M5

3. Facilitative
ME, MYSELF, AND I: a. Created by one’s continuous
DEVELOPMENT OF VALUES; socialization
PRINCIPLES AND IDEOLOGIES; LOVE b. We learn and acquire the habits and
AND ATTRACTION; AND RISK-TAKING ways of living
BEHAVIOUR AND PEER INFLUENCES
Peer Pressure
● pressure /type of control directly or
KAIBIGAN, KABARKADA, KAESKWELA indirectly imposed for him/her to belong
Peers ● Often involves coercion - immediate
● groups of people sharing the same impact
interest, hobbies, activities,
socio-economic and demographic Types of Peer Pressure
characteristics as the person 1. Direct or active
● alternate reference group to whom we a. Directly ask or force someone
often look for approval and acceptance 2. Indirect or passive
a. Occur through listening and
Peer influence observing the activities of other
● Influence coming form an individual’s set 3. Positive
of friends a. Results in a positive of beneficial
● Individuals may not be pressured but outcome
are gradually affected by the actions and 4. Negative
behaviours of their friends a. Results in negative, destructive, or
○ To be accepted harmful outcomes
○ To belong
○ To receive approval Factors that Attract us to our Friends
● Often voluntary - long term impact 1. Proximity
a. Most enduring friendships are those
Types of Peer Influence formed between people whose paths
1. Normative (have an opposite idea but cross repeatedly
agrees to fit in) b. Zajonc (1968) the more you are
a. Causes an individual to engage in exposed to something (or someone),
certain behaviours (even though you the more you tend to like it
do not agree) (him/her)--the more it appears to be
b. Done to be accepted, to belong, and attractive or likable
to receive approval 2. Similarity
2. Informational (does not have an idea a. Show me who your friends are and
so they agree) I’ll show you who you are
a. Change to agree with the opinion of b. We tend to like other people who are
the majority similar to us
b. Align beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours c. The term “opposite attracts”
to align them with those group who
they perceive to be knowledgeable
 i. Theory of complementarity - we 3. Fulfill adolescents' evolving needs
tend to like people who are for autonomy, mastery, and intimacy
different from us
Aggression
UNDERSTANDING THE BARKADA ● Behaviour intended to cause harm
INFLUENCE ● What may be aggressive to you may not
Conformity be aggressive to me
● Compliance with standards, rules, or ● intention is an important component of
laws the definition of aggression
● change in behavior or belief as the result
of real or imagined group pressure Aggression in School
1. Aggression is biological
Why Conform? a. influenced by biological factors, such
1. Informational influence as neural, genetic, and biochemical
a. To be right influences
2. Normative influence b. link between the sex hormone
a. To be liked testosterone and aggression
2. Physical Environment
RISKY BEHAVIOUR AND AGGRESSION a. Conditions in the physical
IN SCHOOL environment have proven to elicit
aggressive behavior
Risk taking behaviour i. Weather: hot = high aggression
● Volitional behaviour ii. Space: invasion of personal
● There is a weighing of alternative space / overcrowded
courses of action iii. Noise: cause stress
3. Response to frustration
Two types of Risk Taking Behaviour a. result of an interaction between an
1. Positive internal emotional state and cues
a. Provides significant opportunities for that are available in the environment
development 4. Learned social behaviour
2. Negative a. Through observation and imitation
a. Drinking, smoking, substance abuse, (reward system)
sexual activity
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (Virgilio G.
Risk behaviour Enriquez)
● Can be learned in school
● Students also learn how to be Sikolohiyang Pilipino vs. Universal
aggressive towards each other Psychology
● pejorative interpretations of Filipino
Explanation of Risk Taking Behaviour of behavior by Western observers
Students ● inadequacy & unfairness of Western
1. Acquire peer acceptance and respect psychology hindered Filipinos ' assertion
2. Risk-taking is part of normal of a national and cultural identity
adolescence
● a reaction against the colonial mentality 1. Emphasis on the national identity &
and Western bias in psychology taught consciousness, social awareness &
in the Philippines at the time involvement, psychology of language &
● Questioning of the “universality” of culture, and applications of Filipino
psychology, as having evolved in the psychology in various fields and aspects
Western tradition; “alternative 2. Endorses the conceptualization of
perspectives from non-Western psychological practice in a Philippine
psychologies should be put to use. ” context
● Cultural revalidation: "indigenization 3. A form of protest
from within, whereby the theoretical 4. A principal method of investigation
framework and methodology emerge
from the experiences of the people from Major Contributions of Sikolohiyang
the indigenous culture. ” Pilipino
● Sikolohiyang Pilipino a step toward its 1. Rethinking Filipino values
development of the universal a. colonial /accommodative surface
psychologica values: hiya (sense of propriety,
utang na loob gratitude/soliarity),
Sikolohiyang Pilipino and pakikisama vs. pakikipagkapwa
● “The psychology born out of the b. Core value: pakikipagkapwa/kapwa
experience, thought, and orientation of i. Ibang tao: pakikisalamuha,
Filipinos, based on Filipino culture and pakikitungo, pakikilahok,
language.” pakikibagay, pakikisama
● Explaining “Filipinoness” through the ii. Hindi-ibang-tao:
FIlipino perspective pakikipagpalagayang loob,
● Fosters national identity & pakikisangkot, pakikiisa
consciousness and studies the Filipino c. Confrontative surface values: bahala
psyche through an indigenous approach na (determinism), lakas ng loob,
● Four filiations of Sikolohiyang Piipino pakikibaka
○ The academic-scientific psychology d. Others: pivotal interpersonal value
○ Academic-philosophical psychology (pakikiramdam), linking
○ Psycho-medical system socio-personal value
○ Ethnic psychology (kagandahang-loob), societal values
● Different from (karangalan, katarungan, kalayaan)
○ Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas 2. Understanding direct communication
■ General form of psychology in a. Pakikiramdam - sensitivity to
the Philippine context non-verbal cues
○ Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino 3. Internality-externality component of
■ Theorizing about Filipinos’ Filipino Personality
psychological nature from a a. Dangal(internal honor) vs. puri
local/ foreign perspective (external praise)
b. Other examples: saya vs. ligaya
Major Characteristics of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino 4. The “great cultural divide” in the
analysis of Filipino Personality
 a. Cultural aspect where we witness a 5. Bahala na
disparity divides Filipinos a. Tendency to resign oneself into the
b. regionalism is a myth, woven to sow hands of destiny or fate
disunity among Filipinos b. Sometimes considered as act of
5. Developing Indigenous Personality bravery
Measures 6. Amor Propio
a. tests were developed to measure a a. Self-esteem
variety of Filipino characteristics b. Confidence, pride, competence
b. upsurge in the development of 7. Bayanihan
indigenous psychological measures a. Involves cooperation and bonding
can be traced back to the 1950s with the people
6. Formulating Indigenous Research b. Denotes camaraderie
Methods 8. Hospitality
a. Indigenous research methods: a. Referred to as the warm welcome
Pakapa-kapa, pagtatanong-tanong, that Filipinos give to visitors who
pakikipagkuwentuhan, ginabayang come to their home
talakayan, nakikiugaling 9. Ningas Cogon
pagmamasid, pakikisama, a. Enthusiastic in the beginning, but
pagdalaw-dalaw, & panunuluyan eventually losing it after some time
7. Applications and Impact b. A person who easily loses passion
a. Reforming psychology education for something
i. promoting the use of Filipino 10. Respect to elders
language and integrating 11. Submissiveness
indigenous a. shows his unwillingness to challenge
concepts/perspectives in those in authority
teaching and research 12. Manana habit
b. Therapy and counseling a. procrastination and delay in doing
c. Psychological help to children in their work or studies
difficult circumstances 13. Fiesta Grande
d. Feminist Psychology a. Filipinos love festivals
e. Marketing 14. Padrino System (palakasan)
f. Company management styles a. somebody in a position or authority
g. Grassroots leadership formation and intercede, back up or give favors to
the elements of Filipino leadership someone ` s endeavors usually
because they are family affiliated
Debates and issues in Sikolohiyang (nepotism) or friendship (cronyism)
Pilipino - Filipino Enough?
FROM M.U. TO I LOVE YOU
FILIPINO PERSONALITY TRAITS AND What is love? - Intimate relationship
VALUES FOR SOCIAL SUPPORT ● special relationship we associate with
1. Pakikisama romantic love
2. Hiya ● relationship between two people that
3. Utang na loob often involves a deep knowledge about
4. Close family ties each other
● desire to be in an intimate relationship is b. Matching hypothesis - considering
part of our human nature own personal characteristics when
seeking romantic partners
BF / GF DATING, "M.U.," & SAME - SEX c. Reciprocal liking - developing
ROMANCE strong feelings for someone who
Dating share the same feelings
● Activity that involves going out with d. formula for desirability:
someone i. Desirability = Physical
● Can either be a social experience or a Attractiveness X Probability of
prelude to marriage Acceptance
3. Similarity or Compatibility
Common types of Dating a. People tend to have stronger
1. Face-to-face conventional/traditional feelings for people who share the
dating same attitudes, values, and interests
2. Online Dating b. Familiarity and physical
attractiveness in short run and
M.U. or Mutual Understanding similarity in the long run
● process of being friends first and then
developing feelings for each other from THEORIES OF LOVE
being constantly together Love
● gradual process of developing emotional ● no fixed definition
intimacy through time ● Subjective and diverse
● Involves pakiramdaman, or the process ● Different interpretations and
of sensing and feeling each other out understanding

Same-Sex Romance SELECTED THEORIES ABOUT LOVE

● Some adolescents enter same-sex Evolutionary Theory
relationships either as a phase in their ● Humans love to achieve reproductive
development or as an affirmation of their success, that is, survival and
sexual orientation continuation of the species
● having crushes on the same sex can
create fear, guilt, and shame Learning Theory
● Love is learned or a product of
PRINCIPLES OF ATTRACTION conditioning
1. Proximity
a. People tend to fall in love with whom Biological Theory
they have regular contact ● There are biochemical associations and
b. Exposure as stimulus to liking and/or changes that happen in the human body
boredom (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.)

2. Physical Attractiveness and Ontological Theory

Reciprocity ● Love occurs as a desire to be with the
a. Initial attraction often stems from “other half”
physical appearance
ROBERT STERNBERG’S TRIANGULAR ● Value physical appearance and believe
THEORY OF LOVE in love at first sight. Seek intensely
passionate relationships.

Storge/Friendship Love
● Seek genuine friendships that can lead
to long lasting relationships

Ludus/Game-Playing, Uncommitted love

● Players who see love as a game, having
multiple partners at once

Mania/Manic Love
● Demanding and possessive towards
their beloved

Agape/Selfless Love
● Giving and altruistic
TYPES OF UNREQUITED LOVE
Crush on Someone Unavailable Pragma/Pragmatic Lovers
● No chance of forming a relationship. ● Practical and use reason to find their
Love object is unavailable and perfect match
unreachable
MAKING RELATIONSHIPS WORK
Crush on Someone Nearby Self-Disclosure
● Physically nearby. May have interactions ● Revealing personal information about
but no disclosure of romantic interests or one ' s self to another is a defining
develops into friendship characteristic of intimacy
● Self-penetration Theory
Pursuing a Love Object ○ Relationships begin with superficial
● Initiate romantic relationships through information, small talk, and gradually
passive routes or active communication move to more meaningful
revelations.
Longing for a Past Lover ● Intimacy Model Theory
● Dissolution of a relationship is often not ○ Intimacy develops when self
mutual disclosure leads to the feeling of
being understood and cared for
Unequal Love Relationship
● Differences in the intensity, EQUITY
expectations, quantity or quality of love ● Equity Theory
JOHN ALAN LEE’S 6 STYLES OF LOVING ○ People will be satisfied in their
Eros/Erotic Love relationship if what each person gets
is proportional to what each person
gives
● Women = happy when there is equality 4. Physical Exercise (46.4%, more on
in relationship males)
● Men = not affected because they are 5. Food Consumption (unhealthy foods -
dominant in a relationship chips, soda)
6. Leisure Activities (media-related)
GENDER INEQUALITY AND VIOLENCE
Gender Inequality Media and Information
● Traditional gender role 1. Use of traditional media (67.5%, more
○ men as breadwinners and dominant; on women)
women as caregivers and 2. Use of information technology (78%,
submissive Infidelity, and intimate more on females)
violence 3. Exposure to pornography through
○ Men control women in love and sex internet and mass media (26.3%, more
(rape) on men)
○ Women are viewed as objects
○ Women should be pure and Nonsexual risk behaviours
untouched by other men 1. Smoking (38.8%)
2. Drinking (above 68%)
YOUNG ADULT FERTILITY AND 3. Drug use (4%)
SEXUALITY STUDY4 (YAFS4) 4. Physical Violence (17% hurt, 22% hurt
● a series of cross-sectional surveys on someone)
the Filipino youth aged 15-24 conducted 5. Suicide (13.4% - 8.7% smoking and
since 1982 by the University of the such) (3% suicide)
Philippines Population Institute (UPPI)
and the Demographic Research and Sexual Risk Behaviours
Development Foundation (DRDF) 1. Early sexual initiation (1994 - 13%, 2013
● Aims to provide updated information on - 23%)
a broad range of sexuality and 2. Premarital Sex (highest highschool -
reproductive health issues that can be 44%)
used as basis for developing new 3. Other sexual behaviours (more males)
interventions and improving current 4. Males who had sex with males (5%)
programs that aim to safeguard the
health and welfare of the youth Teenage Fertility
1. Female fertility (2% among 15 y/o)
Socioeconomic Characteristics 2. Age at first birth (15-24 y/o)
1. Educational (Attainment) 3. Male fertility (2.4% among 15-19 y/o)
2. Main Activity (Work/Study/None)
3. Marital status Reproductive Health
1. Male (circumcised at 15-24 y/o)
Health and Lifestyle 2. Female (13 y/o age of menarche)
1. Self-assessed health (healthy/not) 3. Reproductive Health Problems (painful
2. BMI (Normal/not) urination)
3. Average Sleep (8hrs/7hrs) 4. Awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS
(decline)