biotic and abiotic factors. It is nade-up of different ecological systems. It is defined as the combined region of hydrosphere, lithosphere and stmosphere in which living organisms are found. Atmosphore Biosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Fig. 1.6: Importance of Biosphere: ‘* Without biosphere, the Earth would be lifeless. + Ithelps to regulate the composition of atmosphere, * Ithelps to regulate the water cyele. * Ithelps to regulate the quality of soil. + Ithelps to regulate the climate. The term “environment” refers to everything that is immediately around us, encompassing both living and nonliving objects like soil, water, creatures, and plants that can adapt to their surroundings. The ability to support life on Earth is a gift from nature. The environment is necessary for life to exist on Earth. An ecosystem is a part of the biosphere that has an impact on the health of the entire planet. The environment encompasses both living things and inanimate objects. The components of the environment can be roughly divided into two categories: Biotic Components: The biotic components of an ecosystem are the organisms that make it up. Animals, plants, fungus, bacteria, and other biotic elements are some examples. These biotic elements can be further classified as producers, ‘consumers, and decomposers depending on the source of energy. Producers: Each and every autotroph is a member of this group. Plants, green algae, and other organisms all Use light energy to make food on their own. Consumers: This group includes all heterotrophs that obtain their food either directly or indirectly from producers. Additional groups for consumers include parasites, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Decomposers are organisms that consume decaying matter, such as saprophytes, The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem only start to matter when they start interacting. Environmental Management 16 Introduction to Environment Consider the biotic like plants and other biotic components like them provide food for other living creatures, Plant growth is supported by the soil, an abiotic component that provides nutrients and other essential components. Soil, nutrients, and other abiotic components are produced by and dependent on biotic components as ate other abiotic variables, Abiotic Substances: Chemical or physical components that have an effect on living creatures as a result of their presence or way ¢ life are referred to as abiotic factors. They are also known as “ecological factors.” The abiotic component of a ecosystem is made-up of the environment, light, ait, Soi, nutrients, and other physical and chemical elements general, abiotic ecosystem components differ from one ecosystem to the next. The aquatic environment he abiotic elements like salinity, e-water death, readily available nutrients, and dissolved oxygen. In terrestri ecosystems, the kind of soil, rain, wind, temperature, height, sunlight, and nutrients all play a crucial role. Climal ‘and edaphic impacts are the two primary types. Humans, like other species, need on specific abiotic conditions in order to exist and thrive. Abiotic variabl can change over time as ecosystems develop. Since the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of some ocean basins hi increased by 30%. Coral reefs suffer as a result of their inability to adjust to the increasing acidity. Additionally hu are other creatures like sea snails, which in acidic surroundings lose their protective shells. When an air condition is tured on or salt is sprayed to a road to aid with snowmelt, for example, abiotic parameters are altered. The consequences will eventually disturb the ecology as a whole. 1.3 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT? oe Environment is the french word which means surroundings. So everything surrounding us is ENVIRONMEN Our external surroundings and the conditions which have direct or indirect impacts on living organisms is al known as environment and environmental science is the systematic study of biotic and abiotic components environment and the extensive study of interaction between living and non-livings. This is very important practi: approach for the sustainability of human civilization. Every species on earth is dependent on the environment | the survival, hence for the existence of life on the earth, it is essential for every individual to take care and prot the environment. There are four major components of environment viz atmosphere or air, biosphere or liv components, hydrosphere or water and lithosphere or rocks and soil. But environment is divided into three typ like physical, social and cultural environment. Physical environment includes abiotic factors like temperature, i light, soil, climate, minerals, rainfalls etc where as social environment is related to social setting in which hum live. Our environment is the major source of renewable sources like sunlight, water, wind and geothermal enet which supports for healthy and sustainable life on the Earth. It always play significant role through diffen ecosystem for the protection of al life on the earth, As per current scenario, the world is facing major environmental issues like climate change, global wari Pollution, carbon emission, depletion of fossil fuels, soil degradation, overpopulation, generation of unsustains wastes, depletion of natural resources, deforestation, polar ice caps, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidificati nitrogen cycle, ozone layer depletion, acid rain and many more, All these environmental issues are responsible ‘

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