Quick Review

•Living organisms in this world comprise of cells.

•There are unicellular as well as multicellular organisms present in this world.

•In unicellular organisms, the only single cell is capable of performing several functions such as
Respiration, Digestion and Clearing of the cell.

•In multicellular organisms, there is a division of labor. There are different types as well as groups of cells
that perform different functions in a multicellular organism. For Example, In animals muscle cells are
responsible for causing movement, nerve cells are responsible for carrying messages and signals from
one part of the body to another and blood is responsible for transportation of food and oxygen to
different parts of the body.

•In plants, there are vascular tissues that are responsible for carrying food and water two different parts
of a plant.
The Formation of Tissues
•Cells form groups cells that need to perform a single task often group together.
•This grouping of cells together to perform a function efficiently is called a Tissue.
•For Example, Muscles and Blood.
•The tissue cells have the same structure and they perform the same function.
 Tissues of Plants and Animals

Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

Animals need more energy as compared to

Plants do not move so their tissues are
plants because they are not stationary. Their
predominantly the ones that provide support to
tissues are the ones that can support
them so that they can stand erect.
movement.

These tissues are made up of dead cells because

The tissues in case of animals are made up of
dead cells can also provide mechanical strength
living cells so that they can move and perform
to the plants and do not require much
several functions.
maintenance.

Only certain parts of the plant can grow. The

Cells in animals grow uniform early and not only
tissues present in such regions of and divide
in certain regions of the body.
themselves and form new tissues.

The structure of plant tissues is not very The organs and organ systems in animals are
specialized as compared to animals highly developed.
 Meristematic Tissue
•Only certain parts of a plant tend to grow. The tissues located in such parts are called meristematic
tissues.
•They have the capability to divide themselves and form new tissues. They have thin cell wall made of
cellulose. Also have dense nucleus and cytoplasm but lack vacuoles.
•They can further we classify differently based on the areas of the plants where they are located -
•Apical
•Lateral
•Intercalary
Intercalary
Apical Meristem Lateral Meristem
Meristem

•They are
•They are responsible •These tissues are
responsible for the
for increasing the present at internodes
growth of stems and
circumference of the or stem regions
roots in the plants
middle part of the stem between the places
•They are found on
and hence are found at which leaves
the tips of the roots
there. attach.
and stems.
Meristematic Tissue
•Only certain parts of a plant tend to grow. The tissues located in such parts are called
meristematic tissues.
•They have the capability to divide themselves and form new tissues. They have thin cell wall
made of cellulose. Also have dense nucleus and cytoplasm but lack vacuoles.
Why there are no vacuoles in the intercalary meristem?

•Vacuoles are responsible for storage of food in water. The intercalary tissues do not store them. They
are rather responsible for manufacturing them.
•Moreover, vacuoles contain sap which provides rigidity to a cell. This property of vacuoles may not allow
the intercalary tissues to divide and manufacture new cells. Hence vacuoles are not present in them.

Permanent Tissue
•The cells that are formed by the meristematic tissues often have to take a certain role in the plant and
thus, they lose their ability to divide and form more cells. They then become the permanent tissues of the
plants.
•Differentiation - The process by which cells of the meristematic tissues convert themselves into a
permanent tissue by taking a fixed shape, size and function is called differentiation.
•Types of Permanent Tissues:
•Simple Permanent Tissues
•Complex Permanent Tissues
•Simple Permanent Tissues are of five types:
•Parenchyma
•Chlorenchyma
•Aerenchyma
•Collenchyma
•Sclerenchyma
 Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

These tissues are responsible

These tissues are responsible for
for photosynthesis, storage of These tissues are responsible for
providing flexibility to the plants
food, gaseous exchange and making plants hard and rigid.
so that they can bend easily.
floating of plants.

They are a group of living cells

They are a group of living cells They are made up of dead cells
with cell wall made of cellulose
with cell wall made of cellulose. having cell wall made of lignin.
and pectin.
The parenchyma cells have
They have a little intercellular The cells do not have any
large intercellular spaces
space in between them. intercellular spaces.
between them.
The cells present in these tissues
There are thin walls that The cells have a long structure with
are broad and irregularly thick at
surround each cell. thick walls.
corners.

They are found in stems, veins of

They are found in leaves and They are present in leaves and
the leaves and coverings of nuts
newly formed branches. stems of a plant.
and seeds.
Chlorenchyma
•These tissues are similar to that of parenchyma but they also contain chlorophyll in them.
•Due to the presence of chlorophyll, they are capable of performing the process of photosynthesis in plants.
Aerenchyma
•They are found in aquatic plants.
•They are also similar in structure to that of the parenchyma but they have large air cavities in them.
•These cavities allow the aquatic plants to float in water.

What is Lignin?
The cell walls of dead cells have a substance called lignin in them which provides rigidity to the cells. Lignin
acts as the cement for the cells.
Epidermis
•The outermost layer of the cell is known as the Epidermis.
•It covers the entire plant.
•It is a thin layer of single cells but in places with less water, the epidermis of the plants can become thick
in order to avoid frequent water loss.
•The cells are flat and they have no intercellular spaces between them.
•The outer walls of the epidermal cells are thick and the inner walls are thin.
•The epidermal cells often have long hair-like structures in roots which facilitate the absorption of water.
•The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plants from fungi, water loss and any injuries by
secrets a wax-like water-resistant substance called as Cuticle on the surface of the plants which protects
the plants.
Stomata
•Stomata are pore-like structures that are present in the epidermis of the leaves.
•These pores are enclosed by two cells that have a similar shape as a kidney. These are called Guard Cells
of Stomata. Guard cells are modified epidermal cells.
•Guard cells are responsible for the exchange of gases and transpiration.
The plant cells when sometimes have extra they lose it in the form of
water evaporates through stomata. This process is
called Transpiration.
Role of Transpiration in Plants –
Exchange of Gases - Plants absorbs carbon dioxide and release
oxygen through transpiration.
•Prevent the Plants from Overheating - The leaves absorb sunlight
during the process of photosynthesis. Some of it is used in the
photosynthesis process while the rest is radiated as Heat Energy. We
know that absorption of water causes cooling of the surrounding area.
Therefore transpiration keeps the leaves cool.
•Transportation of Food and Water in Plants - The roots of the
plants absorb minerals and water present in the soil through
transpiration and they are then distributed in the plant through
transpiration stream.
•Movement of Water in Plants – As plants lose water in the form of
water vapors, the density of water in leaves becomes low. So the water
from the higher density areas such as the roots move up to lower
Which gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis?
The carbon dioxide gas is necessary in the process of photosynthesis. Plants use carbon dioxide along
with water and sunlight to produce glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon
dioxide and release oxygen as a byproduct of the photosynthesis process.

Why do plants in desert areas have a waxy coating of cutin over them? The epidermis cells of plants
that are found in deserts have a waxy coating of cutin over them because it prevents water loss from the
plants surface since water is already scarce in such areas.

Why do branches of old trees are different than the stems of a new plant?
•As a plant grows older the meristematic cells start covering the upper layer of the plants instead of the
epidermis.
•These are the dead cells that have no special function in the plants but to provide them rigidity. They
make the branches of the plants thick.
•This is often called the Bark or the thick cork of the tree.
•The bark of the trees contains a substance called Suberin which makes it waterproof and does not allow
gaseous exchanges.
1. Epithelial Tissue
• They are the protective tissues of the human body. They cover many organs and cavities that are present inside
the body.
• Where are the epithelial tissues found in the human body?
o The lining of the blood vessels
o The lining of the mouth
o Kidney tubules
o Skin
o Lung alveoli

• Structure and functions of the epithelial tissues -

o The main function of the epithelial tissues is to act as a barrier and separate different organs and systems
from each other.
o There is no space between the cells of epithelial tissues
o The cells are permeable. This makes it possible for them to exchange materials between different parts of
the body and also between the body and the external environment.
o The epithelial tissues remain separated from the tissues beneath them because of a thin membrane over
them.
 Different
types of Simple Stratified Squamous Columnar Ciliated Columnar Cuboidal Glandular
epithelium Squamous
tissues

They have These are

delicate cell The epithelium They are the Columnar epithelial They are cube-shaped special
Structure lining and Squamous cells are column-like tissues which have cells which are gland cells
possess a arranged in several shape tissues Cilia present on them involved in absorption that can
flat thin layers and secretion. secrete
structure substances

Alveoli and
bowman’s Sweat
Found in capsule- Skin Intestine Respiratory system Kidney tubules glands in
nephron in the skin
kidney
 2. Connective Tissues
• Structure and function of connective tissues
o They are loosely bound cells present in an intercellular Matrix.
o This matrix can be of different types – Dense, Rigid, Fluid or Jelly-like.
o Depending upon the functionality of the connective tissue, the nature of the matrix varies in them.
• Examples of Connective Tissues
Blood
• The main function of blood is to transport gases,
food, waste materials and hormones in the body.
• Therefore, blood has a fluid Matrix present in it
which is called Plasma.
• The plasma contains the red blood cells, the white
blood cells and blood platelets.
• The RBC have haemoglobin pigment which carries
oxygen to tissues.
• White blood cells fight diseases and platelets are
involved in clotting of blood when injured.
• The plasma also contains proteins and hormones
in it.
 Lymph
Lymph is a colourless fluid that carries white blood cells throughout the human body in lymphatic vessels.
There are lymphoid organs present in the body that produce lymph and together form the lymphatic system.
Some of them are lymph nodes and tonsils.

Lymph is similar to blood except for a few differences:

• It contains only white blood cells.
• It contains less amount of blood proteins, calcium and phosphorous but more glucose.
• It flows in one direction only.
• Lymph moves in the body through its normal function unlike blood which is pumped by the heart.
Constituents of Lymph:
Lymph Plasma – Lymph Plasma carries infection-fighting proteins along with other substances such as
water, calcium and phosphorous.
Lymph Corpuscles – Lymph Corpuscles comprises white blood cells. Red blood cells and platelets are not
present in lymph.

Functions of Lymph:
• It carries oxygen and minerals to the cells in the body and carries back carbon dioxide and waste
materials back into the blood.
• It keeps the body cells moist.
• It maintains the volume of the blood.
• It helps in eliminating harmful bacteria and virus from the body and hence is responsible for the
immunity of human beings.
• It absorbs fats from the intestine and transports them throughout the body.
 Bones
• Bones form a framework of the body over which the muscles are wrapped together.
• The bone tissue is strong and inflexible in nature.
• Therefore, the bone cells are present in a rigid matrix which is formed from calcium and phosphorus.
Haversian Canals

• The bones comprises of microscopic tubes called Haversian

Canals.
• They are contained in osteons, rough cylindrical structures
present along the axis of the bone.
• They allow the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve
fibres to travel through them.
• These canals have concentric channels
called Lamellae around them.
• The Haversian canals communicate with bone cells through
connections called Canaliculi.
Cartilage
• Cartilage is present over the joints of the bones and provides them with a smooth structure.
• For Example in the nose tip and ear pinna, trachea, larynx.
• They contain solid matrix made of protein and sugar. They have homogenous matrix.
• It provides support and flexibility to various parts of our body.

Ligaments
• A ligament connects two bones together.
• It has an elasticity which facilitates the connection.
• The cells of ligaments have a little matrix.
Tendons
• The tendons tissues are responsible for connecting bones and muscles together.
• They have limited flexibility but very great strength.
Areolar
• This tissue acts as a filter in between the spaces present inside the organs of the body.
• It helps in repairing other tissues as well.
• It is found in the skin and bone marrow.
 Components of the Areolar Connective Tissue

1. Cells
• Fat Cells (Adipocytes) – They are responsible for
secretion of lipids.
• Fibroblasts – They are the present in the highest
amount in areolar tissues. They are responsible for
secretion of fibres.
• Mast Cells – They release histamine that plays role
in allergic reactions
• Macrophages – They eat any germs or infectious
cells in the body
• Plasma Cells – They produce antibodies

2. Fibres
• Collagen Fibres – They provide tensile strength to
the tissue
• Elastin Fibres – They provide elasticity to the tissue
• Ground Substance – It is a fluid matrix that holds
cells and fibres of the tissue
 Adipose
• Fats are stored in our body in the adipose tissues.
• They are found below the skin and between the organs of the body.
• Provides cushioning to the organs.

3. Muscular Tissue
• It is made up of muscle fibers which are long cells.
• It allows movements in our body.

How muscles can cause movement?

They contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins.
These proteins cause contraction and relaxation of the
muscles.
There are two kinds of muscles found in our body -
Voluntary Muscles and Involuntary Muscles.
 Striated/ Skeletal/ Voluntary muscles Smooth/ Unstriated/Involuntary muscles

We can move them according to our own will We cannot start or stop the movement of
involuntary muscles.

They are also called Skeletal Muscles as they are They also called Smooth Muscles.
attached to the bones.

They are also called Striated Muscles because of the They are also called Unstriated Muscles because
presence of dark and light bands over them they do not have any light or dark bands on
them.

The cells of voluntary muscles have more than one

nucleus, they do not have any branches, and have a long The cells of the involuntary muscles are long and
have pointed ends.
cylindrical structure.

For Example, Muscles of our hands and legs. For Example, The muscles in the alimentary
canal and the Iris of our eyes.
• Cardiac Muscles

o These are special kinds of involuntary muscles.

o The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac Muscles they perform
rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout our life.
o They are cylindrical in shape, they have branches and there is a single
nucleus.
Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells connected by
intercalated discs to work as a single functional organ
4. The Nervous Tissue

How do we react to stimuli?

o This is because of the nervous tissues present in our body. They are capable of transmitting
information quickly from the brain to different parts of the body and vice-versa.
• Therefore nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
• The Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve Cells or Neurons.
• These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.

Structure of a Neuron
o It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of some branch-like structure called Dendrites.
o There is a Nucleus present in the center of the cell body.
o The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via Axon.
o A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.
The Structure of Neuron
1. Dendrites
• They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning of a neuron.
• They increase the surface area of the neuron.
• They receive chemical signals from different neurons of the body.
• They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals and pass them to the neuron cell body.
• A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites
2. Cell Body
• Also called Soma.
• The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is to maintain the functionality of the cell.
• It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.
• It produces proteins that are required by different parts of the neuron to work properly.
• It contains different cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc that perform various functions of the cell.
3. Axon
• Neurons have one axon in general.
• It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals and it also connects with other neurons, cells and organs
of the body through nerve terminals.
• It allows in fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter of the axon the faster it will transmit signals.
• It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It helps in rapid transmission of signals.
4. Schwann Cells
• The Myelin sheath that covers the axon is produced by Schwann cells.
• The Myelin sheath keeps the signal intact
 1. Tissue is a group of similar kind of cells specialized to
perform a particular function in the body. Therefore
presence of tissues in a multicellular organism ensures:
(a) Faster development
(b) Division of labour
(c) Higher reproductive potential
(d) Body strength
2. Given below is a diagram showing the structure of a
neuron tissue.
Choose the correct labeling for the parts A, B, C, D and E.
(a) A – Nucleus; B – Cell body; C – Dendrite; D – Axon; E – Nerve ending.
(b) A – Nucleus; B – Dendrite; C – Cell body; D – Nerve ending; E – Axon.
(c) A – Nucleus; B – Axon; C – Cell body; D – Dendrite; E –Nerve ending.
(d) A – Nucleus; B – Dendrite; C – Cell body; D – Axon; E – Nerve ending

3. Lysosome is a cytoplasmic organelle containing enzymes that break down biological polymers. Lysosomes
function as the digestive system of the cell. It is also called the suicide bag of the cell because:
(a) It causes any cell to commit suicide
(b) Its enzymes digest the cell itself
(c) Its enzymes kill surrounding cells
(d) All of the above
4. While doing work and running, you move your organs like hands, legs, etc. Which among the following is
correct?
(a) Smooth muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(b) Smooth muscles contract and pull the tendons to move the bones
(c) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(d) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the tendon to move the bones

5. Cardiac muscle is one of the three major types of muscles, the others being skeletal and smooth muscles. It
is found in the walls and histological foundation of the heart. Which one of the following statements is not
related to the cardiac muscles?
(a) They muscles show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life.
(b) They do not work according to our will, so they are called involuntary muscles.
(c) They are non-striated, multinucleated and branched muscles.
(d) The contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles help to pump and distribute blood to different parts
of the body.
6. A person met with an accident in which two long bones of his hand were dislocated. Which among
the following may be the possible reason for this?
(a) Tendon breaks
(b) Break of skeletal muscles tissue
(c) Ligament breaks
(d) Areoelar tissue breaks
7. In a test of biology a figure of smooth muscle labeled
as A, B, C and D for different parts of the muscles. Four
students P, Q, R and S in a way to attempt the question
named the four parts as given below. But only one student
could name all the four parts correctly.

Which of the following options is the answer written by that student?

(a) A – Intercalated disc; B – Sarcoplasm; C – Branched fibres; D – Nucleus
(b) A – Intercalated disc; B – Branched fibres; C – Sarcoplasm; D – Nucleus
(c) A – Branched fibres; B – Intercalated disc; C – Sarcoplasm; D – Nucleus
(d) A – Branched fibres; B – Sarcoplasm; C – Intercalated disc; D – Nucleus

8. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

i. Parenchyma tissues have intercellular spaces.
ii. Collenchyma tissues are irregularly thickened at corners.
iii. Apical and intercalary meristems are permanent tissues.
iv. Meristematic tissues, in its early stage, lack vacuoles.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) Only (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) Only (ii)
9. Xylem is the specialized tissue of the plants that transports water and nutrients from the soil to the
upper parts like stems and leaves of plant and provides mechanical support to them. It is composed of
four different types of the cells. Which of the following is not one a type of cell found in xylem tissues?
(a) Tracheids
(b) Vessels
(c) Xylem parenchyma
(d) Sieve tubes

10. Tiny pores are found on the surface of the leaves of plants. These pores are called stomata. These stomata
surrounded by the kidney shaped guard cells provide many vital functions to the plants.
Which of the following functions is not served by the stomata for the plants?
(a) Exchange of gases, particularly CO2 and O2, with atmosphere
(b) Loss of water in the form of vapours during transpiration
(c) Helps to create pressure for the water to rise upward, by its process of transpiration
(d) Helps the leaves to carry out the process of photosynthesis
 11. Epithelial tissue always has an exposed outer surface 13. Connective tissues are the tissues that help to bind
and an inner surface anchored to connective tissue by a or connect other tissues in the body. They have widely
thin, non- cellular structure called the spaced cells embedded in a matrix having a variety of
(a) Nonstratified layer proteins, polysaccharides and mineral salts. Can you
(b) Stratified layer identify the connective tissues among the following?
(c) Basement membrane i. Ligament
(d) Fibroblast ii. Epithelium
iii. Tendon
12. Meristemetic tissues are those which help in iv. Blood
increasing the length and girth of the plan. Which of the (a) Both (i) and (iii)
following statements given below is correct about the (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
meristematic tissue? (c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(a) It is made up of cells that are incapable of cell division (d) All (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(b) It is made up of cells that are capable of cell division
(c) It is composed of single type of cells
(d) It is composed of more than one type of cells

14. Simple epithelium is a tissue, which form the outer protective layer of the skin of the animal body, is
composed of cells which are
(a) Hardened and provide support to organs
(b) Continuously diving to provide to form an organ
(c) Cemented directly to one another to form an irregular layer
(d) Loosely connected to one another to form an irregular layer
15. If the tip of the sugarcane plant is removed from the field, even then it keeps on growing in length. It
is due to the presence of:
(a) Cambium
(b) Apical meristem
(c) Lateral meristem
(d) Intercalary meristem
 Test
1. Why are plants and animals made of different types of tissue?
2. Differentiate between parenchyma, sclerenchyma and collenchyma.
3. What is a neuron? Write the structure and functions of a neuron.
4. Differentiate between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
5. Draw and identify different elements of phloem.
6. Describe the structure and function of different types of epithelial tissues. Draw the diagram for each type
of epithelial tissue.
7. Give reasons:
(a) Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole.
(b) Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchyma tissues.
(c) We get a crunchy and granular feeling when we chew pear fruit.
(d) Branches of a tree move and bend freely in high wind velocity.
(e) It is difficult to pull out the husk of a coconut tree.
8. Draw a diagrammatic labelled sketch of stem tip to show the location of meristematic tissue. Mention the
function of each meristematic tissue.