Political Globalization
Scope
• Contemporary International Organizations
• The North and the South Divides
• World of Regions
World Bank Classification System
Classification
•Low-income- less than $1036
•Lower-middle- bet $1036- $4045
•Upper-middle- bet $4046- $12535
•High Income- greater than $12535
Concept of a State
•Compulsory political organization with a
centralized government that maintains the
legitimate use of force within a certain
territory
Concept of a State
•Community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government
of their own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control
Concept of a Nation
•Emphasizes the organic ties that hold groups of
people together and inspire a sense of loyalty
and belonging
Concept of a Nation
•A group of people bound together by certain
characteristics such as common social origin,
language, customs and traditions and who
believe that they are one and distinct from
others.
Concept of a Nation-State
• A political community that emanates from
civic society to legitimately execute peace
Concept of a Nation-State
• Though some scholars like Appadural and Ohmae claim that globalization has
superseded the individual function and jurisdiction of nation – states, this is still
arguable. In fact, nation – states can manipulate competitive advantages with
international and political issues, transnational civil society organizations, and
multinational companies. They are also accountable for a host of international
norms and standards, find themselves in subordinate positions to protect their
economy, and face new kinds of pressures of supranational integration and focus of
local fragmentation (Schattle, 2014). However, if nation – states no longer have
power in today’s globalized world, then why does the United Nations (UN), with its
increasing number of states, remain relevant in global decision making? The 194
member states of UN prove that globalization has affected the dynamics of nation –
states in the context of their agency as legitimate holders of force in their
jurisdiction.
individual or a group that seeks to influential organizations or even
achieve goal by either conflicting individuals having the potential to
or cooperating with others in a influence the actions of state actors,
political context but not allied to a state.
State Actors
• Different agencies of the government
• Governmental organizations
The United Nations
• Established to maintain international peace
and security
• Carries the functions of delivering
humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable
development, and upholding international
law
Six Organs
• The General Assembly – which serves as
the main deliberative policy-making and
representative organ
• The Security Council – is the organ
which has the commitment to preserve
peace and security.
Six Organs
• The Economic and Social Council – is
the main organ for cooperation, policy,
review, policy dialogue, and advice on
economic, environmental and social
issues.
Six Organs
• The Trusteeship Council – is the organ
tasked to administer international
oversight for trust territories and to make
sure that adequate procedures are taken for
independence and self – government.
Six Organs
• The International Court of Justice – is
the UN’s prime judicial organ
• The Secretariat – is the organ tasked to
execute the daily activities as assigned by
the five other organs.
Vertical Effects of Globalization in Global
Politics
• Globalization is seen to impose a forced
choice upon nation – states
• Establishment of economic and political
integrations
• Establishment of international laws and
principles
Horizontal Effects of Globalization in Global
Politics
• Formation of trans governmental
Networks
• Rise of transnational activism (TNA)
• The creation of new communication
network
Horizontal Effects of Globalization in Global
Politics
• In order to facilitate connections among
nation – states, intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs) were established.
Their aim is to foster strong economic,
political, cultural, educational, and
technical intergovernmental relationships.
Here are some examples:
International Global Organizations
Effects of Globalization in Global Politics
• The intensification of relations among
nation – states gave birth to the idea of
internationalism and globalism
Effects of Globalization in Global Politics
• Internationalism- basically anchored on
the opinion that nationalism should be
outrun because links that bind people of
different countries are more powerful than
those that disconnect them
Liberal Internationalism
• Proposes that nations must give up their
freedom and submit to a larger system of
laws that is embodied by common
international principles
Socialist Intertionalism
• Based on the view that capitalism is a
global system and that the working class
must unite as a global class to forward the
struggle against capitalism.
Globalism
• Emerged as an attitude that seeks to
understand all the interconnections of the
modern world and to highlight patterns
that underlie them
The North and the South Divides
Global South and
Global North
Global North
•Richer countries are almost all located in
the Northern Hemisphere, with the
exception of Australia and New Zealand.
Global North
•Home of all members of the Group of Eight –
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
United Kingdom, Russia, and the United
States of America.
• abode of the four powerful permanent
members of the United Nations Security
Council
Global South
•Poorer countries are mostly located in tropical
regions and in the Southern Hemisphere.
•Metaphor for interstate inequality and a product
of Western imagination
•One can say that the terms Global South and
Third World are conceptually the same.
• Three Worlds, One Planet” (Andrews, 2018).
• In this original context, the First World included the United
States and its capitalist allies in places such as Western
Europe, Japan and Australia
• The Second World consisted of the communist Soviet Union
and its Eastern European satellites.
• The Third World, meanwhile, encompassed all the other
countries that were not actively aligned with either side in the
Cold War. These were often impoverished former European
colonies, and included nearly all the nations of Africa, the
Middle East, Latin America and Asia (Andrews, 2018).
Global North and South
•However over time it was realised that this
view was too simplistic. Countries such as
Argentina, Malaysia and Botswana all have
above global average GDP (PPP) per capita, yet
still appear in the ‘Global South’. Conversely,
countries such as Ukraine appear to be now
amongst a poorer set of countries by the same
measure.
Asian Regionalism
Regionalization
•Growth of societal integration within a region and to
the often undirected process of social and economic
interaction
•Happens only in a specific geographical region.
Social and economic reciprocal actions of
regionalization are undirected because of diversity –
which comes in different levels of development
politics, economics, and religion
Regionalization
•Refers to regional concentration of economic flows
and also pertains to the process of
intergovernmental collaborations between two or
more states.
Regionalism
•Regional concentration of economic flows and
also pertains to the process of intergovernmental
collaborations between two or more states
•refers to regional concentration of economic
flows and also pertains to the process of
intergovernmental collaborations between two
or more states
Asian Regionalism
is a new concept among the continental
communities. New to cooperation and
collaboration goals, it has the 50 – year – old
ASEAN group and the failed East Asia Economic
Group (EAEG). The ASEAN community is
comprised of three pillars – political security
community, economic community, and socio –
cultural community.
ASEAN community
• Political security community gives importance to human rights, drugs,
foreign relations, defense, law, and transnational crimes.
• Economic security community significant roles of monitoring – such as
economic ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, free
trade area, investment area, agriculture and forestry, transport
ministers, telecommunications and information technology ministers.
• Socio – cultural community, there is an avenue for cooperation
among the ministers responsible for culture and arts, sports, disaster
management, education, environment, health, information, labor,
rural development and poverty eradication, women, youth, and civil
service matters
ASEAN community
• The establishment of the ASEAN is also another initial reaction to
globalization. It fosters the spirit of regionalism and oneness of Asian
nations. As a group, it sets out in the ASEAN Declaration the following
aims and purposes:
1. To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region;
2. To promote regional peace and stability;
3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest;
4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities;
5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries;
6. To expand trade, improve their transportation and communications facilities, and raise the
living standards of the people;
7. To promote Southeast Asian Studies; and
8. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation.
• To conclude, globalization and regionalization are the same
for they refer to integration. Their difference lies on the
scope. Globalization is worldwide, while regionalization
focuses on a specific geographical region. As a response to
world homogenization and division, regionalism that comes
in various forms of regional alternatives to globalization
spawned within and among regions in Asia. Asian integration
did not happen based only on one historical event for there
were different factors that led to this alliance. Exercise 1:
Towards a Formidable Asian Integration