Multivariable Calculus Problem Set Solutions
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Sharan BalasubramanianMultivariable Calculus Problem Set Solutions
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Sharan BalasubramanianCommon questions
Powered by AIThe family of lines passing through O has direction vectors that are orthogonal to (1, 2, 1), meaning they satisfy a + 2b + c = 0. Parameterizing these lines involves writing them as (x, y, z) = t(a, b, −a − 2b) and introducing a parameter α = a/b for when b ≠ 0. This creates a one-parameter family of lines forming a circle of direction vectors, consistent with the geometric description of a circle of lines passing through O in the plane .
Choosing different vectors for u1, which are orthogonal to n = (1, 2, 1), impacts the set of possible orthogonal vectors v through the cross-product and subsequent normalization. However, these variations only affect the appearance of the parametric equations, but all versions are mathematically equivalent, representing the same curve C due to the inherent properties of orthogonality and the unit circle .
As the disk rolls without slipping, the horizontal displacement equals the arc length unrolled, establishing the relationship t = rθ in terms of time t and central angle θ. Given radius r = 2, the path equation r(t) = (t - sin(t/2), 2 - cos(t/2)) emerges, with t/2 being the angle derived from the equivalence of linear and angular displacements, representing the trochoidal motion .
For small angles α, the distortion is approximately 2√5α due to the linear approximation of m, the slope, as α. The formula 2√5m/(2-m sin t) becomes dominated by α. Therefore, in a small angle regime, the approximation proceeds via a geometric series expansion leading to linear distortional behavior and quantified distortion as 2√5α plus higher-order terms .
Setting α = 0 in the vector-parametric equation results in r0(t) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t, 0), describing an enlarged circle in the x-y plane. This transformation indicates that the original plane alignment results in purely planar motion without any z-component, representing rotation about the origin in a larger circle .
Utilizing a one-parameter family of lines ensures simplicity and clarity in describing a circle of lines through a point. The parameter α denotes the direction's finer adjustments, showing varied orientations within the plane. This approach highlights how the cone or family of potential lines aligns with the geometrical constraint, leading to a circle of direction vectors, each line uniquely aligned with each other within the geometrical plane description, inherently supporting diverse geometric configurations .
The intersection of a line Lt, parameterized as (0, 0, 4) + u(cos(t), sin(t), -2), with plane Pα, defined by my + z = 0, is found by substituting the parametric values into the plane equation and solving for u. This results in u = 2/(m sin(t)), and by substituting u back into Lt’s equation, the intersection point is obtained .
The unit vectors u and v define the plane through the origin by being orthogonal and lie in a plane where x + 2y + z = 0. They help to describe a unit circle centered at the origin in that plane by ensuring that the motion described as r(t) = u cos(t) + v sin(t) maintains a constant radius 1, which ensures uniform circular motion .
Scaling ensures that direction vector representation is unique and reduced to a meaningful form, since lines are invariant under scalar multiplication of direction vectors. When describing lines in a plane, removing redundancy by scaling means condensing direction vectors to unit or normalized form, eliminating equivalent descriptions and simplifying calculations; it creates a standardized form that matches geometric expectations .
To derive the parametric representation of the position vector, start from the origin and move up by vector (0, 2) to the center of the disk. Add vector (t, 0) for the horizontal movement of the disk center at time t. Finally, add (-sin(t/2), -cos(t/2)) to account for one unit shift at an angle θ = t/2, measured clockwise from vertical. The angle t/2 arises because the horizontal distance traveled by the disk equals the arc length unrolled, implying t = 2θ with a radius r = 2 . Thus, the position vector is r(t) = (t - sin(t/2), 2 - cos(t/2)).